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# CHARACTERISTICS OF THE INDONESIAN NATIONAL STRUGGLE AGAINST COLONIALISM **A. Development of the Indonesian National Movement** The development of the Indonesian National Movement is divided into 4 periods: 1. **Early Development Period:** During this period, Indonesian nationalism focused on im...

# CHARACTERISTICS OF THE INDONESIAN NATIONAL STRUGGLE AGAINST COLONIALISM **A. Development of the Indonesian National Movement** The development of the Indonesian National Movement is divided into 4 periods: 1. **Early Development Period:** During this period, Indonesian nationalism focused on improving social and cultural situations. The movement was moderate and cooperated with the Dutch colonial government. Notable organizations and movements during this period include Budi Utomo, Sarekat Islam, and Muhammadiyah. 2. **Political Nationalism Period:** Indonesian nationalism shifted to political action to achieve independence. Organizations like the Indische Partij and the Youth Movement emerged during this period. 3. **Radical Period:** This period saw movements rejecting cooperation with the Dutch colonial government and demanding independence. Key organizations advocating non-cooperation during this period included the Indonesian Association, the Indonesian Communist Party, and the Indonesian Nationalist Party (PNI) 4. **Sustaining Period:** This period involved the Indonesian national movement adopting a moderate stance and engaging in cooperation with the Dutch colonial government. This was to help the sustainability of the movement and the struggle of Indonesia to gain its independence. Groups like Parindra and Gerindo actively sought to maximize involvement within the Volksraad in order to further the Indonesian independence cause. **B. Development of the Indonesian National Movement** 1. **Budi Utomo (BU):** Founded by Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo on May 20, 1908, Budi Utomo was a movement aiming to improve the well-being of the Indonesian people under colonial rule. Its leader was Adipati Tirtokusumo. The establishment of BU was a significant event marking the start of the Indonesian national awakening, its goal being to ensure a dignified and honorable existence for the Indonesian people. 2. **Indonesian Association (PI):** Founded in 1922 in The Netherlands, the association was initially known as the "Indische Vereeniging" but was later renamed as the Indonesian Association. Crucial figures in this organization included Drs. Moh. Hatta, and Ali Sastroamidjojo. The goal of this group was to fight for Indonesian independence. 3. **Youth Movement/Tri Koro Darmo:** This section details the characteristics of the Indonesian youth movement and its role in the nationalist struggle. Information on the specifics is not explicitly available through the displayed text