Crime Detection And Investigation 2 PDF

CRIME DETECTION AND INVESTIGATION 2 Specialized Crime Investigation 1 with Legal Medicine Dr. Ramil V Remotin, RCrim Lecturer/Associate Professor III Page | 1  Course Description: This co...

CRIME DETECTION AND INVESTIGATION 2 Specialized Crime Investigation 1 with Legal Medicine Dr. Ramil V Remotin, RCrim Lecturer/Associate Professor III Page | 1  Course Description: This course covers the special study of modern technique in the investigation of crimes involving crimes against persons, and other related offenses. The application of medical science in crime investigation with emphasis on the medico-legal aspects of physical injuries, death, abortion, infanticide, burn and poisoning. Develop framework of investigating crimes, crime scene processing, and report writing. Page | 2  CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Fundamentals and Specialized Crime Investigations with Legal Medicine Learning Objectives: At the end of this chapter, the students/practitioner will be able to: 1. Define terminologies related to crime investigations; 2. State the fundamentals of crime investigations and specialized crime investigations; 3. Describe the fundamentals of crime scene processing and operations; and 4. Discus the nature of specialized crime investigations. Introduction Investigation of any crime is always guided by legal and logical principles. Before conducting any investigation, one of the principles to be observed is the legality of the investigations to be conducted and the authority of the investigating body who will be conducting the process. To begin with the specialized crime investigation, fundamentals should be reviewed since the aspect of specialized crime will be based on technical and specific crime. A. FUNDAMENTALS OF INVESTIGATION Crime Investigation – it is an art, science and process which deals with the collection of FACTS to accomplish the threefold AIMS: a. to identify the suspect; b. to locate the suspect; and c. to provide evidence of his guilt or innocence. Criminal Investigation – is the process of gathering information to the identified suspect whether arrested or at large prior to the filing of case before the prosecutor/court. This phase is part of phases of crime investigation after the crime was identified through the gathered pieces of evidence leading to the identity of the suspect. Intent vs Motive Intent is the accomplishment of the criminal act while motive refers to reason that impels a person to commit criminal act for definite result. Intent in an essential element of crime while motive is an essential element of investigation. Intent and motive should be identified to identify the possibility of the crime that was allegedly committed by the suspect based on the pieces of evidence gathered. Page | 3 Inductive vs Deductive Reasoning Deductive reasoning is a type of reasoning that moves from a general statement to a specific conclusion while inductive reasoning is a type of reasoning that moves from specific observations to a general conclusion. Investigator/Prober – is the key figure in the crime investigation who is charged with the duty of carrying on the threefold aims of crime investigation. His/her primary job is to discover whether or not an offense has been committed under the law, after determining what specific offense has been committed. Qualities of good investigator: 1. The ability to persevere or stick to task despite of the monotony and the many obstacles which surrounds it. 2. He/she must have certain abilities and an intelligence which would enable him to acquire information easily and readily and to use this information truthfully. 3. He/she must be honest. He must be incorruptible and must possess personal integrity. 4. He/she must have understanding (weaknesses and strength) of the people and the environment where he/she lives. 5. He/she must have a keen power of observation and accurate description. 6. He/she must be good in oral and written communications. 7. He/she must be use logical reasoning and common sense. 8. He/she has knowledge to legal aspects of crime. Tools of Investigation 1. Information – it refers to the facts of the crime that would answer the 5 w’s and 1 h. This will be obtained from witnesses who have personal knowledge, regular, cultivated or grapevine sources. The skills in intelligence and data gathering play an important role. 2. Interrogation – refers to the elicitation of information from an individual who refuses to provide information. The ability to obtain information by questioning is the most prized talent of the prober. Interview – it is the simple questioning of victims and witnesses who are voluntarily reveal information in connection with matters to be investigated. 3. Instrumentation – it refers to the application of the instruments of physical sciences to the detection of the crime such as the modern techniques in the field of forensic sciences. It is also known as CRIMINASLISTICS. Phases of Investigation Phase I – Reporting of Crime Incident. In this phase, the fact that the crime happened is established. The investigation will commence when the Crime Incident comes into the knowledge of those who would be the First Responders. Page | 4 Phase II – Identify the suspect through: a. Confession/Admission Confession – the declaration of an accused acknowledging his guilt of the offense charged, or of any offense necessarily included therein, may be given in evidence against him (Sec. 33, Rule 130, Rules of Court) - the voluntary declaration made by a person who has committed a crime or misdemeanor, (Bouvier’s Law Dictionary). Admission – is a self-incriminatory statement by the subject falling short of an acknowledgment of guilt. It implicates but does not incriminate. - A statement, oral or written, made by a party, or by someone for whom he is responsible as to the existence of a relevant fact. b. Accounts or Testimonies of Witnesses – accuracy of the identification by eyewitness accounts would depend on the following factors: 1. Ability to remember the distinct appearance of the subject. 2. Prevailing conditions of observation and visibility when the crime was committed. 3. Lapse of time in the identification process. c. Circumstantial Evidence It is the identification established indirectly by proving other facts or circumstances from which the identity of the perpetrator can be inferred. This evidence is sufficient to produce conviction when: 1. there are more than one circumstances 2. the facts from which the inferences derived are proven 3. the combination of all the circumstances is such as to produce a conviction beyond reasonable doubt d. Associative Evidence These are the physical evidence which may identify the criminal by means of clues, personal properties, or the characteristic patterns of procedure deduce from the arrangement of objects at the crime scene, such as weapons, tools, garments, fingerprints, foot impressions, and others. Phase III – Locate and apprehend suspect. It is intended that the suspect be arrested and answer for the accusation against him. Phase IV – Gather and provide evidence to establish the guilt of the accused (In proving the guilt of the accused in court, the fact of the existence of the crime must be established, the accused must be identified and associated with the crime, competent and credible witnesses must be available and the physical evidence must be appropriately identified. The investigator must know by heart the elements of specific crime. Page | 5 Fundamentals of Crime Scene Processing a. Duties of First Responder 1. Proceed to the crime scene to validate the information received 2. Record the exact time of arrival and pertinent data regarding the incident in his issued pocket notebook and notify the TOC 3. Cordon off the area and secure the crime scene with a police line or whatever available materials like ropes, straws of human as barricades to preserve its integrity. 4. Check whether the situation still possess imminent danger and call for backup it necessary 5. Identify possible witnesses and conduct preliminary interview and ensure their availability for the incoming investigator on case 6. Arrest the suspect if around or in instances wherein the suspect is fleeing, make appropriate notification for dragnet operations. 7. Prepare to take the “Dying Declaration” of severely injured persons with the following requisites: o The death is imminent and the victim is conscious of that fact. o The declaration refers to the cause and surrounding circumstances of such death o The declaration relates to facts which the victim is competent to testify to o The declaration is offered in case wherein the victim’s death is the subject of the inquiry 8. Evacuate the wounded to the nearest hospital using emergency services. a. Account for the killed, wounded and arrested persons for proper disposition 9. Conduct initial investigation 10. Brief the investigator on case upon arrival and turn over the crime scene 11. Conduct inventory on the evidence taken at the crime scene, inventory receipt should be properly signed by the first responder, Forensic Unit and the Investigator-on-case. b. Duties of and Responsibilities of the Investigating Team 1. Take full control of the crime scene to include the conduct of the crime scene search, taking of photographs, making sketches, lifting of fingerprints, markings of physical evidence (Chain of Custody) the transmittal of evidence to crime laboratory, interview of witnesses, gathering and evaluation of evidence, follow up of the case, documentation and filing of appropriate charges in court. 2. Establish a command post in the immediate vicinity of the crime scene 3. Designate a holding area in the immediate vicinity of the crime scene (for the media, VIP’s and other personalities present) 4. Conduct case conference with the first responder’s, Forensic Unit and other law enforcer and rescue personnel Page | 6  5. Note secondary crime scene if situation requires. 6. Release the crime scene after investigation.  Ensure that appropriate inventory has been made  Released is accomplished only after completion of the final survey and proper documentation of evidence, witnesses, victims and suspect.  If crime scene is within a private property, the same must be released to the lawful owner witnessed by any barangay official. In case of government facility, it should be released to the administrator. Basics on Crime Scene Photography Crime Scene Photography – the main objective is to create visual record of the crime scene before any item is moved as possible physical evidence. Take photograph of the Crime Scene, WITHOUT AND WITH MARKERS. The Guidelines for Taking Photographs of the Crime Scene 1. Photographs of the crime scene should be taken as soon as possible, before note taking, sketching or a search for evidence begins. 2. The pictures should illustrate the original, uncontaminated condition of the crime scene. 3. Photographs should be taken off the crime scene only, without spectators or police personnel. 4. The photographs must form an organized sequence and show all relevant locations and objects. 5. The crime scene photographs must progress from general to specific. Procedure in Photographing the Crime Scene 1. General View or Long-range – fundamentally are taken to portray the areas as if a person viewing the scene is seeing it from the standing position. To obtain this result, the photographer takes the photograph with the camera at eye level. It is done in overlapping method. 2. Medium View or Mid-range – photographs are taken in a manner which portrays the scene from approximately ten to twenty feet of distance from the subject. In order that the viewer, be permitted to associate the crime scene with separate areas of the scene photographed, these areas should contain sufficient details to permit the viewer association. 3. Close-up Range View – these are normally taken approximately five feet or less from the subject. The attention of close-up photography is directed to object which could be effectively seen in the long-range and mid-range photographs. Basics on Sketching Sketching – it is useful in questioning the suspects and witnesses as well as in the writing of investigation report. It is prepared indicating the actual measurement of things with scale and proportion observed and oriented to the Page | 7 North. All necessary information is placed in the sketch in connection with crime being investigated. The sketch is an excellent companion of photograph. Where Photograph provide exact details while Sketch offer accurate information about the placement of objects and they show the relationship and distance between things. Kinds of Sketch 1. Sketch of Locality - give picture of the scene, the crime and its environs including buildings roads to show the possible entrance and exit points 2. Sketch of Ground – picture of the scene of the crime with its nearest physical surroundings. 3. Sketch of Details - the immediate scene only Types of Sketches 1. Rough – made by the prober at the crime scene. No scale proportion is ignored and everything is approximated. It is to be used as a basis of the finished sketch. 2. Finished – made primarily for courtroom presentation. All elements of sketching must be present. Types of Sketch Perspective 1. Floor plan or “bird's-eye view” – overhead view 2. Elevation drawing – side view 3. Exploded view – elevation and overhead view 4. Respective drawings – 3D view (use of computer software such as autocad) Different Crime Scene Search 1. Strip Method (Line Search) It involves the demarcation of a series of lanes down which one or more persons proceed. Upon reaching the starting point, the searchers proceed down their respective lane, reverse the direction, and continue in this fashion until the scene has been thoroughly examined. 2. Grid Method (Double Strip Search) The researcher performs first the strip method and after which turns and proceed back along new lanes but parallel to the first movement. This method offers the advantage of being more methodological and through; examined from two different viewpoints, the area is more likely to yield evidence that might have been overlooked. 3. Spiral Method It is usually employed in outdoor scenes and is normally executed by a single person. It involves the searcher’s walking in slightly ever-decreasing; less- than-concentric circles form the outermost boundary determination towards a central point and vice-versa. Page | 8  4. Zone Method (Quadrant Search) It requires that area should be divided into four quadrants, each of which is then examined using of the methods previously described. Where the area to be searched is particularly large, a variation of the zone method would be subdividing the small quadrants into smaller quadrants. 5. Pie Method (Wheel Search) The searchers gather at the center and proceed outward along radii or spoke. The principal drawback of this method is that the distance between the researchers increases as they depart from the center. Approaches Upon Arrival at the Crime Scene 1. Recognition of Evidence At the crime scene, the prober must exercise keen observation and extreme care in his search for this physical evidence. The success of the case will depend heavily on how the prober conducts himself in handling those pieces of evidence. He has to do his job well at “proper time” and “proper place”. Proper time refers to when he is right there in the scene and proper place refers to him being right there at the scene. 2. Collection of Evidence This is accomplished after the search is completed, the rough sketch finished and photographs taken. Fragile evidence should be collected as they are found. All firearms (FAs) found to have tampered serial numbers (SNs) shall be automatically subjected to macro etching. A corresponding request to the Firearms and Explosive Office (FEO) must be made for verification purposes. The investigator places his initials, the date and time of discovery on each item of evidence for proper identification. Items that could not be marked should be placed in a suitable container and sealed. 3. Markings of Evidence Any physical evidence obtained must be marked or tagged before its submission to the evidence custodian. These are information to ensure that the items can be identified by the collector at any time in the future. This precaution will help immeasurably to establish the credibility of the collector's report or testimony and will effectively avoid any suggestions that the item has been misidentified. 4. Evaluation of Evidence Each item of evidence must be evaluated in relation to all the evidence, individually and collectively. If necessary, these pieces of evidence must be subjected to crime laboratory examination. Example: firearms for ballistic examination, hair strands etc. 5. Preservation of Evidence It is the investigator’s responsibility to ensure that every precaution is exercised to preserve physical evidence in the state in which it was recovered/ obtained until it is released to the evidence custodian. Page | 9  6. Releasing of Evidence All collected evidence can only be released upon order of the court or prosecutor, as the case maybe. 7. Transmittal of Evidence to Crime Laboratory Proper handling of physical evidence is necessary to obtain the maximum possible information upon which scientific examination shall be based, and to prevent exclusion as evidence in court. Specimens which truly represent the material found at the scene, unaltered, unspoiled or otherwise unchanged in handling will provide more and better information upon examination. Legal requirements make it necessary to account for all physical pieces of evidence from the time it is collected until it is presented in court. 8. The Chain of Custody (Change of Possession) A list of all persons who came into possession of an item of evidence, continuity of possession, or the chain of custody, must be established whenever evidence is presented in court as an exhibit. Adherence to standard procedures in recording the location of evidence, marking it for identification, and properly completing evidence submission forms for laboratory analysis is critical to chain of custody. Every person who handled or examined the evidence and where it is at all times must be accounted for. As a rule, all seized evidence must be in the custody of the evidence custodian and deposited in the evidence room or designated place for safekeeping. B. NATURE OF SPECIAL CRIME INVESTIGATION Special Crime Investigation – it is an area of crime investigation that focuses on crimes that are considered to be more serious or complex than other types of crimes. These crimes may involve multiple jurisdictions, witnesses, and pieces of evidence. This type of investigation often requires the use of specialized investigative techniques, such as discreet information gathering and advanced scientific tools and experts. It concentrates more on physical evidence, its collection, handling, identification and preservation in coordination with the crime laboratory. It also involves a close relationship between the prober in the field and the crime laboratory technician. They work together as a team, reacting to and extending one another’s theories and findings both working patiently and thoroughly to solve a crime from their investigative discoveries. Responsibilities of Special Investigator 1. Determine whether the crime has been committed. 2. Verify jurisdiction. 3. Discover all facts and collect physical evidence. 4. Recovery of stolen property. Page | 10 5. Identifying perpetrator/s. 6. Locate and apprehend perpetrator. 7. Aid in the prosecution of perpetrator. 8. Testify effectively in court. Nature of Special Crime Investigations 1. It focuses on specific crime. Investigation deals with peace and order indicators (POI) or the index crimes such as murder, homicide, physical injures, rape, robbery, theft, carnapping, motorcycle theft and other complex crimes. It also includes investigation of violation of special laws related to person, property, national security and internal security. 2. It emphasizes on physical evidence. It prioritizes the collection, handling, identification, and preservation of physical evidence related to the crime. This evidence is crucial in building a solid case and establishing guilt or innocence of the suspect/s. 3. It requires special knowledge and skills. Investigators should be knowledgeable on various techniques like information gathering, integration of technology and artificial intelligence, forensic science, and training and experience to properly investigate the case and solve the crime. 4. It needs collaboration with technicians and prosecutors. Investigator- on- case should establish good relationship between the personnel of forensic group for exchanging theories and findings, and working diligently to solve the crime. Prosecutors may guide the IOC in the legal aspect of the crime and the filing of case based on the gathered pieces of evidence. 5. It involves application of modern techniques. Modern investigative techniques include the application of forensic analysis, and medical science to uncover evidence and details related to the crime. It also includes modern techniques in surveillance and undercover operations to gather pieces of evidence that are important in the prosecution of the case. Phases of Special Crime Investigation 1. Initial Response Phase – it is the first exposure of the authorities to the reported offense to be investigated. In includes activities such as interview and securing the crime scene. 12 Common areas of information strongly linked with a successful crime investigation a. Witness to the crime b. Name of suspect c. Location of suspect d. Description of the suspect e. Identification of the suspect f. Identification of suspect’s vehicle g. Stolen property can be traceable Page | 11  h. Suspect method of operation i. Physical evidence presents j. Report of a trained technician k. Conclusion of the normal investigative effort l. Opportunity in the commission of the crime 2. Detailed Investigation – it starts with the general examination of all facts, leads and other type of information secured during the preliminary investigation. Inquiries in Detailed Investigation a. Crime Scene - Familiarization of localities and other details - Search for physical evidence - Location of victims and witnesses - Verification of physical evidence and suspect, victim and witnesses b. Coordination of documents - Local and national agencies - Modus operandi files - Examining field interviews and interrogation c. Gathering of investigative leads - Criminal informants - Non-criminal informants - Neighborhood search for witness - Utilization of media 3. Evidence Collection Phase – this phase is conducted to ensure the integrity of physical evidence. The credibility and integrity of the evidence are directly predicated upon the proper handling of the evidence from its initial observance until its presentation in court. This phase, the investigator-on-case (IOC) undertake the evidence-gathering procedures in the absence of the members of Forensic Group. 4. Case Management Phase – special crimes need special attention, thus, Special Investigation Task Group (SITG) shall be immediately be organized to conduct an aggressive, concerted and substantial program of action. The SITG allows for the strengthening of the coordination system among members of the PNP, DOJ and other law enforcement agencies in order to properly investigate crimes that require special consideration. It includes the organizational structure and functions of the SITG and a list of investigation management tools including investigation planning, coordination mechanism, crime matrix analysis, surveillance and finally, case review. 5. Preparation for Trial a. Review the legality of arrest, evidence and admission or confession. b. Legal requirements of victim and witness c. Review and compile all notes etc. d. Arrange for all expert witness testimony. Page | 12 Elements of Special Crime Investigation 1. Initial Investigation – is the first step in any criminal investigation. It is the responsibility of the first responders who first arrive at the crime scene. The goal of the initial investigation is to gather as much information as possible about the crime, including the identity of the victim, the suspect, and the circumstances of the crime. It is critical to the success of any criminal investigation. The information gathered during the initial investigation can help to identify the suspect, build a case against the suspect, and ultimately bring the suspect to justice. 2. Case Screening – this pertains the primary assessment of the crime based in the gathered pieces of evidence that corresponds to the elements of the crimes and the possible identity of the suspect and the likelihood of apprehending the suspect and bring to justice. 3. Continuing Investigation – it is the process of gathering additional evidence and information about the crime. This may involve interviewing more witnesses, conducting surveillance, or obtaining search warrants. It is often the most challenging part of a crime investigation. It can be difficult to gather new evidence, especially if the crime occurred a long time ago or if there are few witnesses. However, the continuing investigation is essential to building a strong case against the suspect. 4. Police-prosecution Relations –the police and the prosecution work closely together during the course of a criminal investigation. The police gather evidence and information, while the prosecution prepares the case for trial. It is important for the police and the prosecution to have good relations to ensure that the investigation is conducted properly and that the case is presented effectively in court. 5. Investigative monitoring system – it is set up to give administrators continues feedback on the investigative process and the quality of personnel performance. Six (6) Cardinal Points in Special Crime Investigation 1. WHAT Questions. This question pertains to the specific offense committed. This is important to prepare the investigators the necessary investigative tools to be prepared before going to the crime scene. 2. HOW Questions. This question refers to the method and modus of the criminals in perpetuating their criminal acts. This is significant to investigators to ascertain the possible motive of the crime. 3. WHO Questions. This question pertains to the identity of all the key players in the commission of the crime including the victim, suspect or even witness. This is important to establish their relationship to one another may be the basis of investigations. 4. WHERE Questions. This question pertains to the place where the crime transpired. This information is very important to investigator to establish the Page | 13  jurisdiction and the authority to investigate cases. It is also an important element for physical evidence that are valuable in the investigation process. 5. WHEN Questions. This question pertains to the date and time of the incident transpired. This is important for the investigator to establish the chronology of the event relative to the available physical evidence that can be recovered at the crime scene. This is also important to establish the prescription of the crime. 6. WHY Questions. This question pertains to the reason that impels a person to commit crime. It also entails the possible intent and circumstances on the part of the victim and on the part of the suspect in the commission of the crime. C. INTRODUCTION TO LEGAL MEDICINE Legal Medicine – It is a branch of medicine which deals with the application of medical knowledge to the purpose of law and justice. – It is the application of basic and clinical, medical and paramedical science to elucidate legal matters. – It is synonymous and in common practice are used interchangeably with forensic medicine. Medical Jurisprudence - It is the study of the Medical Law and its applicable Jurisprudence that governs, regulates and defines the practice of medicine. Primary Considerations and Purpose In the Philippines, Legal Medicine is the appropriate name for Forensic Medicine. Modern Legal medicine has a broad range of applications, it is used in civil cases such as paternity and filiation, annulment of marriage, DNA testing, etc. In all cases the medical examiner must conduct an investigation of the crime scene and also an autopsy. Its primary purpose is to bring forth the power of medical knowledge to identify crimes, victims and perpetrators, and settle disputes, when and where personal identity, time of death or injury, and the identification and duration of morbidity become an important matter Techniques of Legal Medicine  Legal Medicine uses sophisticated laboratory techniques to detect the presence of substances in the victim, in the suspected criminal, or at the crime scene.  Forensic examination of substances found at a crime scene can often establish the presence of the suspect at the crime scene Page | 14 Legal Medicine and the Legal System  Courts routinely call upon physicians to give expert testimony in a trial, especially concerning the findings of an autopsy and the results of laboratory tests.  As an expert witness he is allowed to express an opinion about the validity of the evidence in a case and may quote the statements of other experts in support of an opinion.  Ordinary testimony is restricted to statements concerning what the witness actually saw or heard.  The evidence to be presented by the legal medicine expert must signify a relation between the facts called the “Factum probandum” or proposition to be established and the “factum probans” which is the material evidencing the proposition.  The Physician must present RELEVANT, MATERIAL AND COMPETENT EVIDENCE. Timeline of the History of Legal Medicine YEAR SIGNIFICANT EVENTS 2980 BC The earliest recorded medico-legal expert was Imhotep. The Code of Hammurabi, the oldest code of law was 2200 BV conceived. It includes legislation on adultery, rape, divorce, incest, abortion and violence. Numa Pompilius promulgated that bodies of all women dying 600 BC during confinement should immediately be opened in order to save the child’s life. 460 – 355 BC Hippocrates of Greece discussed the lethality of wounds. Aristotle fixed animation of fetus at the 40th day of 384 – 322 BC conception. The Chinese Materia Medica gave information on poison 300 BC including aconite, arsenic and opium. 200 BC Hashish was said to been used as a narcotic in surgery. Julius Cesar was murdered and his body was exposed in a 100 – 44 BC forum. Antistius, the first police surgeon or forensic pathologist, performed the autopsy. Justinian in his digest, made mention that a physician is not an ordinary witness and that a physician gives judgment 483 – 565 AD rather than testimony. This led to the recognition of expert witness in court. Pope Innocent III issued an edict providing for the 1209 appointment of doctors to the courts for the determination of the nature of wounds. Pope Gregory IX caused the preparation of Nova Compilatio 1234 Decretalium which concerned medical evidence, marriage, Page | 15  nullity, impotence, delivery, caesarian section, legitimacy, sexual offenses, crimes against persons and witchcraft. Pope John XXII expressed the need of experts in the ecclesiastical courts in the diagnosis of leprosy and medico- legal documents. 14th Century In China, the Hsi Yuan Lu (Instruction to Coroner) was published. It is a five-volume book dealing with inquest, criminal abortion, poisoning and antidotes, and examination of the dead. The first textbook in legal medicine was included in the 1532 Cunstituto Criminalis Carolina. This was promulgated during the reign of Emperor Charles V in Germany. Ambroise Pare considered legal medicine as a separate discipline and he discussed in his book the abortion, 1575 infanticide, death by lightning, hanging, drowning, feign diseases, distinction between ante-mortem and post-mortem wound and poisoning by carbon monoxide and by corrosives. Paulus Zacchias, a physician, is regarded as the “father of forensic medicine”. He published Questiones Medico- 1584 – 1659 legalis which dealt with the legal aspect of wounds and the first two chapter dealt with the detection of secret homicide. Severin Pineau published in Paris a work of virginity and 1598 defloration. He confirmed the existence of the hymen and that it may not rupture during sexual intercourse. Orfila introduced chemical methods in toxicology. In his Traite’ des Poison, he mentioned mineral, vegetable and 1787 – 1853 animal poison with physiology, pathology and legal medicine. He was considered as the founder of modern toxicology.  In the Philippines, the father of Legal Medicine can be rightfully bestowed to Dr. Pedro P. Solis. His book on Legal Medicine copyrighted in 1987, contains the most extensive treatise and teachings in Philippine Legal Medicine. Type of Medical Evidence 1. Autoptic/Real - evidence which is addressed to the senses of the court. This involves the presentation of actual objects, specimens, or visual demonstrations for examination. a. Indecency and Impropriety – this refers to real evidence that is considered sexually suggestive, obscene, or otherwise likely to violate societal standards of morality and decency. E.g. pornographic materials and the like. b. Repulsive objects and those offensive to the senses – evidence that is inherently unsettling or likely to elicit a strong disgust response, Page | 16  making it potentially disruptive to courtroom proceedings. E. g. severely decomposed body parts and the like. 2. Testimonial – oral that comes from people under oath. a. Ordinary witness – testifies based on their direct observations, experiences, or firsthand knowledge of events. b. Expert witness – a specialist with knowledge in a relevant field forensic science. They offer opinions and analysis based on their expertise and the evidence presented. 3. Experimental – an expert witness may be required to perform certain experiments to prove a certain matter of fact. 4. Documentary – any written records presented as evidence. 5. Physical – these are tangible objects connected to a case. This is similar to autoptic/real evidence but generally broader as it doesn't have to be directly seen by the court. Review Guide Questions: 1. Identify limitations and challenges encountered by investigators in the conduct of crime scene processing. 2. State reasons why investigators rely on the accounts and statements of witness than forensic examination of physical evidence. Enabling Assessment 1. Search for any episode of investigative documentary and analyze how crime was solved. Page | 17