CFLM2 Modules PDF

**Sorsogon College of Criminology, Inc.** 3928 Rizal St., Piot, Sorsogon City Email Add: [[sorcollgeofcriminology\@gmail.com]](mailto:[email protected])  **PCpl Rachel E Andalis, RCrim** **Instructor** **CFLM2** **Course Description:** The course covers th...

**Sorsogon College of Criminology, Inc.** 3928 Rizal St., Piot, Sorsogon City Email Add: [[sorcollgeofcriminology\@gmail.com]](mailto:[email protected])  **PCpl Rachel E Andalis, RCrim** **Instructor** **CFLM2** **Course Description:** The course covers the understanding of personal values, characteristics, and goals including the normative foundations of leading which includes the wide array of leadership and management approaches and refine their leadership and management styles. **Learning Objectives** **Understand the frames of judgment and skills needed to affect positive change in a wide array of settings and to transform cultures, organizations, and institutions through effective leading, management, analysis, and decision-making in a self-aware manner to think and act strategically.** **Learning Outcomes** 1. Define and identify the theories, characteristics and principles of leadership, leadership and management styles, leaders and managers qualities, leadership and management. 2. Apply and appraise the principles, theories and functions of police administrations, police management and efficient management, division of works, authority and responsibility, and unity of command. 3. Apply, evaluate and design problem solving and decision-making factors, information, characteristics, principles and guidelines. **Grading System** Projects/Activities - 40 % Major Examinations - 40 % Analysis/Comprehension - 10 % Online/Offline Quizzes - [10 %] 100 % **Prelims Coverage** **Character-** one of the attributes and features that make up and distinguish ab individual. Comes from **Greek** word" **character"** meaning mark or distinctive quality. **Character traits-** are individual parts of an individual personality and behavior that express who he/she is as a person. This can be in physical, emotional, mental, or moral. The following are the character traits that can contribute to career success in any kind of work environment: 1. **Ambitious**- strong desire to achieve success by meeting their goals. 2. **Creative**- use of imagination to make or invent something, solve a difficult problem, present information in a clear, interesting way, or find better ways to complete tasks. 3. **Conscientious**- act of careful and purposeful action. Doing what is right to fullfil a duty. Having higher level of self-discipline, and striving to complete every task to the best of one's ability. 4. **Courageous**- taking more calculated risks in the workplace and not being deterred by challenges and difficulties. 5. **Flexible-** ability to modify one's behavior based on changes in the work environment. 6. **Honest**- being sincere and truthful and generally does not feel comfortable participating in deceptive practices. 7. **Humble-** act of humanity, avoiding boasting about one's accomplishments and being respectful when earing praise and recognition. 8. **Honorable-** acting out of integrity and according to personal and organizational principles and ethics. Behaving in ways that reflect positively on the org where they belong. 9. **Loyal-** supporting and advocating for an organization and its mission. Being trusted with sensitive information. 10. **Patient-** tolerating delays or unexpected challenges without getting angry. 11. **Persistent**- relentless pursuit of goals, continuing along one's path despite any obstacle and difficulties one faces along the way. 12. **Resilient**- quick recovery from setbacks, stress, adverse situations, or unexpected changes. 13. **Disciplined-** overcoming temptations to stray from the path to success. 14. **Curious-** drive to want to know or learn new skills, info and abilities without being asked beforehand. Ability to independently motivate oneself to learn and grow in one's role and work. **Personality-** American Psychological Association (APA) - Enduring characteristics and behavior that comprise a person's unique adjustment to life, including major traits, interest, drives, values, self-concept, abilities and emotional patterns. - Comes from **Latin** word "**persona"** theatrical mask worn by performers to play roles or disguise their identities**.** The following are the fundamental characteristics of personality traits: 1. Consistency- recognizable order and regularity of behaviors. 2. Both Psychological and Physiological- psychological construct (intelligence, emotions, attitudes) and biological process and needs (organization, metabolism, responsiveness, movements, and reproduction) 3. Affects behavior and action- personality not only influences how an individual move and respond in his/her environment, but it also causes the individual to act in certain ways. 4. Multiple expressions- personality is displayed in more than just behavior. Can also be seen in thoughts, feelings, close relationships and other social interactions. " Character refers to the person\'s moral and ethical qualities. It consists of beliefs and moral principles that can guide their behavior in discrete ways. Personality is the sum of a person\'s physical, psychological, emotional, and social aspects that are manifested through behavior and actions. " "Character is who you decide to be. How you act according to your morals. Personality is how you present yourself. It may be authentic or a mask" MYERS-BRIGGS PERSONALITY TYPE INDICATOR (MBPTI) -self report evaluation that identifies a person's personality type. MBTI's four dichotomies 1. Extroversion-Introversion **Extrovert**- sociable **Introvert**- wants to be alone 2. Sensing- Intuition **Sensing**- look at the details of a situation. They will use their senses to examine the evidence at hand. **Intuition**- a way of understanding something quickly without needing to analyze it consciously. An intuitive person can focus on abstract concepts or things not grounded in reality. They will not look for tangible evidence but instead use their imagination to identify patterns and possibilities. 3. Thinking- Feeling **Thinking**- make decisions based on objectivity and fact. **Feeling**- follow their hearts and emotions -- sometimes without even realizing it 4. Judging- Perceiving **Judging**- Preferring to consider their options ahead of time **Perceiving**- more flexible with planning and can adapt better when sudden changes occur. Realize and understand things around. **Socionics divides people into 16 different types, called sociotypes which are**;  ESTJ= Extroverted, Sensing, Thinking, Judging ENTJ= Extraversion, Intuition, Thinking, Judgment ESFJ= extroverted, sensing, feeling and judging ENFJ= extraverted, intuitive, feeling, and judging ISTJ= Introversion (I), Sensing (S), Thinking (T), Judgment (J) ISFJ= introverted, Observant, Feeling, and Judging INTJ= Introverted, Intuitive, Thinking, and Judging INFJ= introverted, intuitive, feeling, and judging ESTP= Extraverted, Observant, Thinking, and Prospecting ESFP= Extroverted, Sensing, Feeling and Perceiving ENTP= extroverted, intuitive, thinking and perceiving ENFP= Extraverted, Intuitive, Feeling, and Perceiving ISTP= Introverted, Sensing, Thinking, Perceiving ISFP= Introverted, Sensing, Feeling, Perceiving INTP= Introverted, Intuitive, Thinking, and Prospecting INFP= Introverted, Intuitive, Feeling, and Prospecting. MBPTI' Personality Types **ANALYSTS** 1. **Architects** are imaginative and strategic thinkers, with a plan for everything. 2. **Logicians** are innovative inventors with an unquenchable thirst for knowledge. 3. **Commanders** are bold, imaginative, and strong-willed, always finding a way -- or making one. 4. **Debaters** are curious and flexible thinkers who cannot resist an intellectual challenge. **DIPLOMATS** 1. **Advocates** are quiet visionaries, often serving as inspiring and tireless idealists. 2. **Mediators** are poetic, kind, and altruistic people, always eager to help a good cause. 3. **Protagonists** are inspiring optimists, readily taking action to do what they feel is right. 4. **Campaigners** are enthusiastic, creative, and sociable free spirits, who can always find a reason to smile. **SENTINELS** 1. **Logisticians** are practical and fact-minded individuals, whose reliability cannot be doubted. 2. **Defenders** are very dedicated and warm protectors, always ready to defend their loved ones. 3. **Executives** are excellent organizers, unsurpassed at managing things -- or people. 4. **Consuls** are very caring, social, community-minded people who are always eager to help. **EXPLORERS** 1. **Virtuosos** are innovative and practical experimenters, masters of all kinds of tools. 2. **Adventurers** are flexible and charming, always ready to explore and experience something new. 3. **Entrepreneurs** are savvy, energetic, and very perceptive people who truly enjoy living on the edge. 4. **Entertainers** are spontaneous, energetic, and enthusiastic people -- life is never boring around them. **Values** are individual beliefs that motivate people to act one way or another (right or wrong). **Types of Values** 1. **Personal Values-** broad desirable goals that motivate people\'s actions and serve as guiding principles in their lives. Ex. Creativity, independence 2. **Family Values-** traditional or cultural values that pertain to the family\'s structure, function, roles, beliefs, attitudes, and ideals. Passed down to generation to generation. Ex. Preserve a dignified and respectful image of the **family** in public. 3. **Social Values-** defined as standards, which individuals and social groups employ to define personal goals and essentially shape. Quantification of the relative importance that people place on the changes they experience. Ex fairness, Respect for others, democracy, privacy and property rights. 4. **Moral Values-** usually a set of belief systems that are imposed socially, while values are more individualistic in nature. Ex hardwork, respect 5. **Ethical Values -**a subjective or personal judgment of what is important or desirable in life. It reflects one\'s preferences, beliefs, feelings and emotions. Example, some people may value honesty, loyalty, freedom, happiness, etc. Ethical principle is a rule or standard that guides moral behavior and decision making. 6. **Intrinsic Values-** the value that that thing has "in itself," or "for its own sake," or "as such," or "in its own right." Intrinsic Value is a person's belief about the things that are good for oneself and the things that are good for everyone else. Some examples of intrinsic values would be "leadership matters," "talents matter" or "relationships matter." Ex beauty, happiness 7. **Instrumental Values-** the means by which we achieve our end goals. Ex. Education for success in life. Political power to do public services. 8. **Core Values-** the root beliefs that a person or organization operates from. Ex. Honesty, integrity wisdom etc. **LEADERSHIP-** the ability of an individual or a group of people to influence and guide followers or members of an organization, society or team. **4 leadership character principles:** 1. **Integrity**- being honest, acting consistently with principles, standing up to what is right, keeping promises. 2. **Responsibility**- owning personal decisions, admitting mistakes, and showing concern for the common goods. 3. **Forgiveness**- letting go of self and others' mistakes, focused on what is right versus what is wrong. 4. **Compassion**- empathizing with others, empowering others, actively caring for others and committing to others' growth. **MIDTERM MODULE** **Leadership- (Merriam-Webster Dic)** a. The office or position of a leader b. The capacity to lead c. The act or an instance of leading **Leadership**- process of influencing others to accomplish the mission by providing purpose, direction, and motivation. **Purpose**- gives subordinates a reason why they should do difficult things under dangerous, stressful circumstances. **Direction**- gives subordinates an orientation of tasks to be accomplished based on the priorities set by the leader. **Motivation**- gives subordinates the will to do everything they are capable of doing to accomplish a task, it causes subordinates to use their initiative when they see the need for action. **Fourfold Typologies of Leadership** 1. Position-based Leadership- it is where leader operate that makes them leaders. a. Leadership-in-charge-people above us. Head of the vertical hierarchies. b. Leadership-in-front- lower in hierarchy but they are the lead at the frontline. 2. Person-based Leadership-character of a leader. It is how the follower views or describe the individual that they chose to follow. 3. Result-based Leadership- it is what leaders achieve that makes them leaders. 4. Process-based Leadership-it is how leaders get things done that makes them leaders. Level 1: Position- people follow because they have to. Level 2: Permission- people follow because they want to. Level 3: Production- based on result. Leaders don't just create a pleasant environment; they get things done. Level 4: People Development- Ability to empower others. Leaders reproduce themselves Level 5: Pinnacle- highest and most difficult level of leadership. They are leaders who develop people to become level 4 leaders. The Factors of Leadership 1. Leader- person who takes charge and directs the group's performance. 2. Follower- people who follow the leader's direction on tasks and projects, they are the people being led. 3. Context- circumstances under which the leader is managing his/her team. 4. Outcomes- result of any projects or tasks that have been worked on by the followers under the direction of a leader. 5. Communication- exchange of info and ideas from one person to another. Principles of Leadership 1. Know yourself and seek self-improvement- knows his/her strength and weaknesses 2. Be technically and tactically proficient- they must have mastered the tasks required by the people they lead. 3. See responsibility and take responsibility for your actions- good leaders want people who can handle responsibility and help achieve goals. 4. Make sound and timely decisions- a leader must be able to anticipate and reason under the most trying conditions and quickly decide what actions to take. 5. Set the example- a leader's example affects his/her subordinates more than any amount of instruction or form of discipline. 6. Know your subordinates and look out for their well-being- leaders knows and cares for their subordinates. 7. Keep your subordinates informed- people do their best when they know why they are doing something. 8. Develop a sense of responsibility in your subordinate- a leader is also a teacher and is responsible for developing subordinates. 9. Ensure the task is understood, supervised and accomplished- over supervision causes resentment while under supervision causes frustration. 10. Build the team- leader develop team spirit among subordinates. 11. Employ your unit by its capabilities- leader must know their works capabilities and limitations. Role of Leader: 1. Coach-develop their team thru coaching and mentoring. a. Coaching- process that aims to improve performance and focus on the present. b. Mentoring-reciprocal and collaborative at-will relationship that occurs between a leader and a subordinate for the subordinate's growth, learning and career development. 2. Guide -they don't just oversee that the work is done, they teach, nurture and guide people to encourage learning and personal growth most especially in times of difficult and challenging situations. 3. Inspire- ability to find way that works for them and inspires them to push themselves, achieve more, and reach that potential. Qualities of an effective leader 1. Self-Awareness- must aware how they are acting, what they are saying and what message their nonverbal communication is sending. 2. Credibility- ability to be trusted 3. Focus on Relationship Building- ability to form relationship with team members. 4. Bias for action- decide, act and hold themselves accountable for their decisions and actions. 5. Humility- do not be overly proud for their works and accomplishments. 6. Empower the Team- give them set of guidelines to work in and leave them alone to do their work. 7. Authenticity- acting in a way that represents who we truly are rather than trying to act like someone else. 8. Constant and consistent- team comes to rely on the leader's predictability which builds trust and reduces stress in the workplace. 9. Role Model- aware that he is being observed by the team and set an example for them to follow. 10. Fully Present- give more time on the tasks than leisure. PRE-FINALS MODULE Leadership styles and theories Leadership styles refer to a leader\'s characteristic behaviors when directing motivating guiding and managing group of people. Kurt Lewin (1890-1947) was a german born american social psychologist known for his field theory of behavior which holds that human behavior is a function of an individual\'s psychological environment. In 1939 a group of researchers led by Lewin set out to identify different styles of leadership the three basic traditional styles are as follows: 1. Authoritarian leadership autocratic authoritarian leaders also known as autocratic leader provide clear expectation for what needs to be done when it should be done and how it should be done autocratic leaders make decisions independently with little or no input from the rest of the group it can be good one when the decision situations call for rapid decisions and decisive actions. 2. Participative leadership or democratic participative leaders or democratic leaders offers guidance to group members but they also participate in the group and allow input from other group members according to Lewin democratic leadership is typically the most effective leadership style. 3. Delegative leadership or laissez-faire the leaders offer a little or no guidance to group members and leave the decision making up to group members Lewin also noted that laces fair leadership tended to result in groups that lacked direction and members who blamed each other for mistakes refuse to accept personal responsibility made less progress and produce less work. 1. Impoverished Leadership - 2. Country Club Leadership 3. Authority-obedience Leadership 4. Middle -of-the-Road Leadership 5. Team Leadership Other nine leadership styles 1. Transactional leadership styles it is also known as managerial leadership where leaders rely on rewards and punishment to achieve optimal job performance from their subordinates. 2. Transformational leadership style in this leadership style the leader inspired positive changes in those who follow they are not only concerned and involved in the process but they are also focus on helping every member of the group succeed 3. Charismatic leadership style it relies on the charm and persuasiveness of the leader they can motivate and inspire their subordinates towards a greater goal they do this by tapping into their subordinate's emotion creating a sense of trust passion and purpose greater than themselves. 4. Servant leadership style it is a leadership style in which the leader focuses on his or her team's growth and well-being to put their needs first instead of the subordinate serving the leader the leader serves the subordinates it believes that when it\'s subordinates feel personally and professionally fulfilled, they produce high quality of work more efficiently and productively. 5. Consultative leadership style it is a leadership style where the thoughts and inputs of the subordinates are being heard leaders listen to the viewpoint of their subordinates and understand where their subordinate's views are coming from it is said that subordinates put their heart into their work when their point of view and opinions are respected and their egos are satisfied. 6. Paternalistic leadership style it is a father like leadership style in which strong authority is combined with concerned and with great care not to cause or create and convenience it is characterized by three elements benevolence morality and authoritarianism. 7. Bureaucratic leadership style it is open called a classic leadership style it is a leadership style in which the authority is diffused among several departments offices and individuals there is strict adherence to a set of operational rules. 8. Manipulative leadership style it is the leadership style that is rooted in the belief that subordinates our people who should be manipulated by the leaders so that the goals may be attained it exploits the personal aspirations of the subordinates often they are aware of the manipulation and it breeds resentment and bitterness towards their leader. 9. Expert leadership style the basis of this leadership style is the individual leader's knowledge and ability and he or she assumes the rule of the leader regardless of his or her age sex or other physical attributes expert leaders rise to the top of their profession and gain leadership through their unique specific focus knowledge and expertise develop over many years. **Theories Of Leadership** Leadership theories seek to explain how and why certain people become leaders. It often focuses on the characteristics of leaders and some attempts to identify the behaviors that people can adapt improve their leadership abilities in different situations. The following some of the common leadership theories. 1\. Leadership trait theory states that some characteristics distinguish the leader from the non-leader or the subordinates. It is based on the characteristics of many leaders, both successful and unsuccessful that were used to predict leadership effectiveness. Two fundamental dimensions of leadership traits 1. Competency dimension it consists of traits relating to technical competence like intelligence energy and motivation 2. Warmth dimension refers to traits relating to social and interpersonal aspects of an individual such as being sociable, friendly and caring 2\. Great man theory Offered one of the earliest conceptual ways of looking at leadership. It's suggested good leaders are born and they have innate traits and skills that make them great and these are things that can't be taught or learned effective leaders are intellectual, super courage and significant influence on the masses these individuals were often dubbed as societies role models. Distal and proximal attributes 1. Distal attributes are the personality traits, cognitive abilities, values, and motives of the leader 2. Proximal attributes are problem-solving, skills, social appraisal, skills, and expertise or knowledge. These are influenced by the operating environment of a leader. 3\. The big five model of personality traits theory These streets are influenced significantly by both genes and the environment with us estimated her ability of 50%. They are also known to predict certain important life outcome such as education health as well as leadership. OCEAN/ CANOE acronym of the five square factors OF BIG FIVE PERSONALITY traits theory 1. Openness to experience It refers to the individual willingness to try new things as well as engage in imaginative and intellectual activities. This includes the ability to think outside the box. 2. Conscientiousness. It describes a person's ability to regulate impulse control to engage in goal, directed superb behaviors. It measures elements such as control, inhibition, and persistence to behavior. 3. Extraversion. It reflects the tendency and intensity to which someone see interaction with their environment. Specifically, social interaction, compasses the comfort and assertiveness of the people in social situations. 4. Agreeableness It pertains to how people tend to treat relationships with others compared to extroversion, which consist of the pursuit of relationships. Agreeableness focuses on people's orientation in interaction with others. 5. Neuroticism. It refers to the overall emotional stability of an individual through their perception of the world it takes into how likely person is to interpret events as threatening or difficult. 4\. Behavioral Theory of leadership. It focuses on how leaders behave and assume that these traits can be copied by other leaders. It's suggested that leaders aren't born, but can be created based on learned behavior. 5\. Spencer leadership theory Herbert Spencer a famous sociologist, said that great leaders were own products of the atmosphere and society they worked in and lived. 6\. Situational leadership theories Focusing on traits and behaviors to determine the best leadership styles It views leadership through what leaders can do in specific situation that vary because of internal and external factors. It argues that a situation determines what leaders Do and that behaviors must be linked to the specific environment at hand 7\. Hersey and Blanchard situational leadership theory Suggest that in leadership the two key elements the leader's leadership style and the follower's maturity or preparedness Level Need to match appropriately Leaders are supposed to adjust their style to their subordinate's growth Style Depending on how prepared and eager the follower is to execute the require the responsibilities in their organization There are four primary leadership styles 1\. Telling -The leader tells people what to do and how to do it giving specific tasks Direction and closely supervising work a high task low relationship style 2\. Selling- It involves more back and forth between leaders and followers leaders elder ideas and messages to get group members to buy into the process explaining task Direction in a sportive and persuasive way high task High relationship style 3\. Participating- The leader offers less Direction and allows members to the group to take a more active role in coming up with ideas and making decisions emphasizing shared ideas and participative decisions on task Directions A low tasks High relationship style 4\. Delegating- It is characterized by a less involved hance of approach to leadership group members tend to make most of the decisions and take most of their responsibility for what happens the low task low relationship style They identify Four different levels of maturity Of the followers 1\. Level 1- Group members lack the knowledge skills and willingness to complete the task 2\. Level 2- group members are willing and but lack the ability 3\. Level 3- group members of the skills and capability to complete the task but are unwilling to take Responsibility 4\. Level 4- group members are highly skilled and willing to complete the task **Management** is the coordination and Administration of task to achieve a goal It is the process by which operative group directs action towards common goal this process involves techniques by which a Distinction ball group of people referred to asked managers co-ordinate the activities of other people managers seldom actually perform the activities themselves Threefold concept of Management By Federick Harbison and Charles Myers 1\. Management as an economic factor Management is one of the factors of production the same as land labor and capital The managerial resources of inorganization Our business determines its productivity and profitability 2\. Management as a system of authority. Historically management first establish an authoritarian philosophy with small number of top individuals' managers Determining all action of the rank-and-file subordinates. Later humanitarian concept caused some management to develop paternalistic approach Then constitutional management emerge which is characterized by concern for definite and consistent policies and procedure For dealing with the working group A smart employees receive higher education the trend of management was toward democratic and participating approach modern management can be viewed as Synthesis of these four approaches of authority 3\. Management as a class and status system. The increase in the complexity of Relationship In modern society demands the managers become elite in brains and education Entrance into this class is based more and more un education and knowledge instead of family or political connection **Management and Leadership** It is important to understand that leadership is a necessary part of effective management. Leadership and management are terms that are often Considered synonymous. Leadership differs from management for the following reasons: 1\. Managers lay down the structure and delegate Authority and responsibility while leaders provide Direction by developing the organizational vision and communicating it to their subordinates and inspiring them to achieve it 2\. Management includes focus on planning organizing stuffing directing and controlling while leadership is mainly a part of directing function of management Which focuses on listening building relationships teamwork inspiring motivating and persuading subordinates 3\. Manager gets his or her authority under his position in the organization While leader gets his or her authority from their subordinates 4\. Follow the organization's policy and procedures while leaders follow their Instinct 5\. Management is more a science as the managers are exact planned standard logical and more of Mind On the other hand leadership is an art in an organization if managers are required then leaders are a must or essential 6\. While management deals with the technical dimension of an organization or the job content leadership deals with the people aspect of an organization 7\. While management measures or evaluate people by their name records present performance leadership sees and evaluates individuals as having potential for their Things that can\'t be measured it deals with future and the performance of people if their potential is fully extracted 8\. Management is reactive leadership is proactive 9\. Management is based more written communication while leadership is based more on verbal communication.