ch 7 practice.docx

Answers Stage of lung cancer where cancer is located only in the lungs and has not spread to any lymph nodes: Stage I The 3 tumor suppressor genes that allow neoplasias to form when mutated: TP53/Rb/BCL-2 This characteristic of neoplasms alters the metabolism and degrades neighboring unaffected cell...

Answers Stage of lung cancer where cancer is located only in the lungs and has not spread to any lymph nodes: Stage I The 3 tumor suppressor genes that allow neoplasias to form when mutated: TP53/Rb/BCL-2 This characteristic of neoplasms alters the metabolism and degrades neighboring unaffected cells: substance secretion Three general manifestations indication inflammatory and immune responses: lymphadenopathy/fever/anorexia Cancer that has the possibility of developing severe disability, seizures, paralysis and cognitive impairment: brain cancer Mutated genes that have the potential to cause cancer by promoting unregulated cell growth and development and also inhibiting cell death: Oncogenes Benign tumors that stem from chondrocytes: chondromas The loss of cell differentiation and therefore the loss of cell function: anaplasia This cancer is caused by environmental toxins damaging DNA and inducing mutations in the ras family of oncogenes: lung cancer Three ways in which activated protooncogenes become oncogenes: point mutation/translocation/gene amplification A classification of distant metastasis where cancer has not spread to other body parts: M0 Most common tumor type in the brain: astrocytomas Programmed cell death: apoptosis What grade of CNS tumor involves lesions with low proliferative potential, discrete borders, and likelty to be cured with surgical reaction: Grade I Invasive and destructive tumors that proliferate rapidly, metastasize, and don’t resemble the tissue of origin: malignant When a chromosome breaks, relocates, and unites with a chromosome; encoded genes then become excessive, and the cell deviates from expected growth, differentiation, and death cycles: chromosomal translocation A cancer that is in the nearby lymph nodes that cant be measured are classified as: NX One of the three goals of cancer treatment is : completely eradication neoplasms Carcinogens that are _________ induce immunosuppression or chronic inflammation or act in conjunction with other carcinogens to induce DNA damage: indirect Phase in the initiation-promotion-progression theory that is an expansion of the mutated cells growth and reproduction: promotion Stage of lung cancer where cancer is found in the lung and lymph nodes in the middle of the chest: Stage III Gene mutation present in the oocyte or sperm as they combine to become the zygote; this gene has incomplete penetrance and not everyone with the mutation will get cancer: Inherited A primary tumor that cannot be measured as classified as: TX Cells that are most affected by radiation exposure: labile Genes that regulate the rate at which cells divide and die: tumor suppressor genes Benign tumors that arise from bone cells: osteomas Damages a single nucleotide base pair in the DNA that leads to the development of altered, unregulated proteins in somatic cells: point mutation Stage of lung cancer where the cancer is in the lung and nearby lymph nodes: Stage II MX,M0, and M1 are classifications of: distant metastasis a characteristic of neoplasms is the presence of ________________on the cancer cell surface, which can trigger the immune response: foreign antigens Gamma rays, x-rays, and UV rays are capable of causing genetic damage in a cell and cal also kill cells directly through____________________: high-energy radiation Grade of CNS tumor described as lesions that are generally infiltrationg and low in mitotic activity; may progress to higher grades of malignancy: Grade II The tumor suppressor gene that, when mutated, can result in rare childhood cancer of the retina of the eye and has a major role in suppressing tumor proliferation: Rb Highly undifferentiated cells that have the potential to diving into progenitor cells, then daughter cells, which can then mature into more differentiated units: Stem cells The proliferation of the neoplasm within the tissue of origin: local spread One of the three goals of cancer treatment is: controlling growth and speed Genes that prohibit overproliferation of cells and regulated apoptosis: tumor suppressor gene Stage of lung cancer where cancer has spread to both lungs, to fluid in the area around the lungs, or to another part of the body, such as the liver or other organs: Stage IV Three ways the epigenetic changes influence carcinogenesis: DNA methylation/histone modification/RNA interference A primary tumor that cant be found is classified as: T0 No cancer in nearby lymph nodes is classified as: N0 Short-wavelength electromagnetic energy that is capable of inducing carginogenesis; sun exposure is the primary source: Ultraviolet radiation Phase in the initiation-promotion-progress theory where the cancerous growth is no longer depended on continued exposure of the promoter: progression This tumor suppressor gene inhibits apoptosis; when mutated and permanently activated, the cell with the altered gene ignores all of the normal triggers to die and thereby becomes immortal: BCL-2 _____________in the body are responsible for metabolizing and inactivating potentially carcinogenic chemicals: enzymes Malignant neoplasms of the blood and blood forming organs: leukemia Gene mutation that occurs after fertilization and caused by environmental exposures: acquired Grade of CNS tumor described as lesions with histologic evidence of malignancy, increased mitotic activity, are infiltrative, and anaplastic: Grade III Condition of enlarged lymph nodes through the body: lymphadenopathy Cancer-causing agents that interfere with molecular pathways and can initiate or promote tumor formation in the body: carcinogen Malignant tumor of epithelial cells: adenocarcinoma Carcinogens that are ______ cause modification of cell DNA and interfere with cell function: direct Tumor suppressor gene that is responsible for opposing cell division in response to Cell DNA damage by delaying cell development: TP53 A carcinoa that is in situ is classified as: Tis Grade of CNS tumor described as lesions that are mitotically active, necrosis prone, and generally associated with neovascularity, infiltration of surrounding tissue, rapid proliferation, and fatal outcome: Grade IV A classification of distant metastasis where cancer has spread to other body parts: M1 Important “normal” genes in the body with a vital role in regulating cell function: Protooncogenes This characteristic of neoplasms include increased ___________ and lost of ________________, which promotes movements to other locations: motility/cohesion Malignant tumor of chondrocytes: chondrosarcoma The origin and development of cancerous neoplasms: carcinogenesis The size or extent of the primary tumor are classified as: T1,T2,T3,T4 Gene variants are inherited differences in genes that are not mutations but can still have an impact on cell growth and divisions and are also referred to as…: Polymorphisms The hormone that can directly kill tumor cells, especially lymph cells, and can inhibit mitosis: adrenal corticosteroid Benign tumors that arise from germ cells: teratomas TX,T0,Tis,T1,T2,T3,andT4 are all classifications of: primary tumor One of the three goal of cancer treatment is: reducing symptoms w/o curing cancer This characteristic of neoplasms provides extensive blood flow to the tumor cells: rapid angiogenesis A metastasis that cannot be measured: MX The unregulated proliferation of the neoplasm: autonomy Tumors that remain localized and closely resemble the tissue of origin: benign Increased _________ expenditures deprives unaffected cells of nutrients and is a characteristic of neoplasms: energy Bening tumor of the glandular epithelial origin: adenomas Refers to the number and location of lymph nodes with cancer: N1,N2,N3 Estrogen modulator drug that blocks the action of estrogen and inhibits tumor growth in the estrogen-sensitive breast tissues; commonly used in breast cancer treatment: tamoxifen A process of tumor cells moving into adjacent tissues and organs: direct extension Phase in initiation-promotion-progression theory that causes a mutation in a cell: initiation Bening tumor of the squamous epithelium: epithelioma NX,N0,N1,N2,N3 are classifications of: Regional Lymph Nodes Loss of ___________________________ allows further unrestricted growth of tumor cells and is a direct characteristic of neoplasms: cell-to-cell communication