Chapter 7- Memory: Theories & Neuroscience Lecture Notes PDF

Chapter 7- Memory: Theories & Neuroscience ========================================== The Route into Memory: ---------------------- - Information Processing, is the idea that complex mental events such as learning, remembering, or deciding could be understood as being built up out of a l...

Chapter 7- Memory: Theories & Neuroscience ========================================== The Route into Memory: ---------------------- - Information Processing, is the idea that complex mental events such as learning, remembering, or deciding could be understood as being built up out of a large number of discrete steps. **The Route into Memory:** - Waugh & Norman (1965), primary (temporary for active info) and secondary memory (permanent long-term store). - Akinson & Shiffrin (1968), sensory (very brief memory store we use to process whether or not something will be attended to), short term (30 seconds unrehearsed, 5-9 items), and long-term memory. - The Modal Model is information processing involving different kinds of memory, two of which are STM and LTM. Basically, these discrete, different memory systems are the idea of this model. - Serial Position Effect, trying to determine if working and LTM were two separate systems or not. Tested by doing a free recall task in this study. Recency effect, participants were able to remember more words towards the end of the list words (recent ones) than ones in the middle. This effect is accounted for in working memory (STM). Primacy effect, better recall for the words in the beginning of the list rather than middle or end accounted for in LTM. Privileged words are like the ones in the beginning because we dedicate our focus and memory to those words, both these effects support the idea of the modal model being accurate. Memory rehearsal - Test for recency effects, manipulate working memory. - Test for primary effects, slow down. Better recall at slow presentation compared to no changes in recency. - Levels of Processing, Craik & Lockhart (1972); Craik & Tulving (1975) - Proposes that memory does not comprise 3 or even any specific number of separate stores. Rather storage varies along a continuous dimension in terms of depth of encoding. Based on how much encoding was done for that piece of info. How much attention or focus was dedicated to this. The more encoding, the deeper it is encoded, the deeper the encoding the more likely you are to remember this at a later time. Physical (visually apparent features of the word), Acoustic (sound associated with letters) & Semantic (meaning of the word) were the levels used in this framework to test it. - Levels of processing (self-reference effect) They argued that if the word is processed in reference to yourself you would encode it more deeply therefore remembering it better later. - Criticisms of the LOP model, poor explanation because they didn't really explain how deeper levels of processing result in better encoding of information aka better memory. paradoxes in retention, when replicated there were varying results that differed. time and effort or level of processing. That could not be definitively decided if its levels or processing or time and effort resulting in better recall. - Revisions to the LOP model, within item elaboration with this they focus on enhancing the meaning of individual items in isolation. For instance, if you're trying to remember the word "apple," you might think about its color, taste, and texture, or link it to a particular memory, like picking apples in the fall. By focusing on the characteristics of a single item, you create a more elaborate internal representation of it, which can make it easier to recall later. between item elaboration, claimed that elaborating on a particular item focusing on those characteristics equating it to those of others with similarities. Between-item elaboration, on the other hand, is about *linking multiple items together* to create associations between them. This method involves finding relationships or making comparisons between different items, which helps integrate them into a broader context. For example, if you're trying to remember a list that includes "apple" and "banana," you might focus on how both are fruits, both are commonly found in the grocery store, or how you often eat them together in a fruit salad. By connecting items in meaningful ways, you create a network of associations that can aid in recall. - - Multiple Memory Systems Model, Wilder Penfield. Distinctive time referent, time related or personal memory is what was stimulated out of these brain surgery patients. no particular time referent, is having no personal relation just general facts. - Tulving (1972) proposes distinctions between semantic, this being general world knowledge not unique to us. Episodic memory, personally experienced events or episodes. Procedural memory, for how to do something, similar to implicit memory where there are automatic and independent intention. Declarative memory being ability to recall factual information, similar to explicit memory where it is deliberate and intentional. - The Connectionist Perspective, PDP aka Parallel Distributed Processing Model, with this model the key to knowledge representation lies in the numerous connections among various nodes, not the individual nodes themselves. That memory is the connections between pieces of information. Moving through the network through spreading activation, aka a single node known as the prime is activated then signals connecting nodes surrounding it. What follows is known as the priming effect.