CENBUT1-MODULE PDF

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE CENBUT1 BUILDING UTILITIES 1 Prepared by: ENGR. DAVES B. GURON A Self-regulated Learning Module ENGR. EDGARDO A. JAVIER A Self-regulated Learning Module...

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE CENBUT1 BUILDING UTILITIES 1 Prepared by: ENGR. DAVES B. GURON A Self-regulated Learning Module ENGR. EDGARDO A. JAVIER A Self-regulated Learning Module 1  BUILDING UTILITIES 1 CENBUT 1 COURSE DESCRIPTION: The course focuses on the environmental systems in buildings. Lecture discussions include building electrical systems, natural and artificial lighting, and building telecommunications. Reducing operational loads and integrating high performance energy systems into buildings offers solutions towards achieving a sustainable and secure energy future. Engineers must understand the interrelationship between a building and its subsystems, and need sufficient knowledge of building systems and design alternatives to recommend appropriate solutions that suit the site, climate, building type, and occupants. They must coordinate the work of the engineering disciplines that carry the sustainability concept forward through building design, construction, commissioning, operation and, ultimately, demolition, recycling and reuse. REQUIREMENT OF THE COURSE: The student is expected to punctually comply with class participation and submission of activities per grading period. At the end of the semester, the students are expected to submit the following requirements; a. Compiled activities of the course b. Evaluation of the course c. Evaluation of the course module d. Personal e-portfolio using google site with narrative report of each chapter RUBRICS FOR PROBLEM SOLVING ACTIVITIES Point distribution 10 Complete solution and correct answer (used correct principle) 6 Incomplete solution and correct answer (used correct principle) 4 Wrong solution and answer (used incorrect principle) 0 No solution at all A Self-regulated Learning Module 2 RUBRICS FOR PROCESS QUESTIONS Point distribution 7 Explained briefly the idea being asked and with correct principles and concepts 4 Incomplete explantion but with correct concepts 2 Wrong principles and concepts 0 Didn’t write anything at all LEARNING OUTCOMES At the end of the course, the students must be able to understand, interpret, and design electrical systems, and calculate electrical loads in accordance to the Philippine Electrical Code. The students are expected to familiarize themselves as well from the different lighting techniques and lighting fixtures that are commonly used in modern architectural lighting design. They are also capable of developing a well-designed residential plan considering electrical and lighting considerations. STUDY SCHEDULE FIRST GRADING Week Inclusive Lesson Teaching Resources Assessment Submission of Task No. dates Learning Tasks activities Deadline Online 1 Jan 18-22, VMO, N/A N/A N/A 2021 Course Syllabus Grading System Recorded/ 2 Jan 25-29, 1 Online Feb 5, 2021 Lecture- Canvas 2021 3 Feb 1-5, Discussion Canvas 2021 Activity, Quiz 4 Feb 8-12, 2 Feb 19, 2021 2021 5 Feb 15-19, 2021 6 Feb 22-26, Online First Grading Examination 2021 MIDTERMS 7 Mar 1-5, 3&4 Mar 19, 2021 2021 8 Mar 8-12, 2021 9 Mar 15-19, Canvas Canvas 2021 A Self-regulated Learning Module 3  10 Mar 29 - Apr 5 Recorded/ Apr 9, 2, 2021 Online Activity, Quiz 2021 11 Apr 5-9, Lecture- 2021 Discussion 12 Apr 12-16, Online Midterm Examination 2021 FINALS 13 Apr 18-22, Apr 29, 2021 6 2021 14 Apr 25-29, 2021 Recorded/ 15 May 1-5, Online Canvas May 19, Canvas 2021 7 Lecture- Activity, Quiz 2021 16 May 8-12, Discussion 2021 17 May 15-19, 2021 18 May 22-26, Online Final Examination 2021 How to pass your activities? a. For Online Students: Activities will be collected thru Google Classroom on a given deadline. Failure to submit activities on or before the deadline will be given a corresponding deduction. All submitted files must be in a PDF format and must be clear and readable. Students must submit the activities within a specified deadline given by the facilitator. Failure to comply on the deadline will be given a deduction from the student’s score. b. For Offline Students: You can submit your scanned output thru FB messenger if possible. If not, you have to send it thru express delivery courier (like LBC, JRS, DHL, FedEx, 2Go) addressed to the facilitator. Contact information is provided below. Submission of output should be done every last week of the month. Failure to submit the activities within the given timeframe will be automatically given a zero score and need to submit an explanation with the accomplished activities as part of the completion for this subject. CONTACT INFORMATION : ENGR. MARK RUSSEL S. CORDERO FB Account/ Messenger: Mark Russel Cordero E-mail address: [email protected] Cellphone No.: 09065751617 Address: #457 Zone 6, Barangay Nagsaag, San Manuel, Pangasinan 2438 A Self-regulated Learning Module 4  TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1: Basic Concepts of Electricity………………………………………………………………1 Introduction to Electricity………………………………………………………………………..1 History of Electricity……………………………………………………………………………...2 The Water Analogy………………………………………………………………………………3 Sample Problems………………………………………………………………………………..5 Typical Power Consumption of Household Appliances…………..………………………...15 Energy Saving Tips…………………………..…………………………………………………16 Chapter 2: Electrical Circuits…………………………………………………………………………...20 Introduction to Electrical Circuits ……………………………………………………………..20 Types of Circuits ………….…………………………………………………………………….21 Branch Circuits ……………...………………………………………………………………….27 Electric Receptacles & Outlets…………………………………………………………...……31 Electrical Symbols and Drawings……………………………………………………………..35 Electrical Working Drawings…………………………………………………………………..36 Philippine Electrical Code (Chapter 2 Wiring and Protection)……………………………..38 Chapter 3: Light ………………………………………………………………………………………….52 What is Light? ………………….……………..…………………………………………………52 Color of Objects ………….……………………………………………………………………..54 Types of Artificial and Natural Lighting Sources……………………………………………..56 Color Rendition and Color Temperature ……………………………………………………..60 Basic Lighting Parameters……………………………….…………………………………….67 Chapter 4: Lighting Design………..……………………………………………………………………72 What Lighting can do?................……………………………………………………………..72 Methods of Lighting ……………………………………………………………………………75 Lighting Techniques …………………………………………………………………………...80 Key Steps in the Lighting Design Process…………………………………………………...86 Chapter 5: Daylighting……..…………………………………………………………………………....97 What is Daylighting? ……………………………………………………………………………97 Methods used in Daylighting …………………………………………………………………..98 Benefit of Natural Daylighting…………………………………………………………………106 Chapter 6: Building Telecommunication Systems…………………………………………………...109 Communication…………………………………………………………………………………109 Telecommunication ……………………………………………………………………………110 The Importance of Telecommunication ……………………………………………………..111 Types of Telecommunication Network……………………………………………………….111 A Self-regulated Learning Module 5  Types of Transmission Media ………………………………………………………………...120 Chapter 7: Renewable Energy ………………….…………………………………………………....128 What is Renewable Energy? ……….………………………………………………………...128 Why Used Renewable Energy? ……………………………………………………………...129 Types of Renewable Energy…………………………………………………………………..129 References……………………………………………………………………………………………….144 Course Evaluation Questionnaire ……………………………………………………………………..145 Evaluation of Course Module ………………………………………………………………………….145 A Self-regulated Learning Module 6  CHAPTER 1 BASIC CONCEPTS OF ELECTRICITY Learning Outcomes: The students are knowledgeable enough about the fundamentals of electricity and are able to apply this knowledge in estimating the energy consumption and power demand of small power appliances or equipment in buildings. Summary of the topics: - Introduction to Electricity - History of Electricity - The Water Analogy - Sample Problems - Typical Power Consumption of Household appliances - Energy Saving Tips “We’ve arranged a civilization in which most crucial elements profoundly depend on science and technology.” —Dr. Carl Sagan (second half of the twentieth century) I. INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICITY Electrical power and its applications so completely pervade our lives that it is hard to imagine that a little over 100 years ago electricity in homes and businesses was a novelty about which architects did not have to concern themselves. As Carl Sagan’s quote implies, today we are fully dependent on electrical power. It is not surprising that the architecture of a building can be significantly affected by the need to supply power to lights and appliances. Specifying appliances and lighting fixtures sometimes requires an understanding of electricity. For example, some lighting fixtures are available in both 277V and 120V versions, and some appliances are available in both 120V and 240V. On what basis does one choose? Some appliances have a poor power factor. What does that mean, and what are the consequences? Should the building use one-phase or three-phase power? What is the difference? Since many fires are caused by electrical failures, understanding electricity is also important for the safety of buildings and their occupants. Electrocution, although rare, can be practically avoided by proper design and specifications. Understanding electricity provides the reader with personal safety as well. And most important of all, buildings must become much more sustainable. Since buildings consume over 70 percent of all electricity in the United States, reducing the A Self-regulated Learning Module 7  consumption of electricity by buildings is of the utmost importance. Thus, for many reasons, it is important to have an understanding of the basic concepts of electricity. II. HISTORY OF ELECTRICITY 600 BCE – Static electricity was known to and described by the ancient Greeks 1600-1700 - Electricity was Rediscovered during Scientific Revolution 1752 - Benjamin Franklin concluded that lightning must be made of electricity, which he proved with his famous kite and key experiment. He also knew that some materials were conductors (his wet kite string) and insulators (a dry silk ribbon by which he held the key). His understanding of electricity allowed him to invent the lightning rod for the purpose of protecting buildings. 1792 – Alessandro Volta invented battery and thereby made available a steady flow (current) of electricity. Thereafter, the discovery of the relationship between magnetism and electricity made the development of electric motors, generators, and transformers possible. Besides Volta, some of the other scientists whose names have been immortalized by their adoption for use as names for electrical units are: Andre Ampere, George Ohm, and Heinrich Hertz End of 1900 - it was discovered that electricity is a stream (current) of electrons flowing from negative to positive charges. 1879 - Thomas Edison perfected the electric lamp all light sources came from open flames that created soot, heat, and often fi re. Many had experimented with electric lighting, but Edison was the first to make it a practical reality. He opened his first direct- current central generating stations in both New York City and London in 1882 1890 - The electric chair was developed because it was considered more humane than hanging. However, it has now been almost completely replaced by lethal injection. Electrocution is actually a high-tech version of burning someone at the stake. In the old days, people were burnt from outside in and now we can burn them from the inside out because electric currents always generate heat. Future of Electricity: The effects of the knowledge and use of electricity were profound. Difficult tasks became easy. Old methods were replaced by new. Electrical machines relieved people of back-breaking labor. Machines could do the job better and cheaper than A Self-regulated Learning Module 8  people. Fears that new inventions and methods would displace workers and create widespread unemployment did not prove true. Instead of loss of jobs, electricity led to new industries and new jobs. The new industries required more people than were replaced by machines. III. THE WATER ANALOGY The fundamental laws of electricity are mathematically complex. But using water as an analogy offers an easy way to gain a basic understanding. The Three Components of Electricity: a. Voltage (V) / Electromotive Force (E) = In it measured in volts (V). It is used to indicate the electrical pressure or force needed to move coulombs of electric charge. The volt is also used to measure a unit of electromotive force (emf). Volt = Pressure that pushes the water through the hose. b. Current / Electron flow (I) = is the rate at which electrons move. It is measure in amps (A). When a coulomb of electrons moves past the spot in 1 second, this amount of current is 1 ampere. One ampere represents 6.25 x 1018 electrons passing a given point in 1 second. Current =Diameter of the hose. The wider it is, the more water will flow through it. The wider the wire, the more electron will flow. c. Resistance (R) = The ease with which electrons move in a material determines its resistance. The unit of measurement for resistance is the ohm (Ω). It means that it takes 1 volt to push 1 ampere of electrons through 1 ohm of resistance. Resistance = Sand in the hose that slows down the water flow. Electricity is like a water Hose A Self-regulated Learning Module 9  Ohm’s Law 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 (𝑽) 𝑪𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕 (𝑰) = 𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆(𝑹) It states that the current is directly proportional to the voltage and inversely proportional to the resistance Types of Electricity: 1. Direct Current (DC) - the voltage and current remain constant over time. The main application for dc in buildings today is for charging storage batteries for emergency power. Batteries can only generate DC power. A Self-regulated Learning Module 10 2. Alternating Current (AC) - the voltage and current change rhythmically over time. The rhythm is a sine curve because that is the natural outcome from generating electricity with a rotating generator. Almost all electricity used in buildings today is ac because it is so versatile. Its main virtue is that it can be easily changed from one voltage to another by means of a transformer. Electric Power and Electric Energy 1. Electric Power - is like the volume of water that is flowing from the hose, given a specific pressure and diameter. Electric power is measured in watts (W). A watt equals 1 joule of energy per second. 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 (𝑷 𝒊𝒏 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔) = 𝑪𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕 (𝑰 𝒊𝒏 𝒂𝒎𝒑) 𝒙 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 (𝑽 𝒊𝒏 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒔) 1 𝑘𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡 (𝐾𝑊) = 1000 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 1 𝑀𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡 (𝐾𝑊 ) = 1000 𝐾𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡 = 1,000,000 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 2. Electric Energy - is like measuring the volume of water that has flowed through the hose over a period of time. Electric energy is often confused with electric power but they are two different things – power measures capacity and energy measures delivery. Electric energy is measured in watt hours (wh) but most people are more familiar with the measurement on their electric bills, kilowatt hours (kwh). A Self-regulated Learning Module 11 𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 (𝒘𝒉) = 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 (𝑷 𝒊𝒏 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒕) 𝒙 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 (𝒕 𝒊𝒏 𝒉𝒓𝒔) A Self-regulated Learning Module 12 IV. SAMPLE PROBLEMS: 1. If the resistance of an electric iron is 50Ω and 3.2A Current flows through the resistance. Find the voltage between two points. Given: R=50Ω and I=3.2A Solution: 𝐸𝑀𝐹 = 𝐼𝑥𝑅 𝐸𝑀𝐹 = 3.2 𝐴 𝑥 50Ω 𝐸𝑀𝐹 = 160 𝑉 𝑎𝑛𝑠. 2. An EMF source of 8.0 V is connected to a purely resistive electrical appliance (a light bulb). An electric current of 2.0 A flows through it. Consider the conducting wires to be resistance-free. Calculate the resistance offered by the electrical appliance. Given: EMF = 8.0 V and I = 2.0 A Solution: 𝑉 𝑅= 𝐼 8.0 𝑉 𝑅= 2.0 𝐴 𝑹 = 𝟒Ω ans. 3. What is the current flowing through an incandescent lamp that is rated 120 volts and 240 ohms? Given: EMF = 120 V and R=240Ω Solution: 𝑉 𝐼= 𝑅 120 𝑉 𝐼= 240Ω 𝑰 = 𝟎. 𝟓 𝑨 ans. 4. A motor with an operating resistance of 32Ω is connected to a voltage source. The current in the circuit is 1.5 A. What is the voltage of the source? Given: R=32Ω and I=1.5 A A Self-regulated Learning Module 13  Solution: 𝐸𝑀𝐹 = 𝐼𝑥𝑅 𝐸𝑀𝐹 = 32Ω x1.5 A 𝐸𝑀𝐹 = 48 𝑉 𝑎𝑛𝑠. 5. A small light bulb is connected to a 6 V battery and draws 2 A of current. What is the net resistance of the bulb? Given: EMF=6 V and I=2 A Solution: 𝑉 𝑅= 𝐼 6𝑉 𝑅= 2.0 𝐴 𝑹 = 𝟑Ω ans. 6. Miranda’s hair dryer is the only electric device in a 120-volt circuit that carries 15 amps of current. Find the power of her hair dryer. Given: EMF = 120 V and I=15A Solution: 𝑃=𝐼𝑥𝑉 𝑃 = 15 𝐴 𝑥 120𝑉 𝑃 = 1800 𝑊 𝑜𝑟 1.8 𝐾𝑊 𝑎𝑛𝑠. 7. Suppose Miranda were to use a 1.2-kilowatt hair dryer for 0.5 hours. How much electrical energy would she use then? If the Miranda lives in Baguio with a power rate of 7.69 pesos per kwh, find the operating cost. Given: P=1.2 kw and t=0.5 hrs Solution: 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 𝑃 𝑥 𝑡 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 1.2𝑘𝑤 𝑥 0.5 ℎ 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 0.6 𝐾𝑤ℎ 𝑎𝑛𝑠. 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑥 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 A Self-regulated Learning Module 14  𝑃 7.69 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 0.6 𝑘𝑤ℎ 𝑥 𝑘𝑤ℎ 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 𝑃 4.614 𝑎𝑛𝑠. 8. Someone watches TV on average 6 hours each day. The TV is connected to a 220 Volt voltage so that the electric current flows through the TV is 0.5 Amperes. If the electric company charges P 7.69 per kWh, then the cost of using electric energy for TV for 1 month (30 days) is? Given: t= 6 hrs /day, EMF =220 V, I=0.5 A, and Power rate = P7.69/kwh Solution: 𝑃=𝐼𝑥𝑉 𝑃 = 0.5 𝐴 𝑥 220𝑉 𝑃 = 110 𝑊 𝑜𝑟 0.110 𝐾𝑊 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 𝑃 𝑥 𝑡 ℎ𝑟𝑠 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 0.110 𝑘𝑤 𝑥 6 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝐾𝑤ℎ 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 0.660 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑥 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑘𝑤ℎ 𝑃 7.69 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 0.660 𝑥 𝑥 30 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑘𝑤ℎ 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 𝑃 152.262 𝑎𝑛𝑠. 9. In a house there are 4 lamps 20 Watt, 2 lamps 10 Watt, 3 lamps 40 Watt, are used 5 hours every day. If the electric company charge P7.69 per kWh, then the cost of using electric energy during 1 month (30 days) is? Given: 4 lamps 20 Watt = 4 x 20 Watt = 80 Watt 2 lamps 10 Watt = 2 x 10 Watt = 20 Watt 3 lamps 40 Watt = 3 x 40 Watt = 120 Watt t= 5hrs/day Solution: Total power (W) = 80 Watt + 20 Watt + 120 Watt = 220 watt or 0.220 kw 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 𝑃 𝑥 𝑡 ℎ𝑟𝑠 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 0.220 𝑘𝑤 𝑥 5 𝑑𝑎𝑦9 A Self-regulated Learning Module 15  𝐾𝑤ℎ 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 1.10 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑘𝑤ℎ 𝑃 7.69 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 1.10 𝑥 𝑥 30 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑘𝑤ℎ 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 𝑃 253.77 𝑎𝑛𝑠. 10. A 220 V – 5 A electric lamp is used for 30 minutes. How much energy does it require? If the electric company charge P7.69 per kWh, then what is the cost of using electric lamp for 30 mins? Given: EMF= 220 V, I=5A, t=30 mins, Power rate = P7.69 kwh 𝑃 = 5 𝐴 𝑥 220𝑉 𝑃 = 1100 𝑊 𝑜𝑟 1.10 𝐾𝑊 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 𝑃 𝑥 𝑡 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 1.10 𝐾𝑊 𝑥 0.5 ℎ𝑟𝑠 = 0.55𝑘𝑤ℎ 𝑃 7.69 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 0.55 𝑘𝑤ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑃 4.23 𝑎𝑛𝑠. 𝑘𝑤ℎ A Self-regulated Learning Module 16 V. TYPICAL POWER CONSUMPTION OF HOUSEHOLD APPLIANCES Power Consumption (Wattage) Appliances Wattage Range (W) Laptop 65-100 Mobile phone