Cell Science Exam Malin PDF

 LANGSVARS OPPGAVER 7 IS THIS STATEMENT CORRECT : v DEVELOPING NEURONS COMPETE FOR LIMITED AMOUNT...

 LANGSVARS OPPGAVER 7 IS THIS STATEMENT CORRECT : v DEVELOPING NEURONS COMPETE FOR LIMITED AMOUNT OF SURVIVAL FACTORS , OTHERWISE THEY ARE ELIMINATED BY NECROPTOSIS + Accurate : during development of neurons (neurotrophic competition) , nurons receiving sufficient neurotrophic factors are more likely to survive. Inaccurate : necroptosis is a form of programmed on death that involves a series of molecular events leading to all rupture. Apoptosis is more commonly associated with eliminating excess/non-functional nurons during development & IS THIS STATEMENT CORRECT : V CALMODULIN REGULATES THE INTRACELLULAR CAT CONCENTRATION + yes , because it is a crucial calcium-bonding protein + calmodulin acts as a calcium sensor and modulator binding calcium cons when concentration increases. C CHEMOTAXIS : this vectorial locomotion is directed by a concentration gradient of a molecule in the fluid phase NECROTAXIS : this is a vectorial cellular movement induced by the injured alls releasing necrotic factors. CHEMOKINESIS : the randome movement pattern of a cell is changed by the concentration gradient of a molecule in the flui. phase HAPTOTAXIS : the amobeoid the migration when the cell release protolytic enzymes to cleave the ECM components MESENCHYMAL MIGRATION : the vectorial movement of a cell is induced by the concentration gradient of a surface bound molecule (4 IS THIS STATEMENT CORRECT : ~ A SYMPORT WOULD FUNCTION AS AN ANTIPORT IF ITS ORIENTAT IN THE MEMBRANE WERE RESERVED Not correct + A symporter could not function asan antiporter , the orientation and arrangment of the transport domains would need to be altered to actively transport substances in opposite directions. ⑤ IS THIS STATEMENT CORRECT V OKAZAKI FRAGMENTS ARE REMOVED BY A NUCLEASE THAT DEGRADES DNA ? No , the final step of fragment joining is done by DNA ligase , not a nuclease. & KINASES ① Phosphorylates aminoacids ② They are enzymes that can result in conformational change in target proteins that alter activity , localization & interactions with other molecules ③ CAMP cat DAG, , ⑪ celular processes : au cycle regulation + signal transduction A IS THIS STATEMENT CORRECT GTP IS HYDROLYZED BY TUBULIN TO CAUSE BENDING OF THE FLAGELLA No , the of flagella & bending Cilia are driven by ATP-dependent sliding movement of microtubuli doublets , faciliated by dynein motor proteins. & IS THIS Statement Correct : v THE DRUG TAXOL , EXTRACTED FROM THE BARK OF YEW TREES , HAS THE OPPOSITE EFFECT ON THE DRUG COLHICIN , AN ALKALOID FORM OF AUTUMN CROCUS correct , + colchicine : inhibits microtubule assembly + taxol : promotes and stabilizes microtubuli assembly & IS THIS STATEMENT CORRECT V DOES GTP HYDROLIZATION CAUSE DE-POLYMERIZATION OF TUBULIN ? correct , It is a hey factor in regulation of microtubule dynamics and is associated with depolymerization of tubulin. D IS THIS STATEMENT CORRECT V MICROTUBULE POLYMERIZATION , DEPOLYMERRATION E MOTOR PROTEINS ARE REQUIRED FOR DNA REPLICATION Partially correct , they are more related to cell division and not required for DNA-replication itself as that involves specific enzymes. D IS THIS STATEMENT CORRECT V OKAZAKI FRAGMENTS ARE REMOVED BY NUCLEASES THAT DEGRADES RNA ? Not correct , Okazaki fragments are not removed but synthesized completely from a lagging strand to a fully functionally complementary strand D IS THIS STATEMENT TRUE : B v BOTH THE GTP BOUND ON A SUBUNIT AND NUCLEOTIDE-FREE Alpha COMPLEX BUT NOT GDP BOUND FULLY ASSEMBLED G-PROTEIN CAN ACTIVATE OTHER MOLECULES DOWNSTREAM OF CPRS. correct , beta-gamma submits can initiate intracellular signaling ⑬ LIST 5 RELEVANT FUNCTIONS OF THE PEROXISOME V ① Fatty acid metabolism ② H202 detoxification ③ synthesis of bile acids ④ Detoxification of glyoxylate ⑤ Plasmalogen Synthesis ↓ EVOLUTION Of PEROXISOMES Evolved through endosymbiosis between early eukaryotes & free living bacteria. Engulment of proteobacterial ancestor - D establishment of mutualistic association Host cell retained engulfed bacteria which evolved to peroxisomes. D CHARACTERISTICS OF MITHOCHONDRIA V Inner membrane that folds , larger surface area Own DNA ATP is synthesized by them Has their own ribosomes Prokaryotic origin T WHAT HAPPENS IN HER? V protein glycolisation synthesis of secreted proteins protein Quality controll protein folding ⑯ CRITERRIA FOR TERRESTRIAL LIFE ~ Stable internal environment Organised structure Metabolism Growth/development Ability to reproduce Responsiveness to environmental stimuli ⑰ WHAT IS GOOD ABOUT USING STEM CELLS v Onlyeu type that make different le types Cimpotent , shiripotent , multipotent Repair damaged tissue Essential in treatment for blood concer treatments ↑ j Myosin motor proteins transportvesides along activ filaments & provides intracellar transport &org. B-cll-lymphoma-2 is an anti-apoptotic protein that plays a hey role in regulating intrinsic mithochondrial apoptotic pathways. shazali fragments are removed by ligases which join DNA fragments together , whereas nucleases are responsible of degradation of RNA) DNA. Microtubule polymerization depolymerization , and motor proteins are involved in cl division other all processes , not the DNA replication directly. Partially correct , developing neurons will compete for limited resources during development. However , those who fail to do so will undergo programmed all death-apoptosis - NOT necroptosis. calmodulin cat concentrations it cat banding regulates as is a protein Nucleosome core particles will not form 30mm filaments as they filaments will wrap around the DNA molecules and thefore should be large. The Wrapping concases the DNA the beads itself add together to form the filament. Glycolipids do not remain restricted to one side of the lipid bilayer due to flippase floppase activity change glycoprotions from haftet one to another. 5 functions of peroxisome Dcatalase detoxifies H202 -catabolise long chains of fatty acids & catabolises amiro acids ) catabolises & branched fathy acis -Reduces other reactive oxygen species. Evolution of Peroxisome : Endosymbiotic theory Devolved engulfmnt of dee living bactria by host · through car - Oxidative reactions · An enhayotic an engulted a bactrium capable of performing · Ended with symbiotic relationship where bacter has evolved into an specialized organe GTP bond alsha mits-pacts directly on other molecules ex. adaly) cyclate Nucleotide free beta gamma complex - A does not act on other molecules GDP boundG proteins are in its inactive form $ can therefore not activate other molecules downstream of GPCR. chanels work faster than transporters because transports get saturated wheres ion chanchs do not A sumport would not function as o n antipart as they are both a distinct type of membrane transport protein. Symporters transp. two subst. in same direction. Antiport subst.. Opposite directions. Reversing them would probably dismant the normal transport frote rER transport of being · proteins synthesized on memb attached ribosomes · cleavage of signal peptide · Orientation of transmembrane protein. · N-glycolysation + modification of oligosaccharide chain · chaprons fold proteins · transport Failed" proteins to profesore for degradation retaining of own proteins · transport finished proteins to golgi. SER · Synthesis of membrane lipids · glucose metabolism · stase of cast · Synthess of steroids · Detox in liver Criteria of terrestival life - Stable internal urivonnet - org. Structure - metabolism -growth/development - ability to reproduce - ability to adapt - responsive to environmental stimuli. RNA world theory -RNA is a substance of inheritance - catalyses its own R! simpler Synthesis the DNA -Short RNA molecules can be famed spontaneously LD replicated factor w less erors. bismutations can heal to suremelechs. Themucleer Lamina I s connected to the outer nuclear membrane as the nuclear evelop consists of inver $outh neulace. They are comed by NPC : nucleo put complexes thatmeplates exche of molecules be of reckers Cytophson stem Cell resurch · is important be. Regenerative medicile Star : aus have the moue ability to diffratiate into various are types. They can replace or repair damassed +issue & orpons · treating swered conten Disease modeling I drug development Induced pluripot : str cus (IPSC) con be reprogrammed to minic embryonic attected by disease. Researches can kreate them disease in lab providing incred on thedi-mechanis & duclament and perceive. They also seve as a plattm fer any bating without wine minch hum or best subjects Understands darlene and freel in home baly. Gi insid woud in development & molecular orgnishs that govern all fate decision ,  stem cells are indifferentiated als that have the unique ability to dif. into specialized onl type I Self-renew. They play a crucial role in development , tissue homestais & repor. · Embryonic Stir Cells : drived from embryo at blastocyst stage pluripotent have the , potential to become all types of als in body · Adult star caus : fund in various tissue can dif into limited range of an types ,. Within a specific tissue or organ. Tistle repair & regeneration they are significant interest in medied research and potantial therapeutic areplication including resuarative medicine The use of embryonic star als raises ethical consideration as drivation usulaly was in destruction of embryos - IPS is an actrnative to this. Essential e for cultring Physical Parameters : temperatul , 02/02 , humidity , osmolarity , of Aseptic conditions : all density , co-culture, feed on layer. chemical parameters defined medium , ser n (growth factors thomores calmodulin is a cat binding protein that modifies many target poteins based on cat concentration. 5 morphological changes induced by pro-apoptic factors Del Shrinkage & Nuclear Condusation & fragmentator 3 membrane blebbing A loss of membral interrets cular fragmentation into apontic bodies. KINASES Dphosphorylates amino acids Denzymes result in conformationd chuse in target proteine that alto activity , localization & intractions W other molecules. B CAMP , Cat , DAC regulations Signal transduction Ball cycle. The hydrolysis of ATP by dynein is a hey energy source for movement of microtubules & consequently being Husha of. colchicine inhibits microtubuli assembly taxol promotes & stabilizes microtuls assembly , correct hey facter in regulation of microtubula dynamics is associated with depolymization of tubulin characteristics of mitochortic folded a im membrac -- ↑ surface Own DNA own Ribosches ATp Synthezis Prokaryotic Origin CYTOSKELETON structure - Provides , dynamic - Aid in movement - Intracelular transport IMicrotubules ↳ organize position of organelles Locytoskeleton Iphelps with structure ↳ direct intracellular transport ↳ tubuline ( Bot them [Intermediate filaments ↳ rope-like fibers found face along the inver of nuclear envelope ↳) build cable the of exitheal sheets a network connecting celes ↳ provides mechanical strugth structural integrity , #Micro) Actin filaments ↳ consentrated breath Plasma membrane Iglobular ↳i controll outer share of cell ↳ help contraction of musch cells Actin Filament -D Microvili Cilium/Flagellum : 92 structure , dyneins  yes , activ filaments provide long tracks along which myosin motor proteins transport vesicles. Activ filaments provides intracellular transport & cellular organization true, Bell-Lymphoma-I is on anti-apoptic protein that plays a hey role in regulating the intrinsic mithoctondial pathway to apoptosis Incorrect , okazali fragments are short , lagging and newly synthesided DNA. The lashing strands a re joined together by ligase , nucleases however is responsible for degrading DNA &RNA. Microtubula polymeriz cion , depolymerization & motor proteins are not directly required for DNA replication but rather in cell division & other cellar processes. Partially. correct Neurons will during their developing stage through a period of competition for go limited resources. Those who fail to do so may undergo programmed a death-apoptosis NOT necroptosis. Calmodulin in a cat bonding protin that plays a crucial role in regulating intra cellular cat levels. The filaments of nucleosome is going to wrap around the DNA molecules & therefore should be larger. The wrapping concluses the beads itself add together ferm to the filaments. Glycolipids do not remain restricted to one side of the lipid bilage due to flippase floppose activity which let glycoproteins change from one heattet to another. Peroxisome Catalase detoxifies H2O2 · catabolises long chains of falty · acids · catabolises branched (unsaturated) facts acids · catabolises amino acids · Reduces other reactive oxygen species. Evolution of peroxisome · Endosymbiotic theory - Devolved throug egultments of free-living bactria by host are · An enkaryotic all engulfed a bacterium capable of performing oxidative reactions · Ended with a symbiotic relationship & the peroxisome evolved into a specialisedarganelle with various metabolic processes GTP-banda-submits acts directly on other molecules like adangle cyclase Nucleotida-free B-gamma complex does not act on other modules GDP bound G protins are not in its active furm $ therefore does not act on other molecules downsheam of GPCRS. Both transporters and chanchs facilitate transport of molecules through the membrane. Channels generally allow for factor transport due to their passive nature and directp assage of solutes throng a pac. ex. aquaporine. Transports often operates slaver as of those of active transport are in need of ATP. A symport transports two molecules in the same direction. Antiporters more substances in two different directions. Reversing it would not change its distinct type of transport and would thily disrupt its normal function. rER · Protein Synthesis on ribosomes · Polypeptida folding in rER lume · Glycolisation · Quality control · Glycoprotein production · transport of synthesized proteins SER lipid Synthesis · stroid synthesis · · storage of aut ins · detoxification · glucose metabolism. criteria of terrestrial life Stable internal · environment · organised Structure · Metabolism · Growth/Development · Reproduction · Ability to acapt · Responsiveness to environmental stimuli. RNA-world theory - RNA is substance of inheritance - catalyses its own treplication simpler then DNA -Synthesis is - Short RNA strands can be formed spontaneously ↳ dominat with less erors Inutations on result in successful molecules yes the nuclear lamma is connected to the outo nuclear membrace via NDC (nuclear por complexes that regulate exchange of molecules between nucleus and astoclaim. STEM CELL RESERCH Regenerative medicine : stem als have the unique ability to differentiate into various tissues and organs. Researches try to final methods for how these can exchange or repair damaged/diseased tissue & organs. This holds promises for treating various conditions Disease modelling dug development : Induced pluripotent stem cels can be reprogrammed to minia diffrent one types attected by disease. Researches s recreate diseases in lab and get insight into disease mechanism & progressive. It also provides a plattam org fo r testing & development without using humans or animal testing. Understanding development &) differentiation : contribute to our understanding of development and differentiation processe in normal If development the molecular mechanism behind. it  stem cens undifferentiated : cus that have the unique ability to differentiate into specialized ce- types & Self renal. They play crucial role in development , tissue homoestasis & repair. · Embryonic Stem cels : derived from embryos at blastocyst stage , pluripotent and have the ability to become any ce type in the body · Adult stem cells : multipotent , fund in various tissue can diferentiate into a limited range ce of typs within a specific tissue or orgn · Responsible for tissue repair and regeneration. They are of significant intrast in medical research , regenerative medicine The use of Embryonic stem cu s raise ethical issues as their derivation often leads to destruction of the embryo. iPSC is a good alternative. Essential for all culturing Physical Parameters : temperature , Oc/co2 humidity , , osmolarity , put Aseptic conditions : cen density, co-culture, feeder al layer comical parameters defined medium , serum (growth factors + hormons) calmudolin is a cat binding protein that modifies many target proteins based on cat concentration Morphological changes - > pro-apoptotic factors Deu Shrinkage & Nucleo condusation & fragmentation 3 Membrane blebbing Bloss of membrane integrity B cellular fragmentation into apoptic bodies. Kinases · Phosphorylates amino-acids · Enzymes result in conformational change in target proteins that alter ctivity , localization & intractions with other molecules Ex caPt DAG ·. CAMP, , · Important in aclar regulation + signal transduction The bending of the flagella is done by harolysis of ATP , not GTP , Where key movement of microtubules dynein is a energy sorce of consequently bending the Hasella. colchicine inhibits microtubula assembly while taxol promotes & stabilizes microtubule assembly. GTP hydrolisation does cause de-polymerization of tubuli it is hey a factor in regulation of microtubule dynamics. Mithochondria : -Inner membrane is folded - Increased Surface ~ Has its own DNA - Has its own Ribosomes - ATP is synthesized there - Prokaryotic origin CXTOSKELETON ProvidesStructure & dynamic - in - aids in movement & celular transport. #Microtubula ↳ 25nm diametr , made of tutulin Calpha El beta- dimers-D13 microtubule L helps with structure , organizez organelles Lidirect celular transport. INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS - Comm diameter , primary filament in cytoskeleton Rope Like fibres famal along the surface of nuclear - inner envelope - builds a cable netok connecting cus of epithel sheets -provides mechanical strength & structural integrety. Micro/Activ filaments -turn diametr , made of actin , long strands of globular proteins twisting the a double helix -concentrated breath plasma membrace controlls outer shape of - cele -helps contraction in muscle celes ,