CH 2 Perception Part 2 PDF

CHAPTER 2 Perception Part 2 Chapter Outline: Social identity theory The Attribution Process: Judging the Causes of Others’ Behavior Perceptual Biases Social identity theory: A conceptualization recognizing that social perception, or the way we perceive others, is based on their social...

CHAPTER 2 Perception Part 2 Chapter Outline: Social identity theory The Attribution Process: Judging the Causes of Others’ Behavior Perceptual Biases Social identity theory: A conceptualization recognizing that social perception, or the way we perceive others, is based on their social identity and personal identity  Social perception : (What Are Others Like?) The process of combining, integrating and interpreting information about others to gain an understanding of them.  Social Identity : Who a person is, as identified in terms of his/her membership in social groups (class, company, country…).  Personal Identity : The characteristics that identify a particular individual (appearance, skills...). The attribution process: Attribution deals with the perceived causes of behavior., Individuals infer causes to understand the behavior of others. Attribution process is the process through which people come to judge the underlying causes of others’ behavior. People judge others’ behavior in two different ways: i. Making correspondent inferences (using acts to judge dispositions). ii. Causal attribution of responsibility.. i. Making correspondent inferences (using acts to judge dispositions) : Theory of correspondent inference explains how we use information about others' behavior as a basis for inferring their traits or dispositions. In other words, the theory is concerned with how to correspond what we have observed of the person’s actions to the traits of that person that accounted for his/her actions. ii. Causal attribution of responsibility : Base judgments on someone’s behavior on two major explanations: internal causes and external causes  Internal causes : Actions for which a person is responsible (under the personal control) For example: A student believes they received a high grade on an exam because they studied hard.  External causes : Situations over which a person has no control. For example: A person assumes that a colleague was late to a meeting because they encountered heavy traffic. Kelly’s theory of Causal attribution People will believe others’ actions to be caused by internal or external factors based on three informational cues: 1) Consensus: the extent to which other people behave in the same manner as the person being judged. For example, if several students perform well on an exam, it indicates high consensus. Others behave similarly ► high consensus. 2) Consistency: the extent to which the person being judged behaves the same way at other times. For example, if a student consistently performs well on exams, it indicates high consistency. Person acts the same at other times ► high consistency. 3) Distinctiveness: the extent to which a person's behavior is unique to a particular situation. For example, if a student performs well on one particular exam but poorly on others, it indicates high distinctiveness. Person behaves the same way in other situations ► low distinctiveness. Example: Ali, a student in one of the two groups you teach OB came late to the lecture. To determine whether this is because of internal or external causes of attribution, you note that: Other students do not come late (low consensus), this student always comes late to the OB lecture (high consistency), and also he is usually late to other lectures (low distinctiveness) … You conclude that this student is irresponsible (internal causes of attribution). In Group A, where Amr also came late, you observe that many other students came late (high consensus) , Amr is usually not late to your lecture (high consistency), and he is not late to other lectures as well (high distinctiveness). You conclude that this student arrived late because of external causes of attribution. NOTE: Low consensus + high consistency + low distinctiveness ► Internal attribution High consensus + high consistency + high distinctiveness ► External attribution Perceptual biases: Predispositions that people have to misperceive others in various ways. Halo Effect : An overall impression (positively/negatively) of a person based on one single behavior or trait, such as intelligence, likeability, or appearance, For example,. you might see a physically beautiful person and assume they are generous, smart, or trustworthy. Similar-to-me effect: The tendency for people to perceive positively others who are believed to be similar to them in any way. This tendency applies with respect to several different dimensions of similarity, such as similarity of work values and habits, similarity of beliefs about the way things should be at work, and similarity with respect to demographic variables (such as age, race, gender, and work experience).  Stereotyping : A belief that all members of specific groups share similar traits and are prone to behave identically. For example: Women are always good homemakers and can do well in work life balance. Projection: This is very common among perceptual errors. Projection of one's own attitude, personality or behavior into some other person. People who engage in projection tend to perceive others according to what they themselves are like rather than perceiving others as they really are. For example: To all honest people, everybody is honest. Contrast Effect : We again sometimes judge people in comparison to others. Consider what happens when a manager interviews job candidates from a pool of applicants. The evaluation of a candidate can be affected by his or her place in the interview schedule. The candidate is likely to receive a better evaluation if interviewed after a moderate applicant, and a worse evaluation if interviewed after a strong applicant.  First impression error : the tendency to base judgments of others on initial impressions of them. For example: A candidate, dressed rather casually and sort of disheveled looking, comes into the interview. The team rates him very poorly on all of his answers even though some of his answers actually match the best possible answer. His appearance is driving the ratings rather than his actual answers. DISSCUSION QUESTIONS: 1- The process of combining, integrating and interpreting information about others to gain an understanding of them A- Social identity B-Personal identity C-Social Perception. D-None of the above 2- Low consensus + high consistency + low distinctiveness ► external attribution A-True B- False. 3- Successful person may be seen as an attractive and kind also. Which of the following perceptual errors reflects this statement? A. Hallo effect. B. Stereotypes C. Contrast Effect D. Projection 4-People who engage in stereotyping tend to perceive others according to what they themselves are like rather than perceiving others as they really are. A-True B- False. 5- A Student, Sara, isn’t listening in the math class. But all others were listening. She didn’t listen to any math class , and also to any other subject. This situation refers to…… A. Internal attribution causes. B. External attribution causes C. Judge dispositions based on behavior D. None of the above