Ch 19. ANSWERS Review Questions (1).docx

What is a property of blood? Liquid connective tissue What four cellular cmponents of blood & their %? 55%: Plasma 45%: White blood cells Platelets Red blood cells (majority of the 45%) Draw and label a centrifuged blood vile: Reference pg 3 on powerpoint for picture and labels What makes up the...

What is a property of blood? Liquid connective tissue What four cellular cmponents of blood & their %? 55%: Plasma 45%: White blood cells Platelets Red blood cells (majority of the 45%) Draw and label a centrifuged blood vile: Reference pg 3 on powerpoint for picture and labels What makes up the plasma portion of blood? Water Proteins Solutes What are the functions of blood? (4) Transports Regulates Protects Clotting Describe the functions in more detail: Transports: O2, CO2, nutrients, hormones, heat and waste products Regulates: homeostatic of all body fluids, pH, body temperature and water content of cells Protects: WBC fight infections Clotting: prevent excessive loss What is the function of water in blood? Solvent Suspending medium Absorbs, transports and releases heat What are the 3 plasma proteins in blood? What is their function? Albumins: Osmotic pressure, fluid exchange @ capillaries Globulins: attack viruses & bacteria; transport iron, lipids and fat-soluble vitamins Fibrinogen: blood clotting FUNCTION: osmotic pressure, viscosity, transport hormones, fatty acids, Ca+, regulate pH What are some regulatory substances in blood? Enzymes Hormones Vitamins What Gases are present in blood? O2 CO2, N2 What are some waste products that are transported in blood? Urea Uric acid Creatine Creatinine Bilirubin Ammonia What is a Lymphocyte? How long do they live? Lymphocyte: White blood cell; carries out cell-mediate & antibody responses. Live for - months or years What is Hemopoiesis? What is another name for this? Hemopoiesis: Process of producing blood cells AKA Hematopoiesis What is a pluripotent stem cell? Pluripotent Stem cell: Immature in red bone marrow; give rise to all different mature blood cells RBC, WBC and platelets – what will their numbers be like? RBC & platelets: steady (production & destruction # even) WBC: will increase with pathogen or foreign invaders What is a Red Blood cell known as? What protein does it contain? What are some characteristics? What is another name for RBC? RBC: Erythrocyte Protein: hemoglobin Biconcave: to efficiently carry O2 Lack nucleus & organelles Contains carbonic anhydrase AKA Erythrocyte What is significant about hemoglobin? Protein on RBC Contains iron (Fe+) ion Allows binding of 4 Oxygen molecules Regulates blood flow & Blood Pressure What is significant about Nitric Oxide? What releases nitric oxide? Causes Vasodilation Released by hemoglobin What is Carbonic Anhydrase? What is its function? Catalytic conversion of CO2 & H2O Function: In this form allows CO2 to be transported in blood Buffer How long to Red Blood cells live for? What happens to them at the end of their lifespan? Live 120 days Worn out RBC broken down by liver & spleen Recycled and reused What is Erythropoiesis? Production of RBC, begins in Red bone marrow What is Reticulocytes? How many days does it take for a RBC to be mature? Immature RBC Takes 1-2 days in circulation to mature What is Erythropoietin? What organ releases it? What does it do? Hormone Kidney’s Release it Promotes RBC (erythrocyte) production What is Hypoxia & what processes does it initiate? Hypoxia: lower oxygen concentration; lack of oxygen Stimulates Erythropoietin to be released from Kidneys (b/c of low O2) Erythropoietin stimulates RBC (erythrocyte) production What are White Blood cells? Leukocytes Has nucleus & organelles, but no hemoglobin What are 2 classifications of leukocytes? Examples of each Granular: has fine vesicles Neutrophils Eosinophils basophils Agranular: has no fine granules Lymphocytes monocytes What is the function of White Blood Cells? Describe its uniqueness Protect the body from microbes, pathogens and foreign invaders Can lives for months to years Emigration: Able to leave blood stream & collect at site of invasion AKA Diapedesis What does an elevated WBC count mean, generally? Infection or inflammation What is the function of Platelets? Clot the blood What to platelets derive from? How many platelets for from one of these cells? What is a platelet lifespan? Derived: Megakaryocyte Produce: 2000-3000 platelets Life span: 5-9 days What would warrant a bone marrow transplant? Where is the marrow usually collected from? Cancer Collected: Iliac Crest What are the advantages of stems cells collected from umbilical cord? Easily collected (with permission) Stems cells are more abundant than in bone marrow Donor & recipient likeness does not have to be as close. Will not have graft-versus-host disease (body rejection) Less likely to transmit infections Can be stored indefinitely What is Hemostasis? What does it involve? To stop bleeding Involves: Vascular spasm Platelet plug formation Blood clotting (coagulation) How many stages of clotting factors is there? What is another word for clotting? 3 stages of clotting. 12 factors total AKA Coagulation What are the 3 stages of coagulation? Pg 685 & 686 Extrinsic pathway: occur fast, involved thromboplastin (tissue factor) Intrinsic pathway: occurs slowly, activators are with in (intrinsic) to blood. Common pathway: prothrombinase – activates thrombin & platelets Hemostasis Coagulation (clotting) factors are numbered how? Roman numerals 1 – 13 (no VI – 6) What happens once a clot forms? Consolidates – tightens Pull edges of damaged vessel together What Vitamin does clotting(coagulation) need? Why? Vitamin K Needed for normal clotting formation Used to synthesis 4 clotting factors What happens to unwanted clots? If they are small – dissolved by plasmin (fibrinolysin) Dissolves clots by digesting fibrin Also dissolves clot at site of damage once it is repaired (scab) What determines Blood groups? How many groups & antigens are there? Glycoprotein Glycolipid antigen (agglutinogens) Displayed on surface of blood cells 24 groups; 100 antigens How are antigens determined? Genetically controlled What are the 4 Classification of blood types? A, B, AB, O What is RH? How many people have it? Rh: is a protein – if you are Rh+ve you have it Rh-ve blood will build up an immunity to Rh+ve Will cause agglutination & hemolysis 85% of people are Rh+ve What is Agglutination & Hemolysis? Agglutination: Clumping of microorganisms or blood cells, typically d/t antigen –antibody rxn. Hemolysis: escape of hemoglobin from RBC to surrounding medium b/c of disruption of cell membrane, toxins or drugs What is an Antigen? A substance that has immunogenicity (trigger immune response) & reactivity (ability to secret antibodies or cells that result in an immune response) What are agglutinins? Do they react against self? Antibodies AKA agglutinins People will not have antibodies (agglutinins) against their own blood type How is a person blood type determined? How is this done? Typing & cross matching Blood is mixed with antiserum that will agglutinate blood cells that possess agglutinogens that react with it. What are some newborn concerns with mother and baby blood? Hemolytic disease Baby & mother blood react to Rh +ve/-ve factors Worry about mother who is Rh-ve building up to a baby’s immunity who is Rh+ve What is sickel cell disease? Genetic diease – RBC shaped like sickle Hemoglobin-S causes diformity O2 capacity reduced