Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 13e (Marieb) Chapter 12 PDF

Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 13e (Marieb) Chapter 12 The Lymphatic System and Body Defenses 12.1 Multiple Choice Part I Questions Using Figure 12.1, identify the following: 1) A lymph capillary is indicated by ________. A) Label A B) Label B C) Label C D) Label D E) Label E Answer:...

Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 13e (Marieb) Chapter 12 The Lymphatic System and Body Defenses 12.1 Multiple Choice Part I Questions Using Figure 12.1, identify the following: 1) A lymph capillary is indicated by ________. A) Label A B) Label B C) Label C D) Label D E) Label E Answer: D Page Ref: 393 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 1 Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. 2) A lymph node is indicated by ________. A) Label A B) Label B C) Label C D) Label D E) Label E Answer: B Page Ref: 393 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 3) The lymph duct is indicated by ________. A) Label A B) Label B C) Label C D) Label D E) Label E Answer: A Page Ref: 393 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 4) Blood capillaries are indicated by ________. A) Label A B) Label B C) Label C D) Label D E) Label E Answer: E Page Ref: 393 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 5) Lymphatic collecting vessels are indicated by ________. A) Label A B) Label B C) Label C D) Label D E) Label E Answer: C Page Ref: 393 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 2 Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. Using Figure 12.2, identify the following: 6) The spleen is indicated by ________. A) Label A B) Label B C) Label C D) Label D Answer: C Page Ref: 397 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 3 Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. 7) The tonsils are indicated by ________. A) Label A B) Label B C) Label C D) Label D Answer: A Page Ref: 397 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 8) The thymus is indicated by ________. A) Label A B) Label B C) Label C D) Label D Answer: B Page Ref: 397 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 9) The Peyer's patches are indicated by ________. A) Label A B) Label B C) Label C D) Label D Answer: D Page Ref: 397 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 10) The lymphoid organ that destroys worn-out blood cells is indicated by ________. A) Label A B) Label B C) Label C D) Label D Answer: C Page Ref: 396, 397 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 11) The lymphoid tissues that trap and remove bacteria that enter the throat are indicated by ________. A) Label A B) Label B C) Label C D) Label D Answer: A Page Ref: 397 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 4 Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. 12) Fluids that have escaped the cardiovascular system are picked up by the ________. A) respiratory system B) lymphatic system C) endocrine system D) immune system Answer: B Page Ref: 392 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 13) Excess accumulation of fluid, which impairs the exchange of materials within the tissues, is called ________. A) stroke B) shock C) edema D) MALT (mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue) Answer: C Page Ref: 393 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 14) What makes lymph capillaries different from blood capillaries? A) Lymph capillaries are characterized by the presence of flap-like mini valves. B) Lymph capillaries consistently operate under high pressure. C) Lymph capillaries transport both blood and lymph. D) Lymph capillaries propel lymph by using a high-pressure pump. Answer: A Page Ref: 393 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 15) Bacteria and tumor cells are removed from lymph by ________. A) lymph nodes B) tonsils C) the spleen D) thymus Answer: A Page Ref: 394 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 16) The role of the ________ is to trap and remove bacteria or other foreign pathogens entering the throat. A) thymus B) spleen C) tonsils D) lymph node Answer: C Page Ref: 397 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 5 Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. 17) Peyer's patches and the tonsils are part of the collection of small lymphoid tissues that protect the upper respiratory and digestive tracts from infection and are referred to as ________. A) lymph nodes B) MALT or mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue C) germinal centers D) lymphatics Answer: B Page Ref: 397 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 18) Which of the following are harmful or disease-causing microorganisms from which nonspecific defenses protect the body? A) Macrophages B) Antibodies C) Pathogens D) Allergens Answer: C Page Ref: 398 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 19) Which of the following is mismatched? A) Innate (nonspecific defense mechanisms): first and second lines of defense B) Third line of defense: natural killer cells and antimicrobial proteins C) Second line of defense: phagocytic cells and inflammatory response and fever D) First line of defense: skin and mucous membranes Answer: B Page Ref: 398 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 20) What mediates the adaptive defense system (specific defense system)? A) Lymphocytes B) Antigens C) Mucous membranes D) Pathogens Answer: A Page Ref: 405, 406 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 21) The binding of complement proteins to certain sugar or proteins on a foreign cell's surface is called ________. A) cellular immunity (cellular-mediated immunity) B) complement fixation C) positive chemotaxis D) diapedesis Answer: B Page Ref: 399, 403-404 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 6 Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. 22) What small proteins are secreted by virus-infected cells to help defend cells that have not yet been infected? A) Haptens B) Pyrogens C) Interferons D) Antigens Answer: C Page Ref: 404 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 23) What chemical do white blood cells and macrophages secrete to raise body temperature and induce fever? A) Complements B) Haptens C) Interferons D) Pyrogens Answer: D Page Ref: 404-405 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 24) Which of the following is least likely to provoke an immune response? A) Haptens B) Nonself-antigens C) Self-antigens D) Incomplete antigens Answer: C Page Ref: 406 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 25) T cells or B cells that are capable of responding to a specific antigen by binding to it with antigen-specific receptors that appear on the lymphocyte's surface are considered ________. A) clones B) complement C) self-tolerant D) immunocompetent Answer: D Page Ref: 407 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 7 Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. 26) Which of the following is not a cell that behaves as an antigen-presenting cell (APC)? A) Virus B) B lymphocytes C) Macrophages D) Dendritic cells Answer: A Page Ref: 408 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 27) Which of the following provides active immunity that is artificially acquired? A) Vaccines B) Serum C) Antivenom D) Antitoxin Answer: A Page Ref: 410-411 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 28) Antibodies provided by serum from an immune donor or an animal donor do not challenge the B cells and thus provide ________. A) cellular or cell-mediated immunity B) active immunity C) natural immunity D) passive immunity Answer: D Page Ref: 410-411 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 29) What is the region of the antibody that varies from antibody to antibody? A) Regional or R region B) Variable or V region C) Constant or C region D) Stable or S region Answer: B Page Ref: 411-412 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 30) Antibody binding that tags an antigen on a cellular target for phagocytosis is known as ________. A) neutralization B) opsonization C) precipitation D) agglutination Answer: B Page Ref: 412 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 8 Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. 31) What type of cell specializes in killing virus-infected, cancer, or foreign graft cells directly? A) Cytotoxic T cells B) Regulatory T cells C) Antigen-presenting cells D) Helper T cells Answer: A Page Ref: 415 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 32) Arnav will need a skin graft to cover the hole where his basal cell carcinoma is removed. His surgeon will use a piece of skin from behind his ear to create the skin graft. This type of graft is a(n) ________. A) xenograft B) autograft C) allograft D) isograft Answer: B Page Ref: 420 Bloom's: 3-4: Applying/Analyzing 33) Sheldon experiences difficulty breathing when he eats peanuts. Recently, he had a cookie that contained peanuts and developed a systemic acute allergic reaction known as ________. A) myasthenia gravis B) rheumatic fever C) anaphylactic shock D) delayed hypersensitivity Answer: C Page Ref: 422 Bloom's: 3-4: Applying/Analyzing 34) AIDS cripples the immune system by interfering with the activity of cells called ________. A) antigen-presenting cells B) plasma cells C) memory cells D) helper T cells Answer: D Page Ref: 423, 424-425 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 35) Developmentally, what is the origin of lymphatic vessels? A) Veins of the blood vascular system B) The organs of the digestive system C) Arteries of the blood vascular system D) The glands of the endocrine system Answer: A Page Ref: 424 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 9 Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. 12.2 Multiple Choice Part II Questions 1) Lymph is largely composed of water that has escaped from ________. A) cytosol B) cerebrospinal fluid C) saliva D) tears E) blood Answer: E Page Ref: 392, 393 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 2) From what part of the body does the right lymphatic duct collect lymph? A) Right arm B) Right leg C) Left leg D) Left side of the head E) Right and left legs Answer: A Page Ref: 394 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 3) Which blood vessels receive lymph from the right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct? A) Inferior vena cava B) Subclavian veins C) External jugular veins D) Subclavian arteries E) Aorta Answer: B Page Ref: 394 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 4) Which one of the following is not a mechanism that aids lymph return to the heart? A) Milking action of skeletal muscles B) Pressure changes within the thorax C) The pumping action of the heart D) Smooth muscle contractions within the lymphatic vessels E) Presence of valves within the larger lymph vessels Answer: C Page Ref: 394 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 10 Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. 5) Within a lymph node, what cells engulf and destroy bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances in the lymph? A) Trabeculae B) Macrophages C) Follicles D) Erythrocytes E) Lymphocytes Answer: B Page Ref: 395 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 6) Which of the following is not a lymphoid organ? A) Thyroid gland B) Spleen C) Thymus gland D) Appendix E) Peyer's patches Answer: A Page Ref: 396-397 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 7) Jill felt small, swollen structures under her chin in her neck during a recent head cold. She probably had swollen ________. A) axillary lymph nodes B) cervical lymph nodes C) tonsils D) Peyer's patches E) inguinal lymph nodes Answer: B Page Ref: 395-396 Bloom's: 3-4: Applying/Analyzing 8) Which of the following lymphoid organs functions at peak level during youth? A) Peyer's patches B) Lymph nodes C) Thymus D) Spleen E) Tonsils Answer: C Page Ref: 397 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 11 Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. 9) What lymphoid organ stores platelets and acts as a blood reservoir? A) Thymus B) Spleen C) Appendix D) Tonsils E) Peyer's patches Answer: B Page Ref: 397 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 10) Where are the tonsils located? A) Throat (pharynx) B) Small intestine C) Large intestine D) Overlying the heart E) Left side of the abdominal cavity Answer: A Page Ref: 397 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 11) If you cut up raw chicken meat that houses potentially harmful bacteria, which barrier from your first line of defense provides protection? A) Cilia B) Phagocytes C) Mucus D) Lysozymes E) Acid mantle Answer: E Page Ref: 398-400 Bloom's: 3-4: Applying/Analyzing 12) How do natural killer (NK) cells protect the body? A) Encourage a fever B) Engulf pathogens C) Promote cell lysis D) Fix complement E) Make antibodies Answer: C Page Ref: 399, 400 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 12 Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. 13) What is the body's first line of defense against the invasion of disease-causing microorganisms? A) Phagocytes B) Natural killer (NK) cells C) Skin and mucous membranes D) Inflammatory response E) Fever Answer: C Page Ref: 398-400 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 14) Declan was bitten by a number of ants. He has taken an antihistamine to reduce the redness and swelling associated with the ant bites. What will his antihistamine prevent? A) Complement fixation B) Opsonization C) Inflammatory response D) Neutralization E) Antibody-mediated immunity Answer: C Page Ref: 400, 401 Bloom's: 3-4: Applying/Analyzing 15) Which of the following is not one of the nonspecific body defenses? A) Intact skin B) Antibody production C) The inflammatory response D) Fever E) Natural killer (NK) cells Answer: B Page Ref: 399, 400-405 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 16) The process by which neutrophils are squeezed through the capillary walls during the inflammatory process is called ________. A) Agglutination B) Chemotaxis C) Diapedesis D) Coagulation E) Antibody production Answer: C Page Ref: 402 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 13 Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. 17) Which of the following is not one of the four most common indicators of the inflammatory response? A) Redness B) Heat C) Swelling D) Chills E) Pain Answer: D Page Ref: 400, 401 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 18) Which of the following best describes positive chemotaxis? A) The movement of neutrophils through capillary walls B) The movement of cells toward a high concentration of signaling molecules C) The dilation of blood vessels, which causes local edema D) The release of a lytic chemical by perforins E) The limitation of joint movement Answer: B Page Ref: 400 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 19) The inflammatory process begins with release of chemicals, which do all of the following except ________. A) dilate blood vessels B) attract neutrophils to the area C) stimulate the release of lysozyme D) cause capillaries to become leaky E) activate pain receptors Answer: C Page Ref: 400-402 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 20) Membrane attack complexes (MAC) form holes in attacked cells causing them to burst; this is a result of ________. A) interferon B) complement fixation C) natural killer (NK) cells D) keratin E) phagocytes Answer: B Page Ref: 404 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 14 Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. 21) What does fever accomplish? A) Fever inhibits bacterial reproduction and speeds the repair process. B) Fever promotes cell lysis by direct cell attack. C) Fever enables macrophages to attack microorganisms. D) Fever prevents the spread of pathogens to adjacent tissues. E) Fever prevents the formation of complement fixation. Answer: A Page Ref: 404-405 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 22) Which line of defense involves the recognition of specific antigens and actions to inactivate or destroy them? A) First line of defense B) Surface membrane barriers C) Third line of defense D) Second line of defense E) Cellular and chemical defenses Answer: C Page Ref: 398, 405 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 23) Which of the following is not applicable to the third line of defense? A) This system recognizes and acts against particular pathogens or foreign substances. B) Humoral immunity is provided by antibodies in the body's fluids. C) The injection of serum containing antibodies will always provide immunity against disease. D) Immunity in this system is not restricted to the initial infection site. E) This system recognizes and mounts even stronger attacks on previously encountered pathogens. Answer: C Page Ref: 405 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 24) What type of cells develops immunocompetence prior to responding to specific antigens? A) Natural killer (NK) cells B) Macrophages C) Eosinophils D) Lymphocytes E) Monocytes Answer: D Page Ref: 406-407 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 15 Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. 25) Humoral immunity is provided by ________. A) pyrogens B) skin and mucous membranes C) interferon D) antibodies E) complement fixation Answer: D Page Ref: 405, 406 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 26) Which statement regarding the role of T lymphocytes (T cells) is true? A) T lymphocytes (T cells) constitute the cell-mediated arm of the adaptive defenses. B) T lymphocytes (T cells) produce antibodies. C) T lymphocytes (T cells) activate lymphocytes that respond to specific antigens. D) T lymphocytes (T cells) can target specific extracellular antigens. E) T lymphocytes (T cells) oversee humoral immunity. Answer: A Page Ref: 406 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 27) The specific foreign substances that an individual's immune system has the ability to recognize and resist are determined by ________. A) individual exposure to the specific foreign substance B) individual genetic makeup C) the total number of lymphocytes present at a given time D) the total number of macrophages at a given time E) the total number of self-antigens at a given time Answer: B Page Ref: 408 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 28) The development of self-tolerance of ________ is critical for the T lymphocytes (T cells) and B lymphocytes (B cells) to function properly. A) Fungi B) Foreign blood cells C) The body's own cells D) Viruses E) Bacteria Answer: C Page Ref: 407 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 16 Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. 29) Where do B cells develop immunocompetence? A) Thymus gland B) Bone marrow C) Spleen D) Thyroid gland E) Lymph nodes Answer: B Page Ref: 407 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 30) Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) present fragments of cells so they can be recognized by ________. A) inteferon B) T cells C) macrophages D) antigens E) histamine Answer: C Page Ref: 408 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 31) How do plasma cells assist with humoral immunity? A) Plasma cells reproduce rapidly to crowd pathogens out of the blood. B) Plasma cells bind to viruses and bacteria to immobilize them. C) Plasma cells produce interferons. D) Plasma cells secrete highly specific antibodies. E) Plasma cells secrete pyrogens. Answer: D Page Ref: 409-410 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 32) In the 1940s, Christine had the chicken pox at age 4. At age 8, she was exposed to the virus again when her sister contracted the chicken pox. What type of cells present in her blood was capable of responding to the antigen during the second exposure? A) Neutrophils B) Macrophages C) Memory cells D) Natural killer (NK) cells E) Keratinocytes Answer: C Page Ref: 410 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 17 Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. 33) Due to a recent respiratory illness from a viral infection, Jennifer has now developed ________. A) naturally acquired active immunity B) artificially acquired active immunity C) naturally acquired passive immunity D) artificially acquired passive immunity E) passively acquired natural immunity Answer: A Page Ref: 410-411 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 34) Which portion of the antibody's structure determines the antibody's class? A) Variable region B) Heavy chain C) Constant region D) Disulfide bonds E) Light chain Answer: C Page Ref: 411-412 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 35) Which one of the following is not true of the constant (C) regions of antibodies? A) The constant regions are the same or nearly the same on all antibodies of a given class. B) The constant regions form the "stem" of an antibody. C) The constant regions determine the specific type of antibody class formed. D) The constant regions form an antigen-binding site. E) The constant regions determine how an antibody class will carry out its immune role. Answer: D Page Ref: 411-412 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 36) Which antibody class is found in the secretions that bathe body surfaces, such as tears and mucus? A) IgA B) IgM C) IgD D) IgG E) IgE Answer: A Page Ref: 412 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 18 Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. 37) Which statement is true of antibody IgE? A) IgE is mainly found in secretions such as tears and saliva. B) IgE is passed from mother to fetus during pregnancy. C) IgE is the most abundant antibody in blood plasma. D) IgE can fix complement. E) IgE is involved in allergies. Answer: E Page Ref: 413 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 38) What is the chief way the body responds to cellular antigens, such as bacteria or mismatched red blood cells? A) Agglutination B) Chemotaxis C) Complement fixation D) Neutralization E) Precipitation Answer: C Page Ref: 412 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 39) Which antibody-antigen interaction results when a foreign blood type is transfused and clumped? A) Opsonization B) Agglutination C) Neutralization D) Precipitation E) Phagocytosis Answer: B Page Ref: 413 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 40) The process by which antibodies bind to specific sites on bacterial exotoxins (toxic chemicals secreted by bacteria) to block their harmful effects is called ________. A) agglutination B) chemotaxis C) complement fixation D) neutralization E) precipitation Answer: D Page Ref: 412-413 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 19 Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. 41) Antigen presentation is essential for the activation and clonal selection of ________. A) T cells B) B cells C) plasma cells D) antigen-presenting cells E) antibodies Answer: A Page Ref: 408 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 42) What type of T cell releases cytokines to indirectly rid the body of antigens? A) Helper T cells B) Cytotoxic T cells C) Regulatory T cells D) Killer T cells E) Suppressor T cells Answer: A Page Ref: 415 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 43) Cedric needs a kidney transplant. Which type of graft is least likely to be successful? A) A graft from a sibling B) A graft from a recently deceased individual C) A graft from a friend D) A xenograft E) An allograft Answer: D Page Ref: 420 Bloom's: 3-4: Applying/Analyzing 44) Which of the following is often used to treat allergies? A) Vaccines B) Antihistamines C) Blood transfusions D) Bone marrow transplants E) Immunosuppressor drugs Answer: B Page Ref: 422 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 20 Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. 45) Allergic contact dermatitis following skin contact with poison ivy would normally lead to ________. A) immediate hypersensitivity B) acute hypersensitivity C) delayed hypersensitivity D) anaphylactic shock E) immunodeficiency Answer: C Page Ref: 423 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 46) Hannah has an autoimmune disease in which the beta cells of the pancreas are destroyed. As a result, she does not make enough insulin. What disease does she have? A) Multiple sclerosis B) Graves' disease C) Myasthenia gravis D) Type I diabetes mellitus E) Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) Answer: D Page Ref: 423 Bloom's: 3-4: Applying/Analyzing 47) Which of the following is not an autoimmune disease? A) Allergic contact dermatitis B) Multiple sclerosis C) Graves' disease D) Type I diabetes mellitus E) Rheumatoid arthritis Answer: A Page Ref: 423 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 48) While walking barefoot, Maggie got a cut on the sole of her foot. She later noticed redness, swelling, and pus draining from her wound. How would you interpret these symptoms? A) Maggie's immune system is unable to manage the overwhelming infection. B) Pus is a sign of antibody-mediated immunity. C) These symptoms indicate the inflammatory response is in progress. D) The next symptom she will experience is fever and chills. E) These symptoms indicate complement fixation is occurring. Answer: C Page Ref: 402 Bloom's: 5: Evaluating 21 Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. 49) A patient with an infection is given a dose of interferon. The interferon injection was successful and helped her recover from the illness more quickly. Deduce the type of infection she had. A) Bacteria B) Fungal C) Allergic D) Viral E) Hapten Answer: D Page Ref: 404 Bloom's: 5: Evaluating 50) Newer cancer drugs use antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to attract the attention of the immune system to target tumors for destruction. What type of cell would you rate as most important for the APCs to activate in order for this new therapy to be successful? A) Natural killer (NK) cells B) Neutrophils C) T cells D) Memory cells E) B cells Answer: C Page Ref: 406 Bloom's: 5: Evaluating 12.3 True/False Questions 1) The two main structures of the lymphatic system are the lymphatic vessels and the blood vessels. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 392 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 2) All lymph rejoins the bloodstream via the subclavian veins. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 394 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 3) The lymph nodes filter bacteria, viruses, and tumor cells from blood on its way back to the heart. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 394 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 22 Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. 4) The role of the spleen in the lymphatic system is to provide a site for lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 396-397 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 5) The most important function of the thymus gland is to destroy worn-out red blood cells and return some of the products to the liver. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 397 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 6) The innate (nonspecific) defense system and adaptive (specific) defense system make up the immune system. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 397-398 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 7) Intact keratinized epidermis and mucous membranes are strong mechanical barriers to most microorganisms and serve as the body's first line of defense. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 398, 399, 400 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 8) Pathogens that make it through the mechanical barriers of the body are encountered by phagocytes such as cytokines and interferons. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 403 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 9) The nonspecific defense by which complement proteins attach to sugars or proteins on the surface of foreign cells is called complement fixation. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 403-404 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 10) Chemicals secreted by white blood cells and macrophages exposed to foreign substances that can increase body temperature are called pyrogens. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 404-405 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 11) All types of lymphocytes produce antibodies. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 406 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 23 Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. 12) B lymphocytes (B cells) and T lymphocytes (T cells) must both become self-tolerant of the body's own cells. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 407 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 13) B cells become immunocompetent in the thymus. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 407 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 14) Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) engulf antigens and present them to cells that will deal with them. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 408 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 15) Artificially acquired passive immunity is conferred when one receives immune serum for poisonous snakebites. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 410-411 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 16) Antibodies, or immunoglobulins, are secreted by activated B cells or by their plasma-cell offspring in response to an antigen. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 411 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 17) The constant region of the antibody joins heavy and light chains to form an antigen-binding site specifically made to fit an antigen. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 411-412 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 18) Antibodies can inactivate an antigen in many ways, including complement fixation, neutralization, and opsonization. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 412 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 19) The process that occurs when antibodies clump foreign cells is called agglutination. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 413 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 24 Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. 20) Macrophages and dendritic cells release interferons to trigger an immune response from T cells. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 415 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 21) Antigen presentation is essential for the activation of clonal selection of T cells. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 415 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 22) Xenografts are ideal donor organs or tissues since they rarely cause rejection. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 420 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 23) Autoimmune disease arises when the immune system is no longer tolerant of self-antigens, and antibodies are produced to attack the body's own tissues. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 423 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 24) Allergies, or hypersensitivities, are normal immune responses to pathogens or harmful antigens. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 421-422 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 25) Anaphylactic shock, an acute systemic allergic response, causes vasodilation and difficulty breathing. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 422 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 26) As people age, they become more resistant to the development of autoimmune and immunodeficiency diseases. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 425 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 25 Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. 12.4 Matching Questions Match the following descriptions with the appropriate lymphoid organ or tissue: A) tonsils B) thymus gland C) Peyer's patches D) spleen 1) Located on the left side of the abdominal cavity Page Ref: 396-397 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 2) Traps and removes bacteria and pathogens entering the throat Page Ref: 397 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 3) Located overlying the heart Page Ref: 397 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 4) Destroys worn-out blood cells and returns some of their breakdown products to the liver Page Ref: 397 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 5) Located in the wall of the small intestines Page Ref: 397 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 6) Programs T lymphocytes during youth Page Ref: 397 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Answers: 1) D 2) A 3) B 4) D 5) C 6) B 26 Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. Match the following terms with the correct description: A) interferon B) perforins C) antigen D) pyrogen E) keratin F) cytokines G) antibody 7) Any substance capable of provoking an immune response Page Ref: 406 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 8) Small protein that binds with receptors on healthy cells to promote protein synthesis and prevent viruses from binding Page Ref: 404 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 9) Chemical secreted by white blood cells and macrophages to raise the body's temperature Page Ref: 404 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 10) Chemical released by natural killer cells (NK) to cause cell lysis Page Ref: 400 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 11) Chemical released by macrophages and dendritic cells to activate many other immune cells Page Ref: 415 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 12) Vaccines stimulate the production of these soluble proteins Page Ref: 410 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 13) Chemical that provides resistance to intact skin against acids, alkalis, and bacterial enzymes Page Ref: 399, 400 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Answers: 7) C 8) A 9) D 10) B 11) F 12) G 13) E 27 Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. Match the following biological function with its antibody class: A) regulatory T cell B) B cell C) helper T cell D) antigen-presenting cell (APC) E) memory cell F) cytotoxic T cell G) plasma cell 14) Cell that may exist in the body for years and enable a quick response to subsequent meetings with the same antigen Page Ref: 410, 416 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 15) Cell that slows or stops B and T cell activity once infection has been conquered Page Ref: 416, 420 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 16) Cell that produces huge numbers of the same antibody (immunoglobulin) Page Ref: 409, 410, 420 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 17) Cell that kills virus-infected cells, cancerous cells, and is involved in graft rejection Page Ref: 415 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 18) Cells that engulf and present parts of antigens on the membrane for recognition by T cells bearing receptors for the same antigen Page Ref: 408 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 19) Cell that develops immunocompetence in the bone marrow Page Ref: 406, 407 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 20) Cell that directs the adaptive immune response by recruiting other cells to fight the invaders Page Ref: 415 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding Answers: 14) E 15) A 16) G 17) F 18) D 19) B 20) C 28 Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. 12.5 Essay Questions 1) Explain the origin and pathway of lymph. Answer: Lymph fluid arises from blood plasma that has been forced out of the capillary beds by osmotic and hydrostatic pressures. The fluid left behind is called interstitial fluid. The interstitial fluid is then picked up by lymph capillaries, after which it is called lymph. Lymph is routed up the lymphatic vessels until it is finally returned to the venous system through either the right lymphatic duct or the thoracic duct. Page Ref: 393-394 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 2) Mona had some axillary lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels removed from her left arm during a recent surgery. Determine why she experiences edema (swelling) in that arm. Answer: The function of lymphatic vessels is to pick up excess interstitial fluid and return it to the blood. Excess tissue fluid can accumulate in tissues if not picked up by lymphatic vessels, producing edema (swelling). Lymph from the left arm should ultimately be returned to the thoracic duct and into the left subclavian vein before being returned to the heart. If lymphatic vessels have been removed from Mona's left arm, the mechanism of picking up and returning escaped fluids to the blood has become impaired. Page Ref: 394-396 Bloom's: 3-4: Applying/Analyzing 3) Explain how the innate and adaptive immune systems differ in their responses to foreign substances. Answer: The innate immune system is the system we have when we're born. This system includes the skin and mucous membranes, the inflammatory response, and proteins already present in our cells. This system is the first one to come into contact with a foreign substance and thus is always prepared to defend the body. Therefore, we think of the innate system as the nonspecific body defense and the first line of defense to protection from invaders. The adaptive immune system is the second line of defense, which defends us from specific invaders. This system consists of molecules like pyrogens and immune cells such as lymphocytes and macrophages. This system differs from the innate system since it must be exposed to the invader before it can form a response. Page Ref: 397-398 Bloom's: 3-4: Applying/Analyzing 4) Identify the four most common indicators and major symptoms of an acute inflammatory response, and explain their origins. Answer: The four most common indicators of the inflammatory response are redness, heat, swelling, and pain. Redness and heat are a result of dilation of blood vessels that increase blood flow to the injured area. Swelling occurs when increased permeability of the capillaries allows plasma to leak from the bloodstream into the tissue spaces. The excess fluid, or edema, triggers the activation of pain receptors in the area, accounting for the pain associated with an injury. Page Ref: 400-402 Bloom's: 1-2: Remembering/Understanding 29 Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. 5) Differentiate how antibodies perform precipitation and agglutination to inactivate antigens. Answer: Antibodies can inactivate antigens through both precipitation and agglutination. When antibodies bind antigens, such as those of a foreign blood type, they can form antibody- antigen complexes that can be cross-linked into large lattices. This process of clumping foreign cells is called agglutination. However, when the cross-linking involves soluble antigenic molecules that become insoluble and settle out of solution, precipitation has occurred. Both agglutinated and precipitated molecules can be captured by phagocytes more easily. Page Ref: 413, 414 Bloom's: 3-4: Applying/Analyzing 6) Contrast the primary humoral response with the secondary humoral response. Answer: The primary humoral response occurs during the first encounter with an antigen. An antigen binds to a specific receptor on a specific B cell. The activated B cells proliferate to form a clone. While most of the B cell clone members become plasma cells that will secrete antibody molecules, B cells that do not become plasma cells will become memory cells. Memory cells exist for years and are capable of responding to the same antigen at a later meeting (immunological memory). Secondary humoral responses are the later immune responses that are faster, more prolonged, and more effective than the primary humoral response because preparations for this attack have already been made. Page Ref: 409-410 Bloom's: 3-4: Applying/Analyzing 7) Let's suppose scientists have discovered a new disease that arises when antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are not made by the body. How do you think our immune response will be impacted? Answer: Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) engulf an antigen and present part of it on the membrane in combination with one of the APCs' own glycoproteins. T cells require the presentation of the antigen for activation and clonal selection. Without the presentation of antigens by APCs, the immune process would be severely impaired. T cell clone classes provide for cell-mediated immunity and include helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, regulatory T cells, and memory cells. Page Ref: 408 Bloom's: 3-4: Applying/Analyzing 8) Audrey's mom smokes cigarettes that can damage and eventually destroy the cilia in the passageways of the lungs. Convince her that stopping smoking will benefit her cilia and respiratory mucous membranes. Answer: Intact mucous membranes are part of the immune system's first line of defense. The cilia benefit us by sweeping dust- and bacteria-laden mucus (think "sticky trap") superiorly toward the mouth, preventing it from entering the lungs, where the warm, moist environment provides ideal conditions for bacterial growth. Damaged or destroyed cilia place Audrey's mom at a higher risk of infection. Without an adequate mechanism for the removal of mucus in the lungs, our bodies must rely on the second and third lines of defense. Page Ref: 398-400 Bloom's: 5: Evaluating 30 Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. 9) People with severe burns may need skin grafts. A patient is presented with an option to receive skin from elsewhere on his body, which will also require time to heal, or he can receive skin from a donor. Judge these two sources and discuss the advantages or disadvantages. Which option would you recommend? Answer: Autografts are tissue grafts transplanted from one site to another in the same person while allografts are tissue grafts taken from a person other than an identical twin. Autografts are ideal donors while a tissue transplant from another person would require blood typing and tissue antigen matching. The disadvantage of an autograft is that the transplanted site will also need time to heal. An allograft would run the risk of rejection from the work of cytotoxic T cells. Given the risk for rejection with an allograft, an autograft may be a better choice simply based on acceptance by the immune system. Page Ref: 415, 420 Bloom's: 5: Evaluating 10) An acquaintance is hesitant about getting a COVID-19 vaccine. Persuade him of the benefits of vaccination. Answer: We receive two benefits from vaccines: (1) they spare us most of the signs and symptoms (and discomfort) of the disease that would otherwise occur during the primary response, and (2) the weakened antigens are still able to stimulate antibody production and promote immunological memory. Upon exposure to this virus, a secondary humoral response will occur. These responses are produced much faster, are more prolonged, and are more effective than the events of the primary response because all the preparations for this attack have already been made. Page Ref: 410 Bloom's: 5: Evaluating 31 Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc.