Cell Organelles - Types, Structure and their Functions PDF

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Type your search Biology (/biology/) > Biology Article (/biology/articles/) > Cell Organelles (/biology/cell- organelles/) CBSE Sample Papers CBSE Sample Papers Class 8 Science (Https://Byjus.com/Cbse-Sample- Papers-For-Class-8-Science/) Cell Organelles CBSE Sample Papers Class 9 Science (Https://Byjus.com/Cbse-Sample- Papers-For-Class-9-Science/) More than 8.7 million species are living on the planet. Every single species is CBSE Sample Papers Class 10 Science composed of a cell and it includes both single-celled and multicellular organisms. (Https://Byjus.com/Cbse-Sample- Papers-For-Class-10-Science/) The cells provide shape, structure and carry out different types of functions to keep CBSE Sample Papers Class 11 Physics the entire system active. The cell contains different functional structures which are (Https://Byjus.com/Cbse-Sample- collectively called organelles, and they are involved in various cellular functions. Papers-For-Class-11-Physics/) CBSE Sample Papers Class 11 Also Read: Difference between organ and organelle Chemistry (Https://Byjus.com/Cbse- (https://byjus.com/biology/difference-between-organs-and-organelles/) Sample-Papers-For-Class-11- Chemistry/) Let us learn more in detail about the different types and functions of Cell CBSE Sample Papers Class 11 Biology Organelles. (Https://Byjus.com/Cbse-Sample- Papers-For-Class-11-Biology/) CBSE Sample Papers Class 12 Physics (Https://Byjus.com/Cbse-Class-12- Sample-Papers-For-Physics/) CBSE Sample Papers Class 12 (https://byjus.com/btc/byjus-hybrid-tuitions/? Chemistry (Https://Byjus.com/Cbse- utm_source=adtech&utm_medium=inlinebanners&utm_campaign=cell- Class-12-Sample-Papers-For- organelles) Chemistry/) Table of Contents CBSE Sample Papers Class 12 Biology (Https://Byjus.com/Cbse-Sample- What are Cell Organelles? Papers-For-Class-12-Biology/) List of Cell Organelles and their Functions Plasma Membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus Endoplasmic Reticulum CBSE Previous Year Question Papers Mitochondria CBSE Previous Year Question Papers Plastids Class 10 Science Ribosomes (Https://Byjus.com/Cbse-Study- Golgi Apparatus Material/Class-10-Science-Previous- Microbodies Year-Papers/) Cytoskeleton CBSE Previous Year Question Papers Cilia and Flagella Class 12 Physics (Https://Byjus.com/Cbse-Study- Centrosome and Centrioles Material/Previous-Year-Question- Vacuoles Paper-Physics-Class-12-Cbse/) A Brief Summary on Cell Organelles CBSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 12 Chemistry (Https://Byjus.com/Cbse-Study- Material/Cbse-Previous-Year- Question-Papers-Class-12- Chemistry-Solved-Pdf/) :  CBSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 12 Biology (Https://Byjus.com/Cbse-Study- Material/Last-5-Years-Question- Papers-Cbse-12th-Biology/) ICSE Sample Papers ICSE Sample Papers Class 8 Physics (Https://Byjus.com/Icse-Sample- Paper-For-Class-8-Physics/) A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of a living organism. According to ICSE Sample Papers Class 8 Chemistry (Https://Byjus.com/Icse- cell theory postulates, a cell is the basic building block of life, which makes anything Sample-Paper-For-Class-8- alive and is self-sufficient to carry out all the fundamental functions of an Chemistry/) organism. ICSE Sample Papers Class 8 Biology Explore more about Cells (https://byjus.com/biology/cells/). (Https://Byjus.com/Icse-Sample- Paper-For-Class-8-Biology/) What are Cell Organelles? ICSE Sample Papers Class 9 Physics (Https://Byjus.com/Icse-Sample- The cellular components are called cell organelles. These cell organelles include Paper-For-Class-9-Physics/) both membrane and non-membrane bound organelles, present within the cells ICSE Sample Papers Class 9 and are distinct in their structures and functions. They coordinate and function Chemistry (Https://Byjus.com/Icse- efficiently for the normal functioning of the cell. A few of them function by Class-9-Chemistry-Sample-Papers/) providing shape and support, whereas some are involved in the locomotion and ICSE Sample Papers Class 9 Biology reproduction of a cell. There are various organelles present within the cell and (Https://Byjus.com/Icse-Sample- are classified into three categories based on the presence or absence of Paper-For-Class-9-Biology/) membrane. ICSE Sample Papers Class 10 Physics (Https://Byjus.com/Icse-Sample- Organelles without membrane: The Cell wall, Ribosomes, and Cytoskeleton are Paper-For-Class-10-Physics/) non-membrane-bound cell organelles. They are present both in the prokaryotic ICSE Sample Papers Class 10 cell (https://byjus.com/biology/prokaryotic-cells/) and the eukaryotic cell. Chemistry (Https://Byjus.com/Icse- Class-10-Chemistry-Sample- Single membrane-bound organelles: Vacuole, Lysosome, Golgi Apparatus, Papers/) Endoplasmic Reticulum are single membrane-bound organelles present only in a ICSE Sample Papers Class 10 Biology eukaryotic cell. (Https://Byjus.com/Icse-Sample- Papers-For-Class-10-Biology/) Double membrane-bound organelles: Nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplast are ISC Sample Papers Class 11 Physics double membrane-bound organelles present only in a eukaryotic cell. (Https://Byjus.com/Isc-Sample- Papers-For-Class-11-Physics/) Let us learn more in detail about the different cell organelles in brief. ISC Sample Papers Class 11 Chemistry (Https://Byjus.com/Isc-Class-11- Chemistry-Sample-Papers/) ISC Sample Papers Class 11 Biology (Https://Byjus.com/Isc-Sample- Papers-For-Class-11-Biology/) ISC Sample Papers Class 12 Physics (Https://Byjus.com/Isc-Sample- Papers-For-Class-12-Physics/) ISC Sample Papers Class 12 Chemistry (Https://Byjus.com/Isc- Class-12-Chemistry-Sample- Papers/) ISC Sample Papers Class 12 Biology (Https://Byjus.com/Isc-Sample- Papers-For-Class-12-Biology/) :  ICSE Previous Year Question Papers ICSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 10 Physics (Https://Byjus.com/Icse-Class-10- Physics-Previous-Year-Question- Papers/) ICSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 10 Chemistry (Https://Byjus.com/Icse-Class-10- Chemistry-Previous-Year-Question- Papers/) ICSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 10 Maths (Https://Byjus.com/Icse-Class-10- Biology-Previous-Year-Question- Papers/) List of Cell Organelles and their Functions Plasma Membrane ISC Previous Year Question Papers class 12 The plasma membrane is also termed as a Cell Membrane or ISC Previous Year Question Papers Cytoplasmic Membrane. It is a selectively permeable membrane of the cells, which Class 12 Physics is composed of a lipid bilayer and proteins. (Https://Byjus.com/Isc-Class-12- Physics-Previous-Year-Question- The plasma membrane is present both in plant and animal cells. It functions as the Papers/) selectively permeable membrane, by permitting the entry of selective materials in ISC Previous Year Question Papers and out of the cell according to the requirement. In an animal cell, the cell Class 12 Chemistry membrane functions by providing shape and protects the inner contents of the cell. (Https://Byjus.com/Isc-Class-12- Based on the structure of the plasma membrane, it is regarded as the fluid mosaic Chemistry-Previous-Year-Question- model. According to the fluid mosaic model, the plasma membranes are Papers/) subcellular structures, made of a lipid bilayer in which the protein molecules are ISC Previous Year Question Papers embedded. Class 12 Biology (Https://Byjus.com/Isc-Class-12- Also refer to the Difference Between Cell Membrane and Plasma Membrane Biology-Previous-Year-Question- Papers/) Cytoplasm The cytoplasm is present both in plant and animal cells. They are jelly-like substances, found between the cell membrane and nucleus. They are mainly composed of water, organic and inorganic compounds. The cytoplasm is one of the essential components of the cell, where all the cell organelles are embedded. These cell organelles contain enzymes, mainly responsible for controlling all metabolic activity taking place within the cell and are the site for most of the chemical reactions within a cell. Nucleus :  The nucleus is a double-membraned organelle found in all eukaryotic cells. It is the largest organelle, which functions as the control centre of the cellular activities and is the storehouse of the cell’s DNA. By structure, the nucleus is dark, round, surrounded by a nuclear membrane. It is a porous membrane (like cell membrane) and forms a wall between cytoplasm and nucleus. Within the nucleus, there are tiny spherical bodies called nucleolus. It also carries an essential structure called chromosomes. Chromosomes are thin and thread-like structures which carry another important structure called a gene. Genes are a hereditary unit in organisms i.e., it helps in the inheritance of traits from one generation (parents) to another (offspring). Hence, the nucleus controls the characters and functions of cells in our body. The primary function of the nucleus is to monitor cellular activities including metabolism (https://byjus.com/biology/metabolism/) and growth by making use of DNA’s genetic information. Nucleoli in the nucleus are responsible for the synthesis of protein and RNA. Also read about the Nucleus (https://byjus.com/biology/the-nucleus/) Endoplasmic Reticulum The Endoplasmic Reticulum is a network of membranous canals filled with fluid. They are the transport system of the cell, involved in transporting materials throughout the cell. There are two different types of Endoplasmic Reticulum: 1. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum – They are composed of cisternae, tubules, and vesicles, which are found throughout the cell and are involved in protein manufacture. 2. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum – They are the storage organelle, associated with the production of lipids, steroids, and also responsible for detoxifying the cell. Also, read about Endoplasmic Reticulum (https://byjus.com/biology/endoplasmic- reticulum/) Mitochondria :  Mitochondria are called the powerhouses of the cell as they produce energy-rich molecules for the cell. The mitochondrial genome is inherited maternally in several organisms. It is a double membrane-bound, sausage-shaped organelle, found in almost all eukaryotic cells. The double membranes divide its lumen into two distinct aqueous compartments. The inner compartment is called a ‘matrix’ which is folded into cristae whereas the outer membrane forms a continuous boundary with the cytoplasm. They usually vary in their size and are found either round or oval in shape. Mitochondria are the sites of aerobic respiration (https://byjus.com/biology/aerobic-respiration/) in the cell, produces energy in the form of ATP and helps in the transformation of the molecules. For instance, glucose is converted into adenosine triphosphate – ATP. Mitochondria have their own circular DNA, RNA molecules, ribosomes (the 70s), and a few other molecules that help in protein synthesis. Also read about Mitochondria (https://byjus.com/biology/mitochondria/) Plastids Join BYJU'S Learning Program Plastids are large, membrane-bound organelles which contain pigments. Based on Name the type of pigments, plastids are of three types: Mobile Number Send OTP City Grade/Exam Email Address Submit Chloroplasts – Chloroplasts are double membrane-bound organelles, which usually vary in their shape – from a disc shape to spherical, discoid, oval and ribbon. They are present in mesophyll cells of leaves, which store chloroplasts and other carotenoid pigments. These pigments are responsible for trapping light energy for photosynthesis. The inner membrane encloses a space called the stroma. Flattened disc-like chlorophyll- :  containing structures known as thylakoids are arranged in a stacked manner like a pile of coins. Each pile is called a granum (plural: grana) and the thylakoids of different grana are connected by flat membranous tubules known as stromal lamella. Just like the mitochondrial matrix, the stroma of chloroplast also contains a double-stranded circular DNA, 70S ribosomes, and enzymes which are required for the synthesis of carbohydrates and proteins. Chromoplasts – The chromoplasts include fat-soluble, carotenoid pigments like xanthophylls, carotene, etc. which provide the plants with their characteristic color – yellow, orange, red, etc. Leucoplasts – Leucoplasts are colorless plastids which store nutrients. Amyloplasts store carbohydrates (like starch in potatoes), aleuroplasts store proteins, and elaioplasts store oils and fats. Also read about Plastids (https://byjus.com/biology/plastids/) Ribosomes Ribosomes are non membrane-bound and important cytoplasmic organelles found in close association with the endoplasmic reticulum. Ribosomes are found in the form of tiny particles in a large number of cells and are mainly composed of 2/3rd of RNA and 1/3rd of protein. They are named as the 70s (found in prokaryotes) or 80s (found in eukaryotes) The letter S refers to the density and the size, known as Svedberg’s Unit. Both 70S and 80S ribosomes are composed of two subunits. Ribosomes are either encompassed within the endoplasmic reticulum or are freely traced in the cell’s cytoplasm. Ribosomal RNA and Ribosomal proteins are the two components that together constitute ribosomes. The primary function of the ribosomes includes protein synthesis in all living cells that ensure the survival of the cell. Also read about Ribosomes (https://byjus.com/biology/ribosomes/) Golgi Apparatus Golgi Apparatus is also termed as Golgi Complex. It is a membrane-bound organelle, which is mainly composed of a series of flattened, stacked pouches called cisternae. This cell organelle is primarily responsible for transporting, modifying, and packaging proteins and lipids to targeted destinations. Golgi Apparatus is found within the cytoplasm of a cell and is present in both plant and animal cells. :  Also read about the Golgi Apparatus (https://byjus.com/biology/golgi-apparatus/) Microbodies Microbodies are membrane-bound, minute, vesicular organelles, found in both plant and animal cells (https://byjus.com/biology/animal-cell/). They contain various enzymes and proteins and can be visualized only under the electron microscope. Also read about Microbodies (https://byjus.com/biology/microbodies/) Cytoskeleton It is a continuous network of filamentous proteinaceous structures that run throughout the cytoplasm, from the nucleus to the plasma membrane. It is found in all living cells, notably in the eukaryotes. The cytoskeleton matrix is composed of different types of proteins that can divide rapidly or disassemble depending on the requirement of the cells. The primary functions include providing the shape and mechanical resistance to the cell against deformation, the contractile nature of the filaments helps in motility during cytokinesis. Also read about Cytoskeleton (https://byjus.com/biology/cytoskeleton/) Cilia and Flagella :  Cilia are hair-like projections, small structures, present outside the cell wall and work like oars to either move the cell or the extracellular fluid. Flagella are slightly bigger and are responsible for the cell movements. The eukaryotic flagellum structurally differs from its prokaryotic counterpart. The core of the cilium and flagellum is called an axoneme, which contains nine pairs of gradually arranged peripheral microtubules (https://byjus.com/biology/microtubules/) and a set of central microtubules running parallel to the axis. The central tubules are interconnected by a bridge and are embedded by a central sheath. One of the peripheral microtubular pairs is also interconnected to the central sheath by a radial spoke. Hence there are a total of 9 radial spokes. The cilia and flagella emerge from centriole-like structures called basal bodies. Also read about the Difference Between Cilia And Flagella (https://byjus.com/biology/difference-between-cilia-and-flagella/) Centrosome and Centrioles The centrosome organelle is made up of two mutually perpendicular structures known as centrioles. Each centriole is composed of 9 equally spaced peripheral fibrils of tubulin protein, and the fibril is a set of interlinked triplets. The core part of the centriole is known as a hub and is proteinaceous. The hub connects the peripheral fibrils via radial spoke, which is made up of proteins. The centrioles from the basal bodies of the cilia and flagella give rise to spindle fibres during cell division. :  Also read about Centrosomes (https://byjus.com/biology/centrosome/) Vacuoles Vacuoles are mostly defined as storage bubbles of irregular shapes which are found in cells. They are fluid-filled organelles enclosed by a membrane. The vacuole stores the food or a variety of nutrients that a cell might need to survive. In addition to this, it also stores waste products. The waste products are eventually thrown out by vacuoles. Thus, the rest of the cell is protected from contamination. The animal and plant cells (https://byjus.com/biology/plant-cell/) have different size and number of vacuoles. Compared to the animals, plant cells have larger vacuoles. Also read about Vacuoles (https://byjus.com/biology/vacuoles/) A Brief Summary on Cell Organelles Cell Structure Functions Orga nelles Cell A double membrane composed of Provides shape, protects the inner mem lipids and proteins. Present both in organelles of the cell and acts as a brane plant and animal cells. selectively permeable membrane. Centr Composed of centrioles and found It plays a major role in organizing the osom only in the animal cells. microtubule and cell division. es Chlor Present only in plant cells and contains Sites of photosynthesis. oplast a green-coloured pigment known as s chlorophyll. Cytop A jelly-like substance, which consists of Responsible for the cell’s metabolic lasm water, dissolved nutrients and waste activities. products of the cell. Endop A network of membranous tubules, Forms the skeletal framework of the cell, lasmi present within the cytoplasm of a cell. involved in the detoxification, production c of lipids and proteins. Reticu lum Golgi Membrane-bound, sac-like organelles, It is mainly involved in secretion and appar present within the cytoplasm of the intracellular transport. atus eukaryotic cells. Lysos A tiny, circular-shaped, single Helps in the digestion and removes omes membrane-bound organelles, filled wastes and digests dead and damaged with digestive enzymes. cells. Therefore, it is also called as the “suicidal bags”. Mitoc An oval-shaped, membrane-bound The main site of cellular respiration and hondr organelle, also called as the also involved in storing energy in the form ia “Powerhouse of The Cell”. of ATP molecules. Nucle The largest, double membrane-bound Controls the activity of the cell, helps in us organelles, which contains all the cell’s cell division and controls the hereditary genetic information. characters. Peroxi A membrane-bound cellular organelle Involved in the metabolism of lipids some present in the cytoplasm, which and catabolism of long-chain fatty acids. contains the reducing enzyme. :  Plasti Double membrane-bound organelles. Helps in the process of photosynthesis ds There are 3 types of plastids: and pollination, imparts colour to leaves, flowers, fruits and stores starch, proteins 1. Leucoplast –Colourless plastids. and fats. 2. Chromoplast–Blue, red, and yellow colour plastids. 3. Chloroplast – Green coloured plastids. Ribos Non-membrane organelles, found Involved in the synthesis of proteins. omes floating freely in the cell’s cytoplasm or embedded within the endoplasmic reticulum. Vacu A membrane-bound, fluid-filled Provide shape and rigidity to the plant cell oles organelle found within the cytoplasm. and help in digestion, excretion, and storage of substances. (https://byjus.com/btc/byjus-hybrid-tuitions/? utm_source=adtech&utm_medium=inlinebanners&utm_campaign=cell- organelles) Frequently Asked Questions on Cell Organelles: Which cell organelle is called the Powerhouse of the cell? Mitochondria is the cell organelle and is called the Powerhouse of the cell as they carry out the cellular respiration and generate the energy molecules called ATP or Adenosine Triphosphate. Where do we find Chloroplasts and Chromoplast pigments in plants? Chloroplasts and Chromoplasts are the plastids present in all plant cells. Chloroplasts contain the green colour pigments, present in the leaves, green- coloured stems, etc. Chromoplasts contain thee colourful pigments present in all colourful parts of the plant like flowers and fruits, etc. Why Lysosomes are known as suicide bags? Lysosomes are called the suicidal bags because they are capable of breaking down or digesting all the wastes, dead and damaged cells. What is Nucleoid? Nucleoid is a non-membrane, irregular-shaped cell organelle present in all prokaryotic cells. They are the carriers of the genetic material of a cell. The largest membrane-bound organelle in a eukaryotic cell is? Organelles are special and organized structures seen in living cells. Some of the membrane-bound organelles are vacuoles, nucleus, chloroplasts, lysosomes etc. The nucleus is the largest organelle in the cell. Stay tuned with BYJU’S to learn more about the different types of Cell Organelles, their functions and other related topics at BYJU’S Biology (https://byjus.com/biology/) :  Learn More through Quiz Put your understanding of this concept to test by answering a few MCQs. Click ‘Start Quiz’ to begin! Select the correct answer and click on the “Finish” button Check your score and answers at the end of the quiz Start Quiz BIOLOGY Related Links What Is A Heterotroph Acute Disease What Is A Ligament Eukaryotic Meaning Prokaryotic Meaning Plant Roots Placenta Definition Define Genetics Herbivore Examples What Are Neurotransmitters Comments Leave a Comment Your Mobile number and Email id will not be published. Required fields are marked * * Mobile Number Send OTP * Type your message or doubt here... :  Post My Comment arpit July 27, 2019 at 6:00 am (https://byjus.com/biology/cell-organelles/#comment-15115) nice it help us Reply (https://byjus.com/biology/cell- organelles/? replytocom=15115#respond) Pavan August 15, 2019 at 12:06 pm (https://byjus.com/biology/cell-organelles/#comment-19183) This is a really good article, nicely explained! 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