Ch 14 National Movement (1870-1947) PDF

D.A.V. PUBLIC SCHOOL, THANE STD. VIII SUB: HISTORY (NOTES) CH: 14- THE NATIONALIST MOVEMENT (1870- 1947) After the Revolt of 1857, people of India became determined to root out British rule f...

D.A.V. PUBLIC SCHOOL, THANE STD. VIII SUB: HISTORY (NOTES) CH: 14- THE NATIONALIST MOVEMENT (1870- 1947) After the Revolt of 1857, people of India became determined to root out British rule from the country. Still don’t have any say in the government or in the formulation of policies. The resentment surfaced in the form of different rebellions and later on gave rise to the birth of INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT. Political associations came into being in the 1870s and 1880s. The more important ones were the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha, the Indian Association (established by Surendranath Banerjee in Calcutta), the Madras Mahajan Sabha and the Bombay Presidency Association. The aim of all these associations was to empower Indians so that they might take decisions regarding their affairs. FORMATION OF INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS(INC) The Indian National Congress was formed in December, 1885 by Allen Octavian Hume, a retired British servant was supported by 72 educated delegates from different regions of the country. The first meeting of INC was held at Bombay(Mumbai) at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit collage under the Presidentship of Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee. PROMINENT MODERATE LEADERS- Gopal Krishna Gokhale, M.G. Ranade. Dadabhai Naoroji, Firoz Shah Mehta, Surendranath Banerjee, Badruddin Tayabji and others. In the beginning the congress was influenced by the leaders known as Moderate (1885-1905) having complete faith in the British. It demanded a greater voice for Indians in the government and in administration. It also demanded separation of the judiciary from the executive. The repeal of the Arms Act and the freedom of speech and expression. Hold civil services Examination in India. Ensure growth of Indian industry and handicraft. Stop the drain of wealth to Britain. To end the exploitation of Indian resources and people. Moderates believed in ideas rather than actions. They followed the policy of Prayer, Petition and Protest. The Radicals termed their policy as ‘Political Begging’. Thousands of Indian died due to plague. Unstable economy and insensitive behaviour of British infuriated young Indians. They got inspiration by the actions of Ethiopians, Japanese and Russians in overpowering the oppressive rule of their ruler. Aurbindo Ghosh, Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Bipin Chandra Pal emerged as new leaders known as RADICALS, believing inactions like protest, hartals (strikes) and slogans. They propagated Indian Culture and Hinduism. PARTITION OF BENGAL: In 1905, Bengal, the biggest province of British India, included Bihar and parts of Orissa, was partitioned by Viceroy Lord Curzon. To weaken the National Movement and restrict the growth of Hindu- Muslim unity. The official reason given by British was- too difficult to govern and collect revenue from big province. It enraged people all over India. The day was observed as the Day of Mourning. Both the Moderates and the Radicals unitedly oppressed the British action. Swadeshi, Boycott an National Education was adopted as tool by Radicals. Indians boycotted foreign goods and used Indian goods. “ Swaraj is my birth right and I shall have it” slogan by Tilak gave impetus (momentum) to the attainment of Swaraj.  Students started boycotting classes and picketing shops selling foreign goods women protester also supported them. Radicals encouraged: love for swadeshi, participation in mass rallies to boycott foreign goods, government services, schools and colleges, surrender of titles conferred by British. ✓ Swadeshi Movement spread from Bengal to Maharashtra and Punjab. In 1906 at Calcutta session presided by Dadabai Naoroji gave a call for ‘Swaraj- self government’. ✓ In 1907, Surat Session witnessed split in a party – Moderates led by Gopal Krishna Gokhale and Firoz Shah Mehta. The Radicals led by Lal, Bal and Pal. Britishers called them Extremists. FORMATION OF MUSLIUM LEAGUE: An important development came in 1906 with the formation of the All India Muslim League at Dhaka. The founder Aga Khan was the religious head of a Muslim sect and Nawab Salimulla members of the League. They demanded for separate electorates for Muslims. MORLEY-MINTO REFORMS/ INDIAN COUNCILS ACT (1909): The reform ignored the demands of Moderates i.e., complete Swaraj. They introduced- 1. Changes in the size and functions of the Councils at the Central as well as Provincial Levels. 2. First true attempt at introducing a representative and popular element in India. 3. Separate electorate were granted to the Muslim. It was opposed by Moderates and the movement for swaraj intensified. HOME RULE LEAGUE: In 1916, Mrs. Annie Besant established the Home Rule League in Madras and Balgangadhar Tilak in Maharashtra. the purpose was to attain self- government. LUCKNOW PACT OF 1916: The Moderates and the Radicals united after nine years and signed a joint pact at Lucknow with the Muslim League and jointly demanded self- rule for India. ARRIVAL OF MAHTMA GANDHI ON THE INDIAN POLITICAL SCENE: Mahatma Gandhi emerged as a mass leader. He, first of all, toured the entire country in order to understand the people, their needs and the overall situation. He introduced the technique of non- violent agitation, called as Satyagrah- demand for Truth. He propagated tolerance, brotherhood, non-violence(ahimsa) and simple living. He established Sabarmati Ashram in Gujarat and welcomed people belonging to all caste. He led movements in Champaran in Bihar and forced the British government to increase the price of indigo for the benefit of peasants. Afterward Kheda and Ahmedabad in which he got immense success and became most powerful leader of India. MONTAGUE-CHELMSFORD REFORM OR GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT OF 1919: Diarchy was introduced at Provincial level. Diarchy means a ‘dual set of governments’. The Government of India Act od 1919, made a provision for classification of the Central and Provincial subjects. This Act made the Central Legislature bicameral. The Act was provided for the establishment of a Public Service Commission in India for the first time. All important subjects like finance and police were under the control of the Governor and Indian minister were given the charge of health and education. This disappointed the Indians. ROWLATT ACT OF 1919 known as the Black Law: The British government passed the Rowlatt Act to consolidate their control over growing unrest and agitation among Indians. This Act empowered the Government to arrest anyone without a warrant and imprison people without trial. This caused massive demonstrations and hartals all across the country. This law curbed the fundamental right of freedom of speech and expression. JALLIANWALA BAGH MASSACRE: On the auspicious day of Baisakhi at Jallianwala Bagh people gathered for peaceful protest of arrest of their leader Dr. Satya Pal and Saiffuddin Kitchlew. General Dyer ordered the British armed forces to open fire at the thousands of unarmed innocent people including women and children. The massacre stunned the whole country. The government imposed martial law in Punjab, under this law people were tortured, newspapers were banned and mails were censored. In the year 1920, the British imposed a harsh treaty on the Turkish Sultan also known as Khalifa. This enraged the Muslims and (Khalifa agitation) Khilafat movement started under the leadership of Mohammad Ali and Shaukat Ali. They wished to initiate a full-fledged Non-Cooperation Movement. Gandhiji supported their call and urged the congress to campaign against Jallianwala massacre, Khilafat Movement and demand swaraj. THE NON-COOPERATION MOVEMENT: The Congress session at Nagpur in December 1920 ratified Gandhiji’s call for Non-Cooperation i.e. not to cooperate with the government. It began with- renouncing of titles and honours given by the British. Boycott of legislature, boycott of schools and collages by students and teachers, boycott of government offices and courts, bonfires of foreign goods, opening of Jamia Milia at Aligarh and Kashi vidya Peeth at Benaras, Hartals and strikes all over the country. The movement took the form of mass movement which involved peasants, tribals, students, workers, traders, women etc. It strengthens Hindu Muslim unity and people whole heartedly participated in it. To supress the movement British started arresting all prominent leaders. Chauri Chaura. i. In 1922, the police fired upon a group of demonstrators, at Chaura Chaura in Uttar Pradesh. ii. The agitated mob set police station on fire and burnt 22 policemen alive. iii. Gandhiji called off the Non-Cooperation movement as it had lost its non-violent character. iv. Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhash Chandra Bose opposed the withdrawal of the movement due to one violent incident. v. Motilal Nehru and Chittranjan Das formed the ‘Swaraj Party’ to enter the Legislative Councils. vi. Gandhiji was arrested. Simon Commission- i. It was sent to India to review the Government of India Act of 1919 and suggest further reforms ii] Congress and Muslim League boycotted the Simon Commission as it did not have a single Indian representative. iii] Wherever the Simon Commission went, it was boycotted by the Congress and Muslim League with black flags. iv] Lala Lajpat Rai was seriously injured while protesting in police Lathi Charge in Lahore. v] He later succumbed his injuries. Lahore session (1929) The Congress session was held on the bank of River Ravi in Lahore in December 1929 with Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru as the President. The historic resolution of Purna Swaraj or complete Independence was passed, and it was decided to celebrate January 26, 1930 as the First Independence Day of India. January 26 was celebrated as Independence Day every year as per the resolution in Lahore Session, 1929. Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-34)- Salt Satyagraha Salt is the basic requirement for every person. The British government banned manufacturing of salt by Indians so that the British could sell at high rates. The salt made in Liverpool in England would not face any competition. Mahatma Gandhi began his epic Dandi March from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi on March 12, 1930. He was accompanied by 78 supporters and made salt from sea water and broke the law. It became the second mass movement as schools, colleges and courts were boycotted, foreign goods were burnt, peasants refused to pay taxes and shops selling foreign goods were picketed. The movement was led by Abdul Gaffar Khan popularly known as Frontier Gandhiji North-West Frontier Province. The British arrested thousands of protestors along with Gandhiji and Jawaharlal Nehru. In 1930 and 1931 the government called two Round Table Conferences. But British refused to grant dominion status to India and Gandhiji resumed the Civil Disobedience movement. Revolutionary Movements for India’s Independence Hindustani Socialist Republican Association- Formed in Kanpur by Ramprasad Bismil, Jogesh Chatterjee, Chandrashekhar Azad, Yogendra Shukla etc., The radical minded Indians decided to loot the government cash from a train for buying weapons. Many of them were arrested and tried in the Kakori Conspiracy Case, a very well-known act of bravery. Jugantar Party, Started by Aurobindo Ghose, planned an armed revolt against the British during First World War. In Lahore (1928), Bhagat Singh, Azad and Rajguru assassinated Police Commissioner, Sanders, who was responsible for Lala Lajpat Rai’s Death. A bomb was thrown in the Central Legislative Assembly by Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Datt. Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru were hanged to death in 1931 in Lahore. India House (Madan Lal Dingra), Gadar Party (Lala Har Dayal) and Berlin Party (Virendra Nath Chattopadhyaya) Government of India Act, 1935- The Head of the Central administration was the Governor-General With Supreme power.The member of states of Federation had autonomy with respect to subjects delegated to them. The Centre continued to control defence, external affairs and railways. A Federal Court was established for provinces and Princely States. Both Congress and Muslim League rejected the proposals. Cripps Mission- During Second World War in 1942, the British Government sent the Cripps Mission. Under Sir Stafford Cripps to enlist total cooperation of Indian National Congress. But the mission failed as demands for complete independence and self-government after the war were rejected. Quit India Movement (1942) – Congress was banned, police and army tried to suppress the movement.Gandhiji feared that Japan may attack the British possessions in India. Gandhiji gave the final blow to the Britishers on August 8, 1942 by launching the Quit India Movement in 1942.Within 24 hours, Gandhiji and all prominent leaders was arrested. Gandhiji’s mantra of Do or Die inspired thousands of people. Subhash Chandra Bose- ‘You give me blood and I’ll give you freedom’ Emerged as the most prominent leader and ready to join hands with enemies of the British like Germany and Japan disappeared from the British detention and went abroad to seek help for India’s Independence. Subhash Chandra Bose re-organized Indian National Army organized by Mohan Singh. The officers of the Indian National Army hoisted the tricolor, but they were arrested and tried. Towards Independence Prime Minister Attlee of Labour Party (Britain) came to power, he was sympathetic towards India’s freedom. In March,1946 a Cabinet Mission proposed the formation of interim Government and a Constituent Assembly. Muslim League refused to participate in the interim government and demanded a separate state for Muslim. Lord Mountbatten, the viceroy of India, presented a plan for the division of India into India and Pakistan. Gandhiji and other leaders did not approve it but accepted it due to widespread riots in the country.  D.A.V. PUBLIC SCHOOL – THANE Subject: History (Notes) STD- VIII India Marches Ahead Indian Independence Act, 1947 ✓ Designed by Clement Attlee, Prime Minister of Britain. ✓ Transfer of the power from the British Government to the Independent Indian Government and partition India into two nations: India and Pakistan. ✓ It was based on the Mount Batten Plan The Indian Independence Act, 1947- Main Features The British rule over India would end with immediate effect. An independent dominion of India was made including the United Provinces under the British like Madras Presidency, Carnatic, East Punjab, West Bengal, Assam etc. West Punjab, North- West Frontier Province, Sindh and East Bengal would go to Pakistan. The Princely States were given the freedom to decide which dominion to join. The dominion of India and Pakistan were granted complete freedom and they became members of British common wealth. Lord Mountbatten became the first Governor-General of India. Chakravorty Rajgopalachari was the next Governor-General 500 Princely States joined India, including Junaged and Hyderabad. Pondicherry (France), Goa (Portuguese), Sikkim (British) became parts of India. Indian Constitution ❑ A Constituent Assembly was formed with indirectly elected members of the Provincial Legislative Assembly before the independence of India, it held its first session in 1946. ❑ It re-assembled on August14, 1947 as the sovereign Constituent Assembly for the dominion of India. ❑ The Constitution was Passed on November 26, 1949 and adopted on January 1950 and became republic India. ❑ The Constituent Assembly took almost three years (Two years eleven months and seventeen days) to complete the drafting of the Constitution for independent India. ❑ It elected Rajrendra Prasad as the first President, Jawaharlal Nehru the Prime Minister and Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel the Deputy Prime Minister of India India- On the Path of Progress- Indian economy made great strides since 1947. ✓ Upgradation of great infrastructure. ✓ In-spite of numerous internal and external problems, India has survived as a nation with single unified identity. ✓ Expansion and diversification of production both in industry and agriculture. ✓ The government built the infrastructure like power, information technology, transport communication etc., which are the basic requirements of industry. ✓ Followed a policy of encouraging indigenous industries and given them a lot of assistance. ✓ In the agriculture sector mechanization, irrigation, fertilizers and research have improved which shot up agricultural production both qualitatively and quantitatively. ✓ India witnessed Green Revolution and White Revolution etc. ✓ The Planning Commission was set-up in 1950, Five-Year Plans ensured systematic progress in all sectors. ✓ The first Five Year Plan was presented for a period of 1951-1956 by the Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru in Parliament. ✓ In 2015, the planning Commission was replaced by Niti Aayog. Indian Democracy-  Vested the sovereign power in the hands of the people, India opted a democracy.  Every community, religion and language enjoy equal status.  Protected the interest of backward sections of the society.  Equality of status and opportunity without any discrimination.  The Congress was in government till 1964, from 1967 state parties came into prominence. Gandhi family dominated the Indian political scene till 1977.  Indian democracy has been functioning successfully, except for two years when state of emergency was imposed in 1975 by Mrs. Gandhi.  India witnessed coalition governments and politics of ‘fronts’ or ‘alliances.  Multi-party system provides a hope to produce a government that is accountable to the citizens responsive to their needs and expectations.  Two kinds of political parties National Level and State/Regional Level.  The Election Commission of India is an autonomous constitutional authority for administering the election process in India.  Free and fair elections are conducted by Election Commission with the help of Electronic Voting Machines. India’s Foreign Policy- It reflects its role and involvement in world affairs. Jawaharlal Nehru was the chief architect of our foreign policy. The basic features of Indian foreign policy are as follows- 1. Belief in United Nations and Non-Aligned Movements. 2. Promotion of World Peace 3. Anti-Racialism 4. Panchsheel 5. Anti-Colonialism 6. Non-Alignment 7. Friendly Co-Relations with Neighbours 8. Regional Cooperation Indian Society-  Challenges like diverse religious, social, and economic conditions influenced by castes, classes, communities and gender discrimination. Poverty and illiteracy were rampant.  Steps like reservation in legislature, government jobs and educational institutions for schedule castes, schedule tribes and backward classes have taken up by the government. Challenges to Indian Democracy- The extreme poverty, millions of refugees and empty coffers created a delicate situation. Short of everything from food to medicine, from industry and infrastructure to skilled manpower and from housing to education facilities. Caste system and social evils were hampering the progress of our country. Wide gulf between the Hindus and Muslims. India made remarkable progress in industry, economy, transport, communication, science etc. Poverty, illiteracy, poor health continues as the biggest threats to the peace and progress of the country.