Cell2 Multiple Choice Questions PDF

Memrizz Cell2 Multiple Choice Questions What characterizes I-cell disease? a) Autoimmune symptoms and muscle degeneration b) Normal growth and minor learning disabilities c) Excessive physical growth and aging disorders d) Defective physical growth and intellectual dis...

Memrizz Cell2 Multiple Choice Questions What characterizes I-cell disease? a) Autoimmune symptoms and muscle degeneration b) Normal growth and minor learning disabilities c) Excessive physical growth and aging disorders d) Defective physical growth and intellectual disabilities Correct answer: Defective physical growth and intellectual disabilities What enzyme deficiency causes I-cell disease? a) Lysosomal acid lipase b) Hexosaminidase A c) GlcNac - 1 - phosphotransferase d) Sphingomyelinase Correct answer: GlcNac - 1 - phosphotransferase Where does the enzyme deficiency occur in I-cell disease? a) In the mitochondria b) In the Golgi apparatus c) In the nucleus d) In the rough endoplasmic reticulum Correct answer: In the Golgi apparatus What happens to lysosomal enzymes in I-cell disease? a) They are overproduced in the cell b) They are not properly phosphorylated c) They are degraded prematurely d) They are secreted in excess Correct answer: They are not properly phosphorylated Where are unphosphorylated lysosomal enzymes directed? a) Transported to the lysosomes b) Stored in the endoplasmic reticulum c) Released into the bloodstream d) Excreted through urine Correct answer: Released into the bloodstream What consequence does enzyme deficiency have on lysosomes? a) Enhanced enzyme activity b) Decreased cell division c) Accumulation of undegraded proteins d) Increase in cellular respiration Correct answer: Accumulation of undegraded proteins What can be detected in the blood of I-cell disease patients? a) Defective red blood cells b) Secreted lysosomal enzymes c) Excess glucose d) Low protein levels Correct answer: Secreted lysosomal enzymes What is the typical lifespan of children with I-cell disease? a) 5 to 7 years b) 15 to 20 years c) 1 to 2 years d) 10 to 12 years Correct answer: 5 to 7 years What are the main components of the plasma membrane? a) Nucleic acid and protein components b) Lipid and carbohydrate only c) Lipid, protein, and carbohydrate components d) Cell wall and flagellum components Correct answer: Lipid, protein, and carbohydrate components Which function describes selective permeability in the plasma membrane? a) Blocks all substances from entering b) Allows specific substances to pass through c) Allows all substances to freely pass d) Facilitates cellular communication only Correct answer: Allows specific substances to pass through What is one of the major ions found inside the cell? a) Potassium ion b) Glucose ion c) Chlorine ion d) Sulfur ion Correct answer: Potassium ion Which of the following is a membrane-bound organelle? a) Ribosome b) Cytoplasm c) Cell wall d) Mitochondria Correct answer: Mitochondria What is a function of the Golgi apparatus? a) Energy production b) DNA replication c) Photosynthesis d) Modification and packaging of proteins Correct answer: Modification and packaging of proteins Which genetic disease is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction? a) Cystic fibrosis b) Huntington's disease c) Leigh syndrome d) Sickle cell anemia Correct answer: Leigh syndrome What is the primary structure found in prokaryotic cells? a) Mitochondria b) Nucleus c) DNA in the cytoplasm d) Endoplasmic reticulum Correct answer: DNA in the cytoplasm What type of organisms are devoid of membrane-bound organelles? a) Plants b) Prokaryotes c) Animals d) Fungi Correct answer: Prokaryotes What function does the cell membrane serve regarding physical barriers? a) Facilitates energy production b) Stores genetic material c) Protects contents from the external environment d) Synthesizes proteins Correct answer: Protects contents from the external environment The region where DNA is located in prokaryotic cells is called? a) Nucleus b) Nucleolus c) Cytoplasm d) Nucleoid Correct answer: Nucleoid What characterizes the plasma membrane structure? a) It is rigid and prevents protein movement. b) It is impermeable to all substances. c) It contains no embedded proteins. d) It is a fluid structure that allows protein movement. Correct answer: It is a fluid structure that allows protein movement. How do proteins move within the plasma membrane? a) They move laterally through diffusion. b) They move vertically through osmosis. c) They remain stationary at all times. d) They group together permanently. Correct answer: They move laterally through diffusion. What does the experiment with fluorescently labeled proteins demonstrate? a) Proteins remain isolated within the membrane. b) Proteins distribute evenly in the membrane. c) Proteins do not interact with each other. d) Proteins are destructively altered in the process. Correct answer: Proteins distribute evenly in the membrane. What are lipid bilayers generally considered to be? a) Completely permeable to all substances. b) Only permeable to small ions. c) Impenetrable to solutes and ions. d) Absorbent to large membrane proteins. Correct answer: Impenetrable to solutes and ions. Which molecules can easily diffuse through lipid bilayers? a) Small nonpolar molecules like oxygen. b) Large uncharged polar molecules. c) Charged ions like sodium. d) Proteins and nucleic acids. Correct answer: Small nonpolar molecules like oxygen. Which type of molecules can cross lipid bilayers as well? a) Large charged molecules. b) Small uncharged polar molecules like water. c) Large uncharged polar molecules. d) Nonpolar gases only. Correct answer: Small uncharged polar molecules like water. What type of substances cannot pass through lipid bilayers unaided? a) Small nonpolar molecules. b) Large uncharged polar molecules and ions. c) Small uncharged polar molecules. d) Nutrients like vitamins. Correct answer: Large uncharged polar molecules and ions. What establishes the electrochemical gradient in a cell? a) A difference in ion concentrations inside and outside the cell. b) The balance of all ions in the extracellular fluid. c) Uniform ion distributions across the membrane. d) The absence of any ion exchange. Correct answer: A difference in ion concentrations inside and outside the cell. Why is the electrochemical gradient important? a) It prevents cellular communication. b) It slows down cellular metabolism. c) It makes the membrane impermeable. d) It is vital for nutrient uptake and signal transduction. Correct answer: It is vital for nutrient uptake and signal transduction. What are peroxisomes fundamentally characterized as? a) Small, membrane-bound vesicles similar to lysosomes. b) Large, solid structures found in the nucleus. c) Fluid-filled sacs primarily involved in digestion. d) Ribosome-like particles dedicated to energy production. Correct answer: Small, membrane-bound vesicles similar to lysosomes. What type of reactions do peroxisomes provide a contained environment for? a) Oxidative reactions within the cell. b) Photosynthetic reactions in plant cells. c) Protein synthesis and packaging. d) Cellular respiration in the mitochondria. Correct answer: Oxidative reactions within the cell. What toxic substance can be produced by the oxidative reactions in peroxisomes? a) Hydrogen peroxide (H ‚O ‚). b) Carbon dioxide (CO ‚). c) Methanol (CH ƒOH). d) Sulfur dioxide (SO ‚). Correct answer: Hydrogen peroxide (H ‚O ‚). What is the primary function of peroxisomal catalase? a) Facilitate the synthesis of fatty acids. b) Build proteins from amino acids. c) Degrade carbohydrates into glucose. d) Convert hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. Correct answer: Convert hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. What important role do peroxisomes play in myelin formation? a) Catalyze the initial reactions in plasmalogen formation. b) Store myelin to maintain cell membrane integrity. c) Degrade myelin to recycle its components. d) Supply energy for myelin sheath synthesis. Correct answer: Catalyze the initial reactions in plasmalogen formation. Where are peroxisomes particularly abundant in the body? a) Brain and heart tissues. b) Liver and kidney cells. c) Skin and muscle cells. d) Intestinal and lung cells. Correct answer: Liver and kidney cells. What is a consequence of peroxisomal dysfunction? a) Decreased protein synthesis. b) Rapid breakdown of glucose. c) Accumulation of very long chain fatty acids. d) Increased production of ATP. Correct answer: Accumulation of very long chain fatty acids. Which disorder is specifically associated with peroxisomal dysfunction? a) Sickle cell anemia. b) Cystic fibrosis. c) Huntington's disease. d) Zellweger syndrome. Correct answer: Zellweger syndrome. What is a characteristic feature of Zellweger syndrome? a) Impaired brain development and lesions in organs. b) Excessive hair growth and muscle weakness. c) Severe respiratory issues and heart defects. d) Increased appetite and weight gain. Correct answer: Impaired brain development and lesions in organs. How can Zellweger syndrome be diagnosed? a) Checking for low hemoglobin levels. b) Measuring electrolyte imbalances in urine. c) Identifying abnormal blood glucose levels. d) Detection of elevated very long chain fatty acids in blood. Correct answer: Detection of elevated very long chain fatty acids in blood. What is the typical outcome of Zellweger syndrome within the first year of life? a) Usually fatal within the first year. b) Survival with chronic health issues. c) Complete recovery with treatment. d) Development of normal intelligence. Correct answer: Usually fatal within the first year. What is the primary role of the nucleus in a cell? a) Information storage encoded by DNA b) Protein synthesis through ribosomal RNA c) Regulating cell division and apoptosis d) Energy production via ATP synthesis Correct answer: Information storage encoded by DNA What are the components of the nuclear envelope? a) Cytoplasmic membrane and nuclear matrix b) Mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum c) Inner and outer nuclear membranes d) Nuclear pores and ribosomal complexes Correct answer: Inner and outer nuclear membranes How does the outer nuclear membrane connect to the cell's structure? a) It connects to the Golgi apparatus b) It forms barriers with the cytoplasm c) It interacts with lysosomal membranes d) It is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum Correct answer: It is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum What is the function of the nuclear lamina? a) Facilitates ribosome production b) Maintains shape and rigidity of the nucleus c) Helps in DNA replication processes d) Processes RNA for protein synthesis Correct answer: Maintains shape and rigidity of the nucleus Where is ribosomal RNA produced within the nucleus? a) In the nuclear lamina b) In the outer nuclear membrane c) In the nucleolus d) In the endoplasmic reticulum Correct answer: In the nucleolus What condition is associated with nuclear envelope dysfunction? a) Cystic fibrosis b) Sickle cell disease c) Muscular dystrophy d) Progeria Correct answer: Progeria What is a characteristic symptom of Progeria? a) Rapid cellular division b) Premature aging of the musculoskeletal system c) Severe constant fatigue d) Delayed physical development Correct answer: Premature aging of the musculoskeletal system Which gene mutation is linked to Progeria? a) Mitochondrial DNA mutations b) p53 tumor suppressor gene mutations c) Nuclear lamina gene, specifically lamin A d) BRCA1 gene mutations Correct answer: Nuclear lamina gene, specifically lamin A What is a result of the lamin A mutation in Progeria? a) Loss of chromosome stability b) Overproduction of ribosomal proteins c) Production of the truncated protein progerin d) Enhanced nuclear RNA synthesis Correct answer: Production of the truncated protein progerin How does progerin affect the nucleus? a) It enhances nuclear productivity b) It strengthens DNA repair mechanisms c) It leads to a disfigured nucleus d) It promotes normal ribosome assembly Correct answer: It leads to a disfigured nucleus What are mitochondrial diseases primarily classified as? a) Nuclear diseases affecting only skeletal muscle. b) Diseases related to lysosomal function. c) Mitochondrial myopathies, a subset of neuromuscular diseases. d) Primarily affecting the digestive system. Correct answer: Mitochondrial myopathies, a subset of neuromuscular diseases. Why are skeletal muscle fibers vulnerable to mitochondrial defects? a) Due to their high-energy metabolism. b) They are resistant to mitochondrial changes. c) They require minimal energy for function. d) Their structure prevents mitochondrial defects. Correct answer: Due to their high-energy metabolism. What causes mitochondrial dysfunction? a) Infection by bacterial pathogens. b) Mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) or nuclear DNA. c) High levels of physical activity. d) Excessive exposure to light. Correct answer: Mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) or nuclear DNA. What is a notable characteristic of mtDNA compared to nuclear DNA? a) It is more stable and resistant to change. b) It has a lower replication speed. c) It has a higher mutation rate. d) It is found in the nucleus of the cell. Correct answer: It has a higher mutation rate. Which symptom often occurs first in mitochondrial diseases? a) Drooping of the upper eyelid. b) Loss of appetite. c) Joint pain and stiffness. d) Increased energy levels. Correct answer: Drooping of the upper eyelid. How does organ involvement affect mitochondrial disease? a) It has no effect on disease severity. b) It always leads to muscle wasting. c) It only affects cognitive functions. d) It influences the severity of the disease. Correct answer: It influences the severity of the disease. When does mitochondrial disease typically manifest? a) At birth with immediate symptoms. b) After exertion and physical stress. c) Once all mitochondria are damaged. d) When mutant mtDNA reaches a specific ratio to normal mtDNA. Correct answer: When mutant mtDNA reaches a specific ratio to normal mtDNA. What makes diagnosing mitochondrial dysfunction challenging? a) The variability in symptoms among individuals. b) They are easy to diagnose. c) Symptoms are always the same. d) Only genetic testing is needed. Correct answer: The variability in symptoms among individuals. What are lysosomes filled with? a) Digestive enzymes known as hydrolases. b) Structural proteins and ribosomes. c) Lipids and carbohydrates. d) Oxygen and carbon dioxide. Correct answer: Digestive enzymes known as hydrolases. What is the role of lysosomes in the cell? a) Producing energy through respiration. b) Breaking down macromolecules and worn-out organelles. c) Synthesis of proteins and RNA. d) Regulating genetic expression. Correct answer: Breaking down macromolecules and worn-out organelles. What environment do lysosomes provide for their functions? a) An alkaline environment at pH 10. b) An acidic environment at approximately pH 5. c) A neutral environment at pH 7. d) A basic environment to support proteins. Correct answer: An acidic environment at approximately pH 5. How do lysosomes contribute to immunity? a) They produce antibodies against pathogens. b) They neutralize toxins in the blood. c) They filter blood for harmful substances. d) They break down pathogens engulfed by phagocytic cells. Correct answer: They break down pathogens engulfed by phagocytic cells. What is the primary function of the bacterial cell wall? a) To aid in cell division. b) To store genetic material. c) To surround and protect the cell. d) To facilitate energy production. Correct answer: To surround and protect the cell. What molecule primarily composes the bacterial cell wall? a) Cellulose. b) Chitin. c) Phospholipid. d) Peptidoglycan. Correct answer: Peptidoglycan. What structure forms a mesh-like layer in the bacterial cell wall? a) Carbohydrate backbones cross-linked by peptide bridges. b) Lipid bilayer with protein channels. c) Nucleic acid strands intertwined. d) Fibrous proteins aligned parallel. Correct answer: Carbohydrate backbones cross-linked by peptide bridges. Which type of antibiotics specifically target the bacterial cell wall? a) Tetracyclines and Macrolides. b) ²-lactams and Glycopeptide antibiotics. c) Quinolones and Sulfonamides. d) Aminoglycosides and Lincosamides. Correct answer: ²-lactams and Glycopeptide antibiotics. What is the main mechanism through which certain antibiotics inhibit bacterial growth? a) Preventing peptidoglycan synthesis. b) Disrupting protein synthesis. c) Inhibiting DNA replication. d) Blocking RNA transcription. Correct answer: Preventing peptidoglycan synthesis. What are the two fundamental groups all living organisms can be classified into? a) Autotrophs and Heterotrophs. b) Multicellular and Unicellular. c) Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes. d) Herbivores and Carnivores. Correct answer: Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes. In multicellular organisms, what is composed of tissues? a) Cells. b) Molecules. c) Organelles. d) Organs. Correct answer: Organs. What do tissues in multicellular organisms consist of? a) Groups of highly specialized cells. b) Unicellular organisms. c) Similar molecules. d) Non-specialized fibers. Correct answer: Groups of highly specialized cells. Which of the following is NOT a component of animal eukaryotic cells? a) Cell wall. b) Plasma membrane. c) Mitochondria. d) Nucleus. Correct answer: Cell wall. Which organelle is primarily responsible for energy production in animal cells? a) Lysosomes. b) Golgi apparatus. c) Endoplasmic reticulum. d) Mitochondria. Correct answer: Mitochondria. What role does the cytoskeleton play in eukaryotic cells? a) Provides structural support and shape. b) Facilitates DNA replication. c) Stores nutrients within the cell. d) Regulates cell division. Correct answer: Provides structural support and shape. What causes Lysosomal Storage Diseases? a) A defect in a lysosomal enzyme. b) An excess of lysosomal enzymes. c) A viral infection in early childhood. d) Genetic mutations unrelated to enzymes. Correct answer: A defect in a lysosomal enzyme. What is a primary consequence of lysosomal dysfunction? a) Abnormal accumulation of substances within the cell. b) Reduction of cell mass. c) Decreased production of enzymes. d) Increased normal cell function. Correct answer: Abnormal accumulation of substances within the cell. Which age group is predominantly affected by lysosomal storage diseases? a) Young adults. b) Older adults. c) Children. d) Newborn infants only. Correct answer: Children. What is the typical lifespan of individuals with lysosomal storage diseases? a) Long lifespan, living into their 60s. b) Shortened lifespan, often dying in a few years. c) Average lifespan observed. d) They often live into adulthood. Correct answer: Shortened lifespan, often dying in a few years. How can lysosomal storage diseases be diagnosed? a) By imaging the affected organs. b) Using blood pressure measurements. c) Through physical examinations alone. d) Through enzymatic assays testing for enzyme levels. Correct answer: Through enzymatic assays testing for enzyme levels. What enzyme deficiency characterizes Tay-Sachs Disease? a) Hexosaminidase A (Hex A). b) ±-L-iduronidase. c) Lysosomal acid lipase. d) Galactocerebrosidase. Correct answer: Hexosaminidase A (Hex A). What is the consequence of Hex A deficiency in Tay-Sachs Disease? a) Increased lipid synthesis. b) Reduced neuronal connection strength. c) Accumulation of ganglioside in neurons. d) Enhanced enzyme activity in neurons. Correct answer: Accumulation of ganglioside in neurons. What age does neurological deterioration typically begin in infantile Tay-Sachs? a) Around 3-6 months of age. b) At the age of 1 year. c) At birth. d) After 12 months of age. Correct answer: Around 3-6 months of age. What notable clinical finding is associated with Tay-Sachs Disease? a) Swelling of the optic nerve. b) Blindness at birth. c) A cherry-red spot on the retina. d) Dilated pupils at birth. Correct answer: A cherry-red spot on the retina. What enzyme is deficient in Hurler Syndrome? a) ±-L-iduronidase. b) Hexosaminidase A. c) Galactocerebrosidase. d) Sphingomyelinase. Correct answer: ±-L-iduronidase. What substances accumulate in Hurler Syndrome due to enzyme deficiency? a) Fatty acids. b) Amino acids. c) Nucleotide bases. d) Undigested glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Correct answer: Undigested glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). What symptoms are commonly seen in individuals with Hurler Syndrome? a) Skeletal abnormalities and intellectual disabilities. b) Vision loss and hearing loss. c) Cardiac defects and skin lesions. d) Muscle weakness and respiratory issues. Correct answer: Skeletal abnormalities and intellectual disabilities. How can Hurler Syndrome be confirmed diagnostically? a) Through blood enzyme activity tests. b) Via brain imaging techniques. c) By detecting nondegraded GAGs in the urine. d) By physical assessment of symptoms. Correct answer: By detecting nondegraded GAGs in the urine. What are the three primary families of lipids in the plasma membrane? a) Triglycerides, waxes, and steroids b) Phospholipids, glycolipids, and cholesterol c) Phosphoproteins, sphingolipids, and waxes d) Fatty acids, nucleotides, and carbohydrates Correct answer: Phospholipids, glycolipids, and cholesterol What characteristic do phospholipids possess? a) They are amphipathic with hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions b) They are hydrophobic only c) They contain double bonds only d) They form a rigid structure in water Correct answer: They are amphipathic with hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions What components make up a phospholipid? a) A hydrophilic tail, sugar, phosphates, and three fatty acid tails b) Glycerol, protein, phosphate, and a sugar group c) A hydrophilic head, glycerol, phosphate, and two fatty acid tails d) Hydrophobic tail, two phosphate groups, and a sugar Correct answer: A hydrophilic head, glycerol, phosphate, and two fatty acid tails Which of the following is NOT a major type of phospholipid? a) Phosphatidylaspartate b) Phosphatidylethanolamine c) Phosphatidylcholine d) Sphingomyelin Correct answer: Phosphatidylaspartate What role do phosphoinositides play in the cell? a) They solely provide structural support b) They are involved in lipid digestion c) They are important for cell signaling and transporting vesicles d) They help create protein channels Correct answer: They are important for cell signaling and transporting vesicles In what arrangement do phospholipids form in an aqueous solution? a) They stack in a single layer b) They create a spherical vesicle c) They form a rigid crystalline array d) They form a bilayer spontaneously Correct answer: They form a bilayer spontaneously What is the outer leaflet of the phospholipid bilayer oriented towards? a) The extracellular environment b) The cytoplasm of the cell c) The nucleus of the cell d) The organelle membranes Correct answer: The extracellular environment What phenomenon describes the movement of phospholipids within the same layer? a) Lateral diffusion b) Flip-flopping c) Active transport d) Facilitated diffusion Correct answer: Lateral diffusion What mediates the rare flip-flopping of phospholipids between layers? a) Transport proteins b) Flippases c) Phosphatases d) Lipid kinases Correct answer: Flippases What is the typical size of mitochondria? a) Less than 1 micrometer b) More than 1 micrometer c) Greater than 5 micrometers d) Equal to 0.5 micrometers Correct answer: Less than 1 micrometer What characterizes the outer membrane of mitochondria? a) Highly folded with cristae b) Rough and porous c) Made primarily of nucleic acids d) Smooth and serves as a barrier Correct answer: Smooth and serves as a barrier What forms the inner membrane's large surface area? a) In-foldings known as cristae b) Smooth surface texture c) Enzyme clusters d) Fluid-filled sacs Correct answer: In-foldings known as cristae Where does the TCA cycle occur in mitochondria? a) Matrix of the mitochondria b) Outer membrane c) Cristae structures d) Cytoplasm of the cell Correct answer: Matrix of the mitochondria What is the primary function of mitochondria? a) Store genetic material b) Synthesize carbohydrates c) Degrade waste materials d) Produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Correct answer: Produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Which metabolic pathway occurs in the inner membrane of mitochondria? a) Glycolysis b) Oxidative phosphorylation c) Beta oxidation d) Lipid synthesis Correct answer: Oxidative phosphorylation What initiates programmed cell death in mitochondria? a) Excess ATP production b) Defective beta oxidation c) Increased nuclear DNA d) Molecules that trigger apoptosis Correct answer: Molecules that trigger apoptosis What unique replication ability do mitochondria possess? a) Self-replicate through fission b) Duplicate via binary fusion c) Replicate through mitosis d) Undergo meiosis Correct answer: Self-replicate through fission Mitochondria are inherited from which parent? a) Father only b) Mother only c) Both parents equally d) Randomly from any parent Correct answer: Mother only What type of DNA do mitochondria contain? a) Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) b) Nuclear DNA only c) Plasmid-like RNA d) Chromosomal DNA Correct answer: Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) Why is there no genetic diversity from mitochondrial DNA? a) Only one form of mtDNA exists b) Mitochondria replicate only in fission c) No homologous recombination occurs d) Mitochondrial DNA is extremely stable Correct answer: No homologous recombination occurs What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum? a) A type of protein found in ribosomes. b) An organelle responsible for ATP production. c) A membrane-bound system of interconnected sacs and tubes. d) A cellular structure solely involved in digestion. Correct answer: A membrane-bound system of interconnected sacs and tubes. What characterizes Rough ER? a) It is involved in lipid synthesis. b) Large areas associated with ribosomes. c) It is continuous with the plasma membrane. d) It synthesizes ATP for cellular energy. Correct answer: Large areas associated with ribosomes. What is the primary role of Smooth ER? a) Production of secretory proteins. b) Storage of genetic material. c) Detoxification of harmful substances. d) Synthesis of new membranes within the cell. Correct answer: Synthesis of new membranes within the cell. Why is the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum important? a) It stores calcium for muscle contractions. b) It synthesizes RNA for protein translation. c) It produces energy in the form of ATP. d) It releases hormones into the bloodstream. Correct answer: It stores calcium for muscle contractions. What does the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) do? a) Enhances protein synthesis rates in all organisms. b) Serves as a quality control for secretory proteins. c) Directly causes cellular apoptosis. d) Replicates genetic material in the ER. Correct answer: Serves as a quality control for secretory proteins. How are proteins transferred to the plasma membrane? a) They are created in the Golgi apparatus directly. b) They are synthesized in the cytoplasm freely. c) They are stored in lysosomes before release. d) They are synthesized in the ER with a signal sequence. Correct answer: They are synthesized in the ER with a signal sequence. What happens to the signal sequence during protein synthesis? a) It remains attached for the entire protein life. b) It is recycled for future protein synthesis. c) It is cleaved off after the protein is synthesized. d) It is modified by the Golgi apparatus. Correct answer: It is cleaved off after the protein is synthesized. Where is the Golgi Apparatus located? a) In the center of the mitochondria. b) Scattered throughout the cytoplasm. c) Adjacent to the cell membrane solely. d) Near the nucleus and the ER. Correct answer: Near the nucleus and the ER. What is the role of the Cis Face of the Golgi Apparatus? a) Packages vesicles for export. b) Receives transport vesicles from the ER. c) Synthesizes new lipids and proteins. d) Releases waste products from the cell. Correct answer: Receives transport vesicles from the ER. How does the Golgi Apparatus modify proteins? a) By breaking them down into amino acids. b) By altering them for specific cell destinations. c) Through direct protein synthesis. d) By folding them into secondary structures. Correct answer: By altering them for specific cell destinations. What is one of the main functions of the Golgi Apparatus? a) Packaging proteins for secretion. b) Producing ATP for cellular energy. c) Synthesis of ribosomal RNA. d) Detoxifying harmful substances. Correct answer: Packaging proteins for secretion. What are glycolipids primarily known for? a) Energy storage b) Cell division c) Protein synthesis d) Cell recognition Correct answer: Cell recognition Where are glycolipids predominantly found? a) Inner leaflet of the plasma membrane b) Cytoplasm c) Outer leaflet of the plasma membrane d) Nucleus Correct answer: Outer leaflet of the plasma membrane What is a characteristic structure of glycolipids? a) Cholesterol base b) Triglyceride tail c) Sphingosine backbone d) Amino acid chain Correct answer: Sphingosine backbone Which of the following is a notable example of a glycolipid? a) Cerebrosides b) Phosphatidylcholine c) Cholesterol d) Glycoprotein Correct answer: Cerebrosides Gangliosides serve as antigenic determinants for which blood groups? a) Rh factor b) ABO blood groups c) MN blood group d) O blood group only Correct answer: ABO blood groups What percentage of the plasma membrane is made up of cholesterol? a) Approximately 20% b) About 5% c) Around 50% d) Close to 40% Correct answer: Approximately 20% How do lipids function in the plasma membrane? a) Storing genetic information b) Performing enzymatic reactions c) Synthesizing proteins d) Facilitating cellular signaling pathways Correct answer: Facilitating cellular signaling pathways What are the main lipids making up the plasma membrane? a) Triglycerides, waxes, hormones b) Proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates c) Phospholipids, cholesterol, glycolipids d) Steroids, polysaccharides, amino acids Correct answer: Phospholipids, cholesterol, glycolipids What constitutes about 50% of the plasma membrane's volume? a) Lipids b) Proteins c) Carbohydrates d) Nucleic acids Correct answer: Proteins What type of proteins span both layers of the plasma membrane? a) Transmembrane proteins b) Lipid-anchored proteins c) Monolayer associated proteins d) Peripheral proteins Correct answer: Transmembrane proteins Which functional class of transmembrane proteins facilitates substance movement across membranes? a) Receptors b) Transporters c) Anchors d) Enzymes Correct answer: Transporters What role do receptors in transmembrane proteins serve? a) Facilitate lipid synthesis b) Store energy c) Construct cellular walls d) They play a role in signal transduction Correct answer: They play a role in signal transduction Which proteins are associated with the membrane via integral proteins? a) Peripheral proteins b) Transmembrane proteins c) Monolayer associated proteins d) Lipid-anchored proteins Correct answer: Peripheral proteins What role do cholesterol molecules play in the plasma membrane? a) Enhance fluidity and permeability b) Store genetic information c) Increase rigidity and decrease permeability d) Assist with protein synthesis Correct answer: Increase rigidity and decrease permeability What percentage of lipids in the plasma membrane are phospholipids? a) Approximately 10% b) Roughly 40% c) About 75% d) Around 60% Correct answer: About 75% What type of organisms are prokaryotic cells? a) Unicellular organisms b) Multicellular organisms c) Single-celled parasites d) Complex eukaryotes Correct answer: Unicellular organisms What protects the cell membrane in prokaryotic cells? a) Cell membrane b) Nucleus c) Cell wall d) Cytoplasm Correct answer: Cell wall Which structure do prokaryotic cells lack? a) Cell membrane b) Nucleus c) Cell wall d) Plasma Correct answer: Nucleus How is the DNA organized in prokaryotic cells? a) Multiple linear chromosomes b) Nucleus-bound DNA c) Single, circular chromosome d) Unorganized DNA strands Correct answer: Single, circular chromosome What is the average size of most prokaryotic cells? a) 2-3 micrometers b) 10 micrometers c) 5-6 micrometers d) 1 micrometer Correct answer: 2-3 micrometers What defines a eukaryotic cell? a) Always unicellular b) No organelles c) Lacks a nucleus d) Typically part of a multicellular organism Correct answer: Typically part of a multicellular organism How is the DNA organized in eukaryotic cells? a) Single, circular chromosome b) Randomly scattered c) Nucleus-free DNA d) Many linear chromosomes Correct answer: Many linear chromosomes What major component is involved in energy production in eukaryotic cells? a) Nucleus b) Lysosomes c) Golgi Apparatus d) Mitochondria Correct answer: Mitochondria How does the plasma membrane primarily separate the cell from its environment? a) Protein layer b) Carbohydrate layer c) Nucleus barrier d) Phospholipid bilayer Correct answer: Phospholipid bilayer What structural feature allows the plasma membrane to be selectively permeable? a) Cholesterol distribution b) Phospholipid structure c) Glycolipid presence d) Protein concentration Correct answer: Phospholipid structure Which organelle is responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins? a) Endoplasmic Reticulum b) Golgi Apparatus c) Nucleus d) Mitochondria Correct answer: Golgi Apparatus What percentage of the plasma membrane is composed of phospholipids? a) 50% b) 20% c) 95% d) Approximately 75% Correct answer: Approximately 75% Which type of membrane proteins are permanently associated with the membrane? a) Peripheral Membrane Proteins b) Transitory Proteins c) Active Transport Proteins d) Integral Membrane Proteins Correct answer: Integral Membrane Proteins