General Microbiology Lecture Slides - Technological University of the Philippines

Technological University of the Philippines General Microbiology Technological University of the Philippines Introduction to Microbiology  Technological University of the Philippines Pre- assessment What do you call the bacteria that require oxygen to grow?  Technol...

Technological University of the Philippines General Microbiology Technological University of the Philippines Introduction to Microbiology  Technological University of the Philippines Pre- assessment What do you call the bacteria that require oxygen to grow?  Technological University of the Philippines Pre- assessment Who developed taxonomic system for grouping similar organisms together?  Technological University of the Philippines Pre- assessment What do you call the theory that suggests that organisms do not descend from other organisms or from a parent, and only require that certain conditions in their environment be fulfilled in order for creation to occur?  Technological University of the Philippines Pre- assessment Who is the father of (classical) Microbiology?  Technological University of the Philippines Pre- assessment Who proposed the theory of spontaneous generation?  Technological University of the Philippines Pre- assessment Who is the father of modern Microbiology? Technological University of the Philippines  Chapter 1 A Brief History of Microbiology Lecture prepared by Mindy Miller-Kittrell North Carolina State University © 2012 Pearson Education Inc. The Early Years of Microbiology What Does Life Really Look Like? – Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (Dutch) – Began making and using simple microscopes – Often made a new microscope for each specimen – Examined water and visualized tiny animals, fungi, algae, and single-celled protozoa: “animalcules” – By end of 19th century, these organisms were called microorganisms © 2012 Pearson Education Inc. Figure 1.1 Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Figure 1.2 Reproduction of Leeuwenhoek’s microscope Lens Specimen holder Figure 1.3 The microbial world The Early Years of Microbiology How Can Microbes Be Classified? – Carolus Linnaeus developed taxonomic system for grouping similar organisms together – Leeuwenhoek’s microorganisms grouped into six categories: – Bacteria – Archaea – Fungi – Protozoa – Algae – Small multicellular animals © 2012 Pearson Education Inc. The Early Years of Microbiology Bacteria and Archaea – Unicellular and lack nuclei – Much smaller than eukaryotes – Found everywhere there is sufficient moisture – Reproduce asexually – Two kinds – Bacteria – cell walls contain peptidoglycan – Archaea – cell walls composed of polymers other than peptidoglycan © 2012 Pearson Education Inc. Figure 1.4 Cells of the bacterium Streptococcus Prokaryotic Nucleus of bacterial cells eukaryotic cheek cell The Early Years of Microbiology Fungi – Eukaryotic (have membrane-bound nucleus) – Obtain food from other organisms – Possess cell walls – Include – Molds – multicellular; grow as long filaments; reproduce by sexual and asexual spores – Yeasts – unicellular; reproduce by budding or sexual spores © 2012 Pearson Education Inc. Figure 1.5 Fungi-overview The Early Years of Microbiology Protozoa – Single-celled eukaryotes – Similar to animals in nutrient needs and cellular structure – Live freely in water; some live in animal hosts – Asexual (most) and sexual reproduction – Most are capable of locomotion by – Pseudopodia – Cilia – Flagella © 2012 Pearson Education Inc. Figure 1.6 Locomotive structures of protozoa-overview The Early Years of Microbiology Algae – Unicellular or multicellular – Photosynthetic – Simple reproductive structures – Categorized on the basis of pigmentation, storage products, and composition of cell wall © 2012 Pearson Education Inc. Figure 1.7 Algae-overview Figure 1.8 An immature stage of a parasitic worm in blood Red blood cell Figure 1.9 Viruses infecting a bacterium Virus Bacterium Viruses assembling inside cell The Golden Age of Microbiology Scientists searched for answers to four questions – Is spontaneous generation of microbial life possible? – What causes fermentation? – What causes disease? – How can we prevent infection and disease? © 2012 Pearson Education Inc. The Golden Age of Microbiology Some thought living things arose from three processes – Asexual reproduction – Sexual reproduction – Nonliving matter Aristotle proposed spontaneous generation – Living things can arise from nonliving matter © 2012 Pearson Education Inc. The Golden Age of Microbiology Redi’s Experiments – When decaying meat was kept isolated from flies, maggots never developed – Meat exposed to flies was soon infested – As a result, scientists began to doubt Aristotle’s theory © 2012 Pearson Education Inc. Figure 1.10 Redi’s experiments Flask unsealed Flask sealed Flask covered with gauze The Golden Age of Microbiology Needham’s Experiments – Scientists thought microbes, but not animals, could arise spontaneously – Needham’s experiments reinforced this idea © 2012 Pearson Education Inc. The Golden Age of Microbiology Spallanzani’s Experiments – Conclusions – Needham failed to heat vials sufficiently to kill all microbes or had not sealed vials tightly enough – Microorganisms exist in air and can contaminate experiments – Spontaneous generation does not occur – Critics argued against experiments – Sealed vials did not allow enough air for organisms to survive – Prolonged heating destroyed “life force” © 2012 Pearson Education Inc. Figure 1.11 Louis Pasteur The Golden Age of Microbiology Pasteur’s Experiments – When the “swan-necked” flasks remained upright, no microbial growth appeared – When the flask was tilted, dust from the bend in the neck seeped back into the flask and made the infusion cloudy with microbes within a day © 2012 Pearson Education Inc. Figure 1.12 Pasteur’s experiments with “swan-necked” flasks Steam escapes Dust from from open end Air moves in air settles of flask. and out of flask. in bend. Months Infusion Infusion sits; Infusion remains is heated. no microbes appear. sterile indefinitely. The Golden Age of Microbiology The Scientific Method – Spontaneous generation debate led in part to scientific method – Observation leads to question – Question generates hypothesis – Hypothesis is tested through experiment(s) – Results prove or disprove hypothesis – Accepted hypothesis leads to theory/law – Reject or modify hypothesis © 2012 Pearson Education Inc. Figure 1.13 The scientific method Observations Question Repeat Experimental Accept Theory data support hypothesis or law hypothesis Experiment, Hypothesis including Observations Reject control groups Experimental hypothesis data do not support hypothesis Modify Modified hypothesis hypothesis The Golden Age of Microbiology What Causes Fermentation? – Spoiled wine threatened livelihood of vintners – Some believed air caused fermentation – Others insisted living organisms caused fermentation – Vintners funded research to prevent spoilage during fermentation – This debate also linked to debate over spontaneous generation © 2012 Pearson Education Inc. Figure 1.14 Pasteur's application of the scientific method Observation: Fermenting Microscopic analysis grape juice shows juice contains yeasts and bacteria. Hypothesis Experiment Observation Conclusion Day 1: Flasks of grape Day 2 juice are heated sufficiently to kill all microbes. I. Spontaneous No fermentation; Reject fermentation Flask is juice remains hypothesis I. occurs. sealed. free of microbes II. Air ferments No fermentation; Reject grape juice. Flask remains juice remains hypothesis II. open to air free of microbes via curved neck. III. Bacteria ferment Bacteria reproduce; Modify hypothesis grape juice Juice in flask is acids are produced. III; bacteria ferment into alcohol. inoculated with grape juice into bacteria and sealed. acids. IV. Yeasts ferment Yeasts reproduce; Accept hypothesis grape juice Juice in flask is alcohol is produced. IV; yeasts ferment into alcohol. inoculated with grape juice into yeast and sealed. alcohol. Table 1.1 Some Industrial Uses of Microbes The Golden Age of Microbiology What Causes Disease? – Pasteur developed germ theory of disease – Robert Koch studied causative agents of disease – Anthrax – Examined colonies of microorganisms © 2012 Pearson Education Inc. Figure 1.15 Robert Koch The Golden Age of Microbiology Koch’s Contributions – Simple staining techniques – First photomicrograph of bacteria – First photomicrograph of bacteria in diseased tissue – Techniques for estimating CFU/ml – Use of steam to sterilize media – Use of Petri dishes – Techniques to transfer bacteria – Bacteria as distinct species © 2012 Pearson Education Inc. Figure 1.16 Bacterial colonies on agar Bacterium 6 Bacterium 7 Bacterium 5 Bacterium 8 Bacterium 4 Bacterium 9 Bacterium 3 Bacterium 10 Bacterium 2 Bacterium 11 Bacterium 1 Bacterium 12 The Golden Age of Microbiology Koch’s Postulates – Suspected causative agent must be found in every case of the disease and be absent from healthy hosts – Agent must be isolated and grown outside the host – When agent is introduced into a healthy, susceptible host, the host must get the disease – Same agent must be found in the diseased experimental host © 2012 Pearson Education Inc. Table 1.2 Other Notable Scientists of the “Golden Age of Microbiology” and the Agents of Disease They Discovered The Golden Age of Microbiology Gram’s Stain – Danish scientist Hans Christian Gram developed more important staining technique than Koch’s in 1884 – Involves the applications of a series of dyes – Some microbes are left purple, now labeled Gram-positive – Other microbes are left pink, now labeled Gram- negative – Gram procedure used to separate into two groups © 2012 Pearson Education Inc. Figure 1.17 Results of Gram staining Gram-positive Gram-negative The Golden Age of Microbiology How Can We Prevent Infection and Disease? – Semmelweis and handwashing – Lister’s antiseptic technique – Nightingale and nursing – Snow – infection control and epidemiology – Jenner’s vaccine – field of immunology – Ehrlich’s “magic bullets” – field of chemotherapy © 2012 Pearson Education Inc. Figure 1.18 Florence Nightingale Figure 1.19 Some scientific disciplines and applications BIOLOGISTS MODERN DISCIPLINES Bacteriology (bacteria) Pre-1857 Protozoology (protozoa) Mycology (fungi) Leeuwenhoek Parasitology (protozoa and animals) Phycology (algae) Linnaeus Taxonomy Semmelweiss Infection control Snow Epidemiology The Golden Age of Microbiology (1857–1907) Industrial microbiology Pasteur Pasteurization Food and beverage technology Microbial metabolism Buchner Genetics Genetic engineering Koch Koch’s postulates Etiology Ivanowski Virology Beijerinck Environmental microbiology Winogradsky Ecological microbiology Gram Microbial morphology Lister Antiseptic medical techniques Nightingale Hospital microbiology Jenner Serology von Behring Immunology Kitasato Ehrlich Chemotherapy Fleming Pharmaceutical microbiology Table 1.3 Fields of Microbiology The Modern Age of Microbiology What Are the Basic Chemical Reactions of Life? – Biochemistry – Began with Pasteur’s and Buchner’s works – Microbes used as model systems for biochemical reactions – Practical applications – Design of herbicides and pesticides – Diagnosis of illness and monitoring responses to treatment – Treatment of metabolic diseases – Drug design © 2012 Pearson Education Inc. The Modern Age of Microbiology How Do Genes Work? – Microbial genetics – Molecular biology – Recombinant DNA technology – Gene therapy © 2012 Pearson Education Inc. The Modern Age of Microbiology Microbial Genetics – Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty: genes are contained in molecules of DNA – Beadle and Tatum: a gene’s activity is related to protein function – Translation of genetic information into protein explained – Rates and mechanisms of genetic mutation investigated – Control of genetic expression by cells described © 2012 Pearson Education Inc. The Modern Age of Microbiology Molecular Biology – Explanation of cell function at the molecular level – Pauling proposed that gene sequences could – Provide understanding of evolutionary relationships/processes – Establish taxonomic categories – Identify microbes that have never been cultured – Woese determined cells belong to bacteria, archaea, or eukaryotes – Cat scratch disease caused by unculturable organism © 2012 Pearson Education Inc. The Modern Age of Microbiology Recombinant DNA Technology – Genes in microbes, plants, and animals manipulated for practical applications – Production of human blood-clotting factor by E. coli to aid hemophiliacs Gene Therapy – Inserting a missing gene or repairing a defective one in humans by inserting desired gene into host cells © 2012 Pearson Education Inc. The Modern Age of Microbiology What Roles Do Microorganisms Play in the Environment? – Bioremediation uses living bacteria, fungi, and algae to detoxify polluted environments – Recycling of chemicals such as carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur © 2012 Pearson Education Inc. The Modern Age of Microbiology How Do We Defend Against Disease? – Serology – The study of blood serum – Blood contains chemicals and cells that fight infection – Immunology – The study of the body’s defense against specific pathogens – Chemotherapy – Fleming discovered penicillin – Domagk discovered sulfa drugs © 2012 Pearson Education Inc. Figure 1.20 Effects of penicillin on a bacterial “lawn” in a petri dish Fungus colony (Penicillium) Zone of inhibition Bacterial colonies (Staphylococcus) The Modern Age of Microbiology What Will the Future Hold? – Microbiology is built on asking and answering questions – The more questions we answer, the more questions we have © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.  Technological University of the Philippines Lecture Activity No. 1 Activity/Task: Illustration of Significant Experimental set- ups in the Historical Development of Microbiology Desired Learning Outcomes: In this activity, the student/s is/are expected to draw and to describe the sample of experimental set-up of the following: 1. Aristotle's spontaneous generation (sample) 2. Redi's experiment 3. Needham's experiment 4. Spallanzani's experiment 5. Pasteur's experiment  Technological University of the Philippines Lab Activity No. 1 Activity/Task: Concept Mapping in the Historical Development of Microbiology Desired Learning Outcomes: In this activity, the student/s is/are expected to create a concept map and write a brief explanation about the below listed topics. *Historical Development in Microbiology (100 points) –Activity No. 2 Description of the task: The students are assigned to read from the references and create a concept map and write a brief explanation about the Historical Development in a separate long bond paper (landscape). You are given 1 hour to finish the activity. Technological University of the Philippines Thank you!  Technological University of the Philippines Sources: Aryal S. (2019). History of Microbiology retrieved from https://microbenotes.com/history-of-microbiolo gy/ Bauman R. (2012) Microbiology from Pearson R. Introduction to Microbiology I (2021) retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pB26B2CXi2U Professor Dave Explains. (2021). The Birth of Microbiology [YouTube Video]. In YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uKLrhp4Kw2A