Chapter 7 Bones & Skeletal Tissues - Study Guide PDF

**Chapter 7: BONES AND SKELETAL TISSUES** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 22. Describe the basic structure, types, and locations of cartilage. | +====================================...

**Chapter 7: BONES AND SKELETAL TISSUES** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 22. Describe the basic structure, types, and locations of cartilage. | +=======================================================================+ | 1. Describe the classification of bones by shape include examples. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 2. What are the functions of bones and the skeletal system? | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 3. Describe the different tissue types present in bone organs. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 4. Describe the structure of short, flat, long, and irregular bones. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 5. Compare and contrast compact and spongy bones. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 6. Define diaphysis, medullary cavity, epiphysis, epiphyseal line, | | and epiphyseal plate. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 7. Describe the membranes of bones including the types, layers, and | | functions. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 8. What is the location and function of red and yellow bone marrow? | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 9. Be familiar with bone markings. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 10. What are the different types and functions of bone cells? How do | | they differ from each other? | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 11. Describe the microscopic anatomy of compact and spongy bone. What | | are the purposes of canaliculi? | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 12. What is the chemical composition of bone including organic and | | inorganic components? | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 13. Describe what contributes to the strength of bone. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 14. What is ossification and when does it occur? | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 15. How are endochondrial and intramembraneous ossification similar? | | Different? | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 16. How do bones thicken and how do they lengthen? What happens at | | the epiphyseal plate and why does it become an epiphyseal line? | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 17. How do bones respond to mechanical stress? | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 18. Explain Wolff's law of bone. What factors affect bone remodeling? | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 19. What are the steps in repairing a fractured bone? | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 20. How is vitamin D related to bone? Calcitonin? Parathyroid | | hormone? | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 21. Compare and contrast the following diseases: osteomalacia, | | rickets, osteoporosis, and paget's disease. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **Completion** *Complete each statement.* 1\. A shallow, basinlike depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface is a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. 2\. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the formation of blood cells within the red marrow cavities of certain bones like spongy bone. In newborn infants, nearly all flat and long bones contain \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ bone marrow. 3\. The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a bone-forming cell, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a mature bone cell, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a bone-destroying cell, and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a bone stem cell. 4\. The basic functional unit of compact bone is the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ with rings of bone matrix called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ around a central canal containing blood vessels. 5\. The epiphyseal \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is composed of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ cartilage and functions as the longitudinal growth region of the long bone. 6\. A \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a sharp, slender, often pointed projection. 7\. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are cavities in bone where bone cells live and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are narrow passageways that contain cytoplasmic extensions of osteocytes for passage of nutrients and wastes. 8\. The fibrous connective tissue membrane that covers the outer surface of long bone thin is called the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the connective tissue membrane that lines the medullary cavity, a hollow space in the shaft of a long bone. 9\. A \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process 10\. A round or oval opening through a bone is a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. 11\. A \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the shaft of a long bone, whereas the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the expanded portion of the long bone at its ends. 12\. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the most abundant skeletal cartilage, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is able to withstand large amounts of compression and located in the external ear and epiglottis is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. 13\. During bone repair the first stage is caused by tearing of blood vessels in and around fracture site called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, followed by activity of fibroblasts and osteoblasts to create an overgrown splint around the fracture site called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, then trabeculae invade callus and begin to replace fibrous tissue known as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and finally excess bony material is removed from the external and internal surfaces of the diaphysis, called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. 14\. A condition occurs with aging that causes a gradual reduction in bone mass is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, but a painful condition that occurs when the bones become weak and thin and tend to fracture easily is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. 15\. A bony expansion carried on a narrow neck is called a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. 16\. In endochondral ossification, the process of long bone development, the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the primary ossification center, the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the secondary ossification center, and the epiphyseal plate is the site of length increase in long bones. 17\. A smooth, nearly flat articular surface is a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. 18\. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are the major inorganic minerals contained in the intercellular matrix of bone and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the major organic fiber of bone. 19\. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the process of bone formation accomplished by either \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which is replacement of connective tissue membranes with bony tissue, or \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which is replacement of hyaline cartilage with bony tissue. 20\. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ bone marrow is found in the hollow interior of the diaphyseal portion of adult long bones. The large marrow cavities keep the weight of the bones light. 21\. Longitudinal bone growth ends after puberty because the epiphyseal plate of cartilage is ossified into the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. **Answer Section** **COMPLETION** 1\. ANS: fossa 2\. ANS: Hematopoiesis, red 3\. ANS: osteoblast, osteocyte, osteoclast, osteoprogenitor (osteogenic) cell 4\. ANS: osteon, lamellae 5\. ANS: plate, hyaline 6\. ANS: spine 7\. ANS: Lacunae, canaliculi 8\. ANS: periosteum, endosteum 9\. ANS: trochanter 10\. ANS: foramen 11\. ANS: diaphysis, epiphysis 12\. ANS: hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage 13\. ANS: hematoma formation, fibrocartilage callus, bony callus formation, bone remodeling 14\. ANS: osteopenia, osteoporosis 15\. ANS: head 16\. ANS: diaphysis, epiphysis 17\. ANS: facet 18\. ANS: calcium phosphate (hydroxyapatite), collagen 19\. ANS: Osteogenesis, intramembranous ossification, endochondral ossification 20\. ANS: Yellow 21\. ANS: epiphyseal line