CH 3 PART 2

History of Science, Engineering & Technology Associated Prof. Wafaa Shalash  Class Rules Be in class on time, Listen to instructions and explanations. Talk to your classmates only when there is an activity. Use appropriate and professional language. Keep your mobile silent. C...

History of Science, Engineering & Technology Associated Prof. Wafaa Shalash  Class Rules Be in class on time, Listen to instructions and explanations. Talk to your classmates only when there is an activity. Use appropriate and professional language. Keep your mobile silent. Chapter 3 History of Computers Part II Computers Generation) 1950–now) 1.4 1.5 1.6 Computer generations (1950–present) Computers built after 1950 more or less follow the von Neumann model. They have become faster, smaller, and cheaper, but the principle is almost the same. Historians divide this period into generations, with each generation witnessing some major change in hardware or software (but not in the model). First generation The first generation (roughly 1950–1959) is characterized by the emergence of commercial computers. 1.7  First generation The first generation (roughly 1950–1959) is characterized by the emergence of commercial computers. The period of first generation was from 1950- 1959. The computers of first generation used vacuum tubes as the basic components for memory and circuitry for CPU (Central Processing Unit). These tubes, like electric bulbs, produced a lot of heat and the installations used to fuse frequently. Therefore, they were very expensive and only large organizations were able to afford it. 1.8 First generation In this generation, mainly batch processing operating system was used. Punch cards, paper tape, and magnetic tape was used as input and output devices. The computers in this generation used machine code as the programming language. 1.9 The main features of the first generation are Vacuum tube technology Unreliable Supported machine language only Very costly Generated a lot of heat Slow input and output devices Huge size Need of AC Non-portable Consumed a lot of electricity 1.10  Some computers of this generation were ENIAC EDVAC UNIVAC IBM-701 IBM-650 The computers in this generation used machine code as the programming language. 1.11 ENIAC ENIAC was the first general-purpose electronic computer ENIAC weighed 27 tons, stood 10ft tall, and took up 1800 square feet of space. IBM introduced the first hard drive in 1956 relied on Machine Language It could perform up to 5,000 Four ENIAC panels and one of its three additions or subtractions per second function tables at the School of and multiply as many as 20 numbers Engineering and Applied Science at a second. Unfortunately, if it made a mistake all work from that point had the University of Pennsylvania to be repeated.  IBM introduced the first hard drive in 1956 1.1 3 Second generation(roughly 1959– 1965) Second-generation computers used transistors instead of vacuum tubes. transistors were used that were cheaper, consumed less power, more compact in size, more reliable and faster than the first generation machines made of vacuum tubes. Two high-level programming languages, FORTRAN and COBOL invented and made programming easier. 1.14 Second generation In this generation, magnetic cores were used as the primary memory and magnetic tape and magnetic disks as secondary storage devices. In this generation, assembly language and high-level programming languages like FORTRAN, COBOL were used. The computers used batch processing and multiprogramming operating system. 1.15 The relation between machine, Assembly and high level language 1.1 6 Examples ofmachine, Assembly and high level language 1.1 7 Some computers of this generation were IBM 1620 IBM 7094 CDC 1604 CDC 3600 UNIVAC 1108 1.18 The main features of second generation are Use of transistors Reliable in comparison to first generation computers Smaller size as compared to first generation computers Generated less heat as compared to first generation computers Consumed less electricity as compared to first generation computers Faster than first generation computers Still very costly AC required Supported machine and assembly languages 1.19  Third generation (1965-1971) The period of third generation was from 1965- 1971. The computers of third generation used Integrated Circuits (ICs) in place of transistors. A single IC has many transistors, resistors, and capacitors along with the associated circuitry. The IC was invented by Jack Kilby. This development made computers smaller in size, reliable, and efficient. In this generation remote processing, time-sharing, multiprogramming operating system were used. High-level languages (FORTRAN-II TO IV, COBOL, PASCAL PL/1, BASIC, ALGOL-68 etc.) were used during this generation. 1.20  Third generation (1965-1971) The period of third generation was from 1965-1971. The computers of third generation used Integrated Circuits (ICs) in place of transistors. A single IC has many transistors, resistors, and capacitors along with the associated circuitry. The IC was invented by Jack Kilby. This development made computers smaller in size, reliable, and efficient. In this generation remote processing, time-sharing, multiprogramming operating system were used. High-level languages (FORTRAN-II TO IV, COBOL, PASCAL PL/1, BASIC, ALGOL-68 etc.) were used during this generation. The invention of the integrated circuit reduced the cost and size of computers even further. Minicomputers appeared on the market. Canned programs, popularly known as software packages, became available. This generation lasted roughly from 1965 to 1975. 1.21 The main features of third generation are − IC used More reliable in comparison to previous two generations Smaller size Generated less heat Faster Lesser maintenance Costly AC required Consumed lesser electricity Supported high-level language 1.22 Some computers of 3rd generation were IBM-360 series Honeywell-6000 series PDP (Personal Data Processor) IBM-370/168 TDC-316 1.23 Fourth generation(1971– 1985) The fourth generation (approximately 1971–1985) saw the appearance of microcomputers. The first desktop calculator, the Altair 8800, became available in 1975. Computers of fourth generation used Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits. VLSI circuits having about 5000 transistors and other circuit elements with their associated circuits on a single chip made it possible to have microcomputers of fourth generation. 1.24 Fourth generation(1975–1985) Fourth generation computers became more powerful, compact, reliable, and affordable. As a result, it gave rise to Personal Computer (PC) revolution. This generation also saw the emergence of computer networks. In this generation, time sharing, real time networks, distributed operating system were used. All the high-level languages like C, C++, DBASE etc., were used in this generation. 1.25 The main features of fourth generation are: VLSI technology used Very cheap Portable and reliable Use of PCs Very small size Pipeline processing No AC required Concept of internet was introduced Great developments in the fields of networks Computers became easily available 1.26 VT100 The VT100 is a video terminal, introduced in August 1978 by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC). It was one of the first terminals to support ANSI escape codes for cursor control and other tasks, and added a number of extended codes for special features like controlling the status lights on the keyboard. This led to rapid uptake of the ANSI standard, which became the de facto standard for hardware video terminals and later terminal emulators. 1.27 The beginning of the 5th generation Japan’s Ministry of Trade and Industries began developing the 5th computer system in 1982. VLSI technology has progressed in this generation to become ULSI technology, which stands for Extremely Large-Scale Integrated. In order to make microprocessor chips, ten million circuit boards were utilized. Logic programming as well as parallel processing computation were used to construct the computer of the fifth generation. Parallel processor hardware and AI (Artificially Intelligent) applications were used in this generation of computers. Artificial intelligence is capable of demonstrating the tools and methods for making computers think like humans. This generation uses a variety of high-level languages, including C and C++,.Net, Java, and others. 1.28 Fifth generation This open-ended generation started in 1980. It has witnessed the appearance of laptop and palmtop computers. Improvements in secondary storage media (CD-ROM, DVD and so on), the use of multimedia The phenomenon of virtual reality. 1.29 Fifth generation In the fifth generation, VLSI technology became ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) technology, resulting in the production of microprocessor chips having ten million electronic components. This generation is based on parallel processing hardware AI (Artificial Intelligence) software. AI is an emerging branch in computer science, which interprets the means and method of making computers think like human beings. 1.30 The main features of fifth generation are: 1/2 ULSI technology Development of true artificial intelligence Development of Natural language processing Advancement in Parallel Processing Advancement in Superconductor technology More user-friendly interfaces with multimedia features Availability of very powerful and compact computers at cheaper rates 1.31  The main features of fifth Generation are: 2/2 They’re high-capacity storage units that run at a rapid speed. They can interact with people through sign language, pictures, graphs, and other ways thanks to AI (Artificial Intelligence). They are dependable and productive. They require little upkeep. They are tiny, they require less area to install. They’re employed in weather research as well as forecasting. They are quite transportable. It is Cost-effective, faster, consume lesser electricity 1.32 Multi core Technology A multicore processor is an integrated circuit that has two or more processor cores attached for enhanced performance and reduced power consumption. These processors also enable more efficient simultaneous processing of multiple tasks, such as with parallel processing and multithreading. A dual core setup is similar to having multiple, separate processors installed on a computer. However, because the two processors are plugged into the same socket, the connection between them is faster.  Advantages of Fifth Generation of Computer following are some advantages of fifth-generation computers: These computers are far quicker than previous generations. These computers are simpler to repair. These computers are substantially smaller in size than other generation computers. They are lightweight and easy to move. True artificial intelligence is being developed. Parallel Processing has progressed. Superconductor technology has progressed Components of programmes are being developed. Massive storage development: We now have SSD storage, which is much quicker than HDD, as well as a few additional technologies in the works, so we may expect larger and faster storage in fifth-generation PCs. 1.34 Some computer types of this generation: Desktop Laptop NoteBook UltraBook ChromeBook 1.35 Disadvantages of Fifth Generation of Computer 1.36 1.37 1.38  Sample Questions Question 1: What this counting machine is called developed by Charles Babbage known as the father of the computer? Question 2: Which generation of computers uses integrated circuits? Question 3: What are the key technologies used in the fifth generation of computers? Question 4: Which generation support AI? Question 5: Which generation of computers supports the operating system and other application software? 1.39 SOCIAL AND ETHICAL ISSUES Computer science has created some peripheral issues, the most prevalent of which can be categorized as social and ethical issues. 1.40 Social issues Computers have created some arguments. We introduce some of these arguments here. Dependency Some people think that computers have created a kind of dependency, which makes people’s lives more difficult. Social justice Social justice is another issue we often hear about. The advocates of this issue argue that using computers at home is a luxury benefit that not all people can afford. The cost of a computer, peripheral devices, and a monthly charge for Internet access is an extra burden on low-income people. 1.41  The concept of digital divide covers both the issues of dependency and social justice discussed above. The concept Digital divide divides society into two groups: those who are electronically connected to the rest of society and those who are not. 1.42 1.4 3  Ethical issues Computers have created some ethical issues. We introduce some of these here. Privacy Computers allow communication between two parties to be done electronically. However, much needs to be done to make this type of communication private. Society is paying a big price for private electronic communication. Network security may create this type of privacy, but it needs effort and costs a lot. 1.45  Another ethical issue in a computerized society is copyright: who owns data? The Internet has Copyright created opportunities to share ideas, but has also brought with it a further ethical issue: electronic copyright. ComComputer crime Computers and information technology have created new types of crime. Hackers have been able to access many computers in the world and have stolen a lot of money. Virus creators design new viruses to be sent through the Internet and damage the information stored in computers. Although there are many anti-virus programs in use today, society is paying a big price for this type of crime, which did not exist before the computer and Internet era. Any Questions? 1.48