Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 1 Lecture Slides PDF

Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology Eighth Edition Chapter 1 An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology...

Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology Eighth Edition Chapter 1 An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology PowerPoint® Lecture Slides prepared by Janet Brodsky, Ivy Tech Community College Jackie Reynolds, Richland College Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Chapter 1 Learning Outcomes (1 of 2) 1.1 Describe the basic functions of living organisms. 1.2 Explain the relationship between anatomy and physiology, and describe various specialties of each discipline. 1.3 Identify the major levels of organization in organisms, from the simplest to the most complex. 1.4 Identify the 11 organ systems of the human body and contrast their major functions. Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Chapter 1 Learning Outcomes (2 of 2) 1.5 Explain the concept of homeostasis. 1.6 Describe how negative feedback and positive feedback are involved in homeostatic regulation. 1.7 Use anatomical terms to describe body regions, body sections, and relative positions. 1.8 Identify the major body cavities of the trunk and the subdivisions of each. Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Patterns Underlying the Diversity of Life Biology is the study of life One aim is to discover patterns underlying the diversity among various living organisms All living things share common functions Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Common Functions of All Living Things Responsiveness Growth Reproduction Movement Metabolism Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Responsiveness Responsiveness – Responding to a change in the immediate environment – Also called irritability – Example: moving away from a painful stimulus, such as when removing your hand from a hot stove – Capacity to make longer-term adjustments (e.g., growing heavier coat of fur in winter) is called adaptability Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Growth Growth – An increase in size of organism accomplished by: ▪ Growth of cells or ▪ Addition of new cells – Complex organisms grow mainly by increasing their number of cells Cellular differentiation – Process of individual cells becoming specialized for particular functions Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Reproduction and Movement Reproduction – Creation of new generations of the same type of organisms Movement – May be internal or external ▪ Internal: transporting blood, food, or other material within the body ▪ External: moving through the environment Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Metabolism Sum of all chemical operations occurring in the body Chemical reactions provide energy for the other common functions of living things (responsiveness, growth, reproduction, movement) Cells use materials absorbed from the environment for energy – Nutrients from food – Oxygen More complex organisms require specialized structures and systems for metabolic processes Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Metabolic Processes Respiration – Absorption, transport, and use of oxygen by cells Digestion – Breaking down complex foods into simpler compounds that can be absorbed Excretion – Eliminating waste products generated by metabolic operations Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Checkpoint (1 of 8) 1. How do vital functions such as responsiveness, growth, reproduction, and movement depend on metabolism? Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Anatomy Greek origin – Anatomy literally means “a cutting open” Study of: – Internal and external structure – Physical relationships between body parts Divided into gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Gross Anatomy Also called macroscopic anatomy Study of structures visible with unaided eye Includes: – Surface anatomy ▪ Study of general form and superficial markings – Regional anatomy ▪ Study of all the superficial and internal features of a specific region of the body – Systemic anatomy ▪ Study of the structure of major organ systems Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Microscopic Anatomy Study of structures that cannot be seen without magnification (light microscope, electron microscope) Includes: – Cytology ▪ Study of internal structure of individual cells – Histology ▪ Study of tissues, groups of specialized cells and cell products that work together to perform specific functions Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Physiology Greek origin Study of function in living organisms Interrelated with anatomy – Anatomy gives clues about likely function – Physiology is explained in terms of their anatomy Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Human Physiology Human physiology is study of functions of the human body Specialties include the study of: – Cell physiology - the functions of living cells ▪ Includes the chemical and molecular levels – Special physiology - the physiology of specific organs – Systemic physiology - the function of specific organ systems – Pathological physiology or pathology - the effects of diseases on organ or system functions Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Checkpoint (2 of 8) 2. Describe how anatomy and physiology are closely related. 3. Would a histologist more likely be considered a specialist in microscopic anatomy or in gross anatomy? Why? Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Levels of Organization (1 of 4) Chemical level – Atoms are the smallest stable units of matter – Atoms combine to form molecules – Molecular shape determines function Cellular level – Made up of cells, the smallest living units in the body – Molecules interact to form larger structures, each with its own function in the cells Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Levels of Organization (2 of 4) Tissue level – A tissue is composed of similar cells working together to perform a specific function Organ level – An organ is composed of two or more different tissues working together to perform specific functions Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Levels of Organization (3 of 4) Organ system level – An organ system consists of organs interacting to perform specific functions Organism level – An organism consists of all the organ systems of the body working together to maintain life and health – This is the highest level of organization Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Levels of Organization (4 of 4) Figure 1-1 Levels of organization Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Checkpoint (3 of 8) 4. Identify the major levels of organization of the human body from the simplest to the most complex. Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The 11 Organ Systems of the Human Body (1 of 7) 1. Integumentary 7. Lymphatic 2. Skeletal 8. Respiratory 3. Muscular 9. Digestive 4. Nervous 10.Urinary 5. Endocrine 11.Reproductive 6. Cardiovascular Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The 11 Organ Systems of the Human Body (2 of 7) Figure 1-2 The Organ systems of the human body Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The 11 Organ Systems of the Human Body (3 of 7) Figure 1-2 The Organ systems of the human body Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The 11 Organ Systems of the Human Body (4 of 7) Figure 1-2 The Organ systems of the human body Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The 11 Organ Systems of the Human Body (5 of 7) Figure 1-2 The Organ systems of the human body Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The 11 Organ Systems of the Human Body (6 of 7) Figure 1-2 The Organ systems of the human body Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The 11 Organ Systems of the Human Body (7 of 7) Figure 1-2 The Organ systems of the human body Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Checkpoint (4 of 8) 5. Identify the organ systems of the body and list their major functions. 6. Which organ system includes the pituitary gland and directs long–term changes in the activities of the body’s other systems? Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Homeostasis A state of internal balance or a stable internal environment Must be maintained in order to survive – Malfunction of organ systems when homeostatic responses are overwhelmed results in illness or disease Accomplished by interdependent cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems functioning together Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Homeostatic Regulation Adjustments in physiological systems that preserve homeostasis Homeostatic regulation usually involves: – A receptor that senses a particular change or stimulus – A control center (integration center) that receives and processes information from the receptor – An effector (cell or organ) that responds to commands from the control center – This response may oppose or enhance the stimulus Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Example of Homeostasis Outside the Body Thermostat is set at desired room temperature, and monitors changes that may occur – Variation outside desired range triggers response – Thermometer acts as a receptor, detecting changes from the set point and sending information to the thermostat – Thermostat acts as control center – Heater or air conditioner acts as effector – Response opposes or negates the original stimulus – Example of negative feedback Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 1-3 The Control of Room Temperature Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Checkpoint (5 of 8) 7. Define homeostasis. 8. Why is homeostatic regulation important to an organism? 9. What happens to the body when homeostasis breaks down? Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Negative Feedback More common form of homeostatic regulation than positive feedback Variations from normal trigger automatic response Response corrects situation back to normal range Example: thermoregulation – Alters relationship between heat loss and heat production – Body temperature too high → responses that lower body temperature – Body temperature too low → responses that raise body temperature Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Negative Feedback: Thermoregulation (1 of 2) If body temperature is high, control center in brain targets these effectors: – Sweat glands ▪ Increases secretion of sweat ▪ Body cools with evaporation of sweat – Smooth muscle in blood vessels supplying skin ▪ Blood vessels dilate, increasing blood flow to body surface ▪ Heat is radiated from skin to environment Result: temperature is reduced to normal range Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Negative Feedback: Thermoregulation (2 of 2) If body temperature is low, control center targets: – Sweat glands (decrease activity) – Smooth muscle in blood vessels supplying skin ▪ Blood vessels constrict, decreasing blood flow to body surface ▪ Decreases heat loss to the environment – Skeletal muscles ▪ Contract, causing shivering, which produces heat Result: temperature increased to normal range Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 1-4 Negative Feedback: Control of Body Temperature Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Positive Feedback (1 of 2) Response reinforces or exaggerates original stimulus – Results in escalating cycle or positive feedback loop Involved in regulation of potentially dangerous or stressful processes requiring rapid completion – Blood clotting in response to blood loss – Labor and delivery during childbirth Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Positive Feedback (2 of 2) Figure 1-5 Positive Feedback Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Checkpoint (6 of 8) 10.Explain the function of negative feedback systems. 11.Why is positive feedback helpful in blood clotting but unsuitable for the regulation of body temperature, as with a fever? Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Anatomical Terminology Common language is required for clear communication – Called medical terminology Many terms based on Latin or Greek word roots Describes body regions, anatomical positions and directions, and body sections Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Anatomical Landmarks (1 of 2) Anatomical position – Hands at the sides with the palms facing forward and feet together – Lying down in anatomical position ▪ Supine (face up) ▪ Prone (face down) Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Anatomical Landmarks (2 of 2) Figure 1-6 Anatomical landmarks Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Anatomical Regions Surface of the abdomen and pelvis can be mapped using two methods: 1. Abdominopelvic quadrants (4) Used by clinicians to locate aches, pains, injuries 2. Abdominopelvic regions (9) Used by anatomists for more precise location of internal organs Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions (1 of 3) Figure 1-7a Abdominopelvic quadrants Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions (2 of 3) Figure 1-7b Abdominopelvic regions Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions (3 of 3) Figure 1-7c Abdominopelvic relationships Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Anatomical Directions Directional Terms provide an orientation of structures relative to anatomical position Some terms can be used interchangeably – Anterior - ventral – Posterior - dorsal Left and right always refer to the left and right sides of the subject, not the observer Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 1-8 Directional References Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Sectional Anatomy Allows better understanding of three-dimensional aspects of the human body Required to interpret many imaging techniques that provide view of internal structures Described in reference to three primary sectional planes Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Sectional Planes (1 of 2) 1. Frontal plane (or coronal plane) – Divides body into anterior and posterior portions – Cut in this plane called a frontal section 2. Sagittal plane – Divides body into left and right portions – Midsagittal section divides into equal right and left halves 3. Transverse plane – Divides body into superior and inferior portions – Cut in this plane called transverse section or cross section Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Sectional Planes (2 of 2) Figure 1-9 Sectional Planes Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Checkpoint (7 of 8) 12.What is the purpose of anatomical terms? 13.Describe an anterior view and a posterior view in the anatomical position. 14.What type of section would separate the two eyes? Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Body Cavities of the Trunk (1 of 2) True body cavities – Closed, fluid-filled spaces – Lined by thin tissue layer called serous membranes – Internal organs (viscera) are suspended within these cavities Protect internal organs from shocks Allow organs to change shape and size Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Body Cavities of the Trunk (2 of 2) Two major regions 1. Thoracic cavity 2. Abdominopelvic cavity Separated by the diaphragm – Flat muscular sheet Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Serous Membranes Produce watery fluid – Moistens opposing surfaces – Reduces friction Parietal layer – Lines inner surface of body wall or chamber Visceral layer – Covers surfaces of visceral organs Since visceral and parietal layers are typically in direct contact, cavities are called potential spaces Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Thoracic Cavity Contains three internal chambers – One pericardial cavity (contains the heart) – Two pleural cavities (one for each lung) Each cavity lined by a serous membrane Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Pericardial Cavity Heart projects into a space, the pericardial cavity Cavity is lined by serous membrane called the pericardium – Visceral pericardium is the layer covering the heart – Parietal pericardium is the outer layer Pericardial fluid between two layers reduces friction Lies within mediastinum Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Pleural Cavities Each lung is found within its own pleural cavity Lined by serous membrane called the pleura – Visceral pleura is the layer covering the outer surfaces of a lung – Parietal pleura lines the edge of the mediastinum and the inner body wall Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Abdominopelvic Cavity Extends from the diaphragm to the pelvis Subdivided into: – Abdominal cavity (superior portion) – Pelvic cavity (inferior portion) Contains the peritoneal cavity Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Peritoneal Cavity Lined by serous membrane called peritoneum – Visceral peritoneum covers enclosed organs – Parietal peritoneum lines inner surface of body wall A few organs lie between peritoneal lining and dorsal wall of abdominal cavity – Position called retroperitoneal Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 1-10 Subdivisions of the Body Cavities of the Trunk Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Checkpoint (8 of 8) 15.Describe two essential functions of body cavities. 16.Describe the various body cavities of the trunk. 17.If a surgeon makes an incision just inferior to the diaphragm, what body cavity will be opened? 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