Cerebrum & Basal Ganglia Lab PDF

# Cerebrum & Basal Ganglia Lab ## Cerebrum ### Superior View - **Longitudinal fissure:** Separates the two hemispheres. - **Frontal Lobe:** Located at the front of the brain, responsible for planning, control, and voluntary movement. - **Parietal Lobe:** Located behind the frontal lobe, responsibl...

# Cerebrum & Basal Ganglia Lab ## Cerebrum ### Superior View - **Longitudinal fissure:** Separates the two hemispheres. - **Frontal Lobe:** Located at the front of the brain, responsible for planning, control, and voluntary movement. - **Parietal Lobe:** Located behind the frontal lobe, responsible for sensory information, touch, temperature, and pain. - **Occipital Lobe:** Located at the back of the brain, responsible for vision. - **Right Cerebral Hemisphere:** Controls the left side of the body. - **Left Cerebral Hemisphere:** Controls the right side of the body. ### Left Lateral View - **Brain Stem:** Connects the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord. - **Cerebellum:** Located at the back of the brain, responsible for balance and coordination. - **Transverse Cerebral Fissure:** A deep groove separating the cerebrum from the cerebellum. ### Lateral View of Right Hemisphere: Lobes - **Frontal Lobe:** Located at the front of the brain, responsible for planning, control, and voluntary movement. - **Parietal Lobe:** Located behind the frontal lobe, responsible for sensory information, touch, temperature, and pain. - **Occipital Lobe:** Located at the back of the brain, responsible for vision. - **Temporal Lobe:** Located below the frontal and parietal lobes, responsible for hearing, memory, and language. ### Lateral View of Left Hemisphere: Sulci and Gyri - **Precentral Sulcus:** A groove separating the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe. - **Superior Frontal Sulcus:** A groove separating the superior frontal gyrus from the middle frontal gyrus. - **Middle Frontal Gyrus:** A ridge between the superior and inferior frontal sulci. - **Superior Frontal Gyrus:** A ridge on the top surface of the frontal lobe. - **Precentral Gyrus:** A ridge in front of the central sulcus, responsible for voluntary movement. - **Inferior Frontal Sulcus:** A groove separating the middle and inferior frontal gyri. - **Frontal Pole:** The most anterior part of the frontal lobe. - **Frontal Lobe:** Located at the front of the brain, responsible for planning, control, and voluntary movement. - **Inferior Frontal Gyrus:** A ridge below the middle frontal gyrus. - **Temporal Pole:** The most anterior part of the temporal lobe. - **Superior Temporal Gyrus:** A ridge on the top surface of the temporal lobe. - **Temporal Lobe:** Located below the frontal and parietal lobes, responsible for hearing, memory, and language. - **Middle Temporal Gyrus:** A ridge between the superior and inferior temporal gyri. - **Central Sulcus:** A groove separating the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe. - **Postcentral Gyrus:** A ridge behind the central sulcus, responsible for sensory information. - **Postcentral Sulcus:** A groove separating the parietal lobe from the occipital lobe. - **Superior Parietal Lobule:** A ridge on the top surface of the parietal lobe. - **Intraparietal Sulcus:** A groove separating the superior parietal lobule from the inferior parietal lobule. - **Angular Gyrus:** A ridge located in the parietal lobe and the temporal lobe. - **Parietal Lobe:** Located behind the frontal lobe, responsible for sensory information, touch, temperature, and pain. - **Inferior Parietal Lobule:** A ridge below the superior parietal lobule. - **Occipital Lobe:** Located at the back of the brain, responsible for vision. - **Occipital Pole:** The most posterior part of the occipital lobe. - **Supramarginal Gyrus:** A ridge located on the lateral surface of the parietal lobe. - **Superior Temporal Sulcus:** A groove separating the superior temporal gyrus from the middle temporal gyrus. - **Inferior Temporal Gyrus:** A ridge below the middle temporal gyrus. - **Inferior Temporal Sulcus:** A groove separating the middle temporal gyrus from the inferior temporal gyrus. ### Lateral View of Right Hemisphere: Functional Areas - **Motor Areas:** Controls voluntary movement. - **Primary Motor Cortex**: Controls voluntary movement of individual muscles. - **Premotor Cortex**: Plans and sequences movements. - **Frontal Eye Field:** Controls voluntary eye movements. - **Broca's Area:** Located in the frontal lobe, involved in language production. - **Sensory Areas and Related Association Areas**: Receive and process sensory information. - **Primary Somatosensory Cortex**: Receives sensory information from the skin, muscles, and joints. - **Somatosensory Association Cortex:** Integrates sensory information from the primary somatosensory cortex. - **Gustatory Cortex:** Receives taste information. - **Wernicke's Area:** Located in the temporal lobe, involved in language comprehension. - **Primary Visual Cortex:** Receives visual information from the eyes. - **Visual Association Area:** Integrates visual information from the primary visual cortex. - **Auditory Association Area:** Integrates auditory information from the primary auditory cortex. - **Primary Auditory Cortex:** Receives auditory information from the ears. ## Basal Ganglia **Function:** The basal ganglia play a significant role in planning, executing, and learning movements. They are also involved in motor control and cognition. ### Midsagittal View: Basal Ganglia and Related Structures - **Caudate Nucleus:** A crescent-shaped structure located in the forebrain. - **Globus Pallidus:** A rounded structure located in the forebrain. - **Putamen:** An oval-shaped structure located in the forebrain. - **Thalamus:** A structure in the midbrain that relays sensory information to the cerebral cortex. - **Subthalamic Nucleus:** A structure that connects the subthalamic region to the basal ganglia. - **Amygdala:** A structure in the forebrain involved in emotions and emotional memories. - **Nucleus Accumbens:** A structure in the forebrain involved in reward and motivation. - **Olfactory Tubercle:** A structure located in the forebrain, involved in smell. - **Ventral Pallidum:** A structure located in the forebrain, involved in reward and motivation. - **Substantia Nigra:** A structure in the midbrain that produces dopamine, a neurotransmitter that is important for movement. - **Ventral Tegmental Area:** A structure in the midbrain that produces dopamine, a neurotransmitter that is important for movement. ### Midsagittal View of Brain: Structures - **Corpus Callosum:** A thick band of nerve fibers that connects the two cerebral hemispheres. - **Cerebral Cortex:** The outermost layer of the brain. - **Hippocampus:** A structure in the temporal lobe involved in memory formation. - **Pituitary Gland:** A small gland that produces hormones. - **Midbrain:** A part of the brainstem that connects the forebrain with the hindbrain. - **Pons:** A part of the brainstem that relays signals between the cerebrum and the cerebellum. - **Medulla:** A part of the brainstem that controls autonomic functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. - **Cerebellum:** Located at the back of the brain, responsible for balance and coordination. - **Spinal Cord:** A bundle of nerves that connects the brain to the rest of the body. ### Midsagittal View of Brain: Basal Ganglia Components - **Cleft for Internal Capsule:** A groove that separates the caudate nucleus from the lenticular nucleus. - **Lenticular Nucleus:** A name for the globus pallidus and putamen. - **Caudate Nucleus:** A crescent-shaped structure located in the forebrain. - **Head of the Caudate Nucleus:** The anterior portion of the caudate nucleus. - **Corpus Striatum:** A name for the caudate nucleus and putamen. - **Nucleus Accumbens:** A structure in the forebraininvolved in reward and motivation. - **Globus Pallidus:** A rounded structure located in the forebrain. - **Globus Pallidus External Segment:** The outer part of the globus pallidus.. - **Globus Pallidus Internal Segment:** The inner part of the globus pallidus. - **Putamen:** An oval-shaped structure located in the forebrain. - **Amygdaloid Body:** A structure in the forebrain involved in emotions and emotional memories. - **Thalamus:** A structure in the midbrain that relays sensory information to the cerebral cortex. - **Pulvinar of Thalamus:** A part of the thalamus involved in visual processing. - **Medial Geniculate Nucleus:** A structure in the thalamus involved in auditory processing. - **Lateral Geniculate Nucleus:** A structure in the thalamus involved in visual processing. - **Terminal Stria:** A bundle of nerve fibers that connect the amygdala to the hypothalamus. - **Subthalamic Nucleus:** A structure that connects the subthalamic region to the basal ganglia. - **Substantia Nigra:** A structure in the midbrain that produces dopamine. - **Tail of the Caudate Nucleus:** The posterior portion of the caudate nucleus. ## Anatomy of the Brain - **Frontal Lobe:** The front of the brain, involved in planning, reasoning, and executive function. - **Limbic Lobe:** Involved with emotions, motivation, and memory. - **Parietal Lobe:** Processes sensory information, including touch, temperature, and pain. - **Occipital Lobe:** Involved with vision. - **Corpus Callosum:** Connects the two hemispheres of the brain. - **Thalamus:** Relays sensory information to the cortex. - **Optic Chiasma:** Where the optic nerves cross, allowing visual input from both eyes to reach both hemispheres of the brain. - **Hypothalamus:** Controls the release of hormones. - **Pituitary Gland:** Produces hormones. - **Mammillary Body:** Involved with memory. - **Pons:** Connects the cerebellum to the rest of the brain. - **Medulla Oblongata:** Controls autonomic functions like breathing and heart rate. - **Spinal Cord:** Connects the brain to the rest of the body. - **Pineal Gland:** Produces melatonin. - **Cerebellum:** Involved in balance, coordination, and motor control. ## Cerebellum: Medial View - **Midbrain:** Located between the forebrain and hindbrain. - **Pons:** Connects the cerebellum to the cerebrum. - **Flocculonodular Lobe:** Part of the cerebellum involved in balance and coordination. - **Anterior Lobe:** A structure in the cerebellum. - **Lobule:** A subdivision of a lobe. - **Primary Fissure:** Divides the cerebellum into anterior and posterior lobes. - **Vermis:** The midline structure connecting the two cerebellar hemispheres. - **Arbor Vitae:** The branching pattern of white matter in the cerebellum. - **Folia:** Parallel folds on the surface of the cerebellum. - **Posterior Lobe:** A structure in the cerebellum. The image contains multiple illustrations of different structures and functional areas of the brain. They are focused on the cerebrum and the basal ganglia. There are pictures of the brain from the superior, lateral, and midsagittal view. The images illustrate sulci, gyri, lobes, and functional areas of the cerebrum. The pictures also illustrate the relationship between the cerebrum and the basal ganglia. The basal ganglia are deep structures in the brain that are essential for motor control, learning, and cognition.