CC101.pdf

CC 101 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING HISTORY OF COMPUTER Learning Outcomes: Studying the history of computers provides students with a comprehensive understanding of the evolution of computing technology, its impact on society, and the lessons learned from past achievements and challenges. and d...

CC 101 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING HISTORY OF COMPUTER Learning Outcomes: Studying the history of computers provides students with a comprehensive understanding of the evolution of computing technology, its impact on society, and the lessons learned from past achievements and challenges. and displaying the output on the system screen. Nowadays, people do most of their tasks through Computer(or) Laptop like studying, preparing projects, paying bills, watching movies, and videos, hearing songs, preparing budgets sheets, playing games, doing documentation, templates, designs, banking transactions & transfers, Officeworks, giving online exams, using social media like Facebook, twitter, etc. It  Charles Babbage is known as “Father of the Computer” who invented the first mechanical computer. For centuries people used the Abacus also called as counting frame is a bamboo frame the beads moving on threads for calculations. 1614 – John Napier, a Scottish mathematician and physicist designed ‘Napier bones’, an abacus- like device used for calculations including multiplication and division. He discovered that the multiplication and division of numbers could be performed by the addition and subtraction. (Historical text varies on the exact publication date of Napier’s bones, popular opinion says it happened 1620 – Edmund Gunter built a calculating device with a single logarithmic scale to simplified arithmetic calculations, including multiplication and division at the University of Oxford. 1622 – William Oughtred (1574-1660) English mathematician and Anglican minister invented the first form of the slide rule as a fast calculation device in which two identical linear or circular logarithmic scales were held together and adjusted by hand. By placing two such scales side by side and sliding them to read the distance relationships, thus multiplying and dividing directly. He also introduced the familiar William Oughtred multiplication × sign. He took two of Gunter's logarithmic lines and mounted them so they could slide past one another to perform calculations quickly and conveniently. He also developed a 1623 – Wilhelm Schickard, is a German polymath, who designed the first Automatic Calculator. This calculating machine can perform all basic arithmetic operations on integer inputs. His letters to Kepler, discoverer of the laws of planetary motion, explain the application of his "calculating clock" to the computation of astronomical tables. 1642 – In the same year Blaise Pascal, a French mathematician and philosopher designed the first digital computer to help his father a tax collector for adding numbers entered with dials. And Pascalines after almost three year he build 20 finished machines and 50 prototypes Blaise Pascal called as Pascal’s calculators and later Pascaline. 1671 – Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz started working on the calculator ‘Stepped Gear Mechanism’ from 1671 and completed it in 1694. This device could perform all four arithmetic operations: addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. The prototypes made by Pascal and Leibniz were not used in many places, and considered weird until a little more than a century later, when Thomas of Colmar (a.k.a Charles Xavier Thomas) created the first successful mechanical calculator that could add, subtract, multiply, and divide.  Many mechanical tools were designed for calculations and measurement, few like planisphere, astrolabe sector, planimeter, slide rule, differential analyser. And many Mechanical aids were also designed for astronomical and navigational use. There was even a doll called ‘Automata’ created in 1770’s which writes different letters and messages. 1801 – In France, Joseph Marie Jacquard , a silk weaver invents a Mechanical Loom that uses punched wooden cards to automatically weave fabric designs, it played an important role in the development of programmable machines, such as computers. 1821 – While Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar was developing the first commercially successful digital mechanical calculator named Arithmometer. In 1820, Charles Babbage in Cambridge, England realized that many long calculations were really a series of predictable actions that were constantly repeated, especially mathematical tables. In 1822 he started to design an automatic mechanical calculating machine ’Difference Engine’. From 1823 the British government funded (around 17,000 euros) on its development until 1842. Arithmometer However, in 1837 he introduced the successor to a different engine, ‘Analytical Engine’, which prints punch numbers onto cards using punched cards for inputs and a printer, a curve plotter, and a bell for outputs. Charles Babbage knew of Jacquard looms and planned to use cards to store programs in his Analytical engine. But due to funding issues, it stopped midway. In 1910, Henry Babbage, son of Charles Babbage was able to perform basic calculations after completing a portion of the machine. Analytical Engine Difference Engine  As per records, until 1826 the earliest counting device used for accounting procedures was a form of tally stick, an ancient memory aid device used to record document numbers, quantities, or even messages. 1840 – (Ada Lovelace) Lady Byron’s full name is Augusta Ada King, Countess of Lovelace. Daughter of the poet, Lord Byron.Between 1842 and 1843, Ada translated an article by the military engineer Luigi Menabrea (later Prime Minister of Italy) about the Analytical Engine, supplementing it with an elaborate set of seven notes, simply called "Notes". She writes programs for the Analytical Engine. Known for her work on computers with Charles Babbage - she was the first person to recognize the technique of computing and writing programs - she was effectively the first computer programmer. 1857 – Sir Charles Wheatstone (1802- 1875) an English scientist and inventor of many scientific breakthroughs of the Victorian era. Invention of the “Paper Tape” to store information, created new excitement in the computing community of the time. With paper tape, huge amounts of data could be fed into the computing device, and similar quantities could also be stored. This invention brought computing to a new level and into a new era. Introduced the first application of paper tapes as a medium for the preparation, storage, and transmission of data. He used the paper Paper Tape tape to punch in the Morse code with dots or holes. By 1858, a Morse paper tape 1869 – William Stanley Jevons (1835-1882) an English Economist and Logician.The earliest logical machines were mechanical constructs built in the late 19th century. William Stanley Jevons invented the first logical machine in 1869, the Logic Piano. The machine was built for him by a clockmaker at Salford in 1869 and first demonstrated by Jevons in 1870 at a meeting of the Royal Society of London. The first logic machine capable of solving a complicated problem faster than a human could solve it without In 1883,the aid of Allan a machine Marquand was the invented "logical a new logical piano“. machine that performed the same operations as Jevons' logic piano but with improvements in design simplification, portability, and input- output controls. 1872 – The First Modern Analog Computer was a tide- predicting machine, invented by Sir William Thomson, later Lord Kelvin, in 1872. It used a system of pulleys and wires to automatically calculate predicted tide levels for a set period at a particular location andLatham 1874 – Christopher was of great utility Sholes, an to navigation American in inventor, a shallow waters. newspaper published and Wisconsin Politician. He invented the "First Keyboard" and made its debut earliest form on July 1, 1874. In October 1867, Sholes filed a patent application for his early writing machine he developed with the assistance of his friends Carlos Glidden and Samuel W. Soulé 1876 – James Thomson, the elder brother of the more famous Sir William Thomson. He invented the Differential Analyzer, a mechanical analog computer designed to solve differential equations by 1881 – Allan Marquand (1853-1824) an art historian at Princeton University and a curator of the Princeton University Art Museum. During the 1881–1882 academic year, Marquand built a “Rectangular Mechanical Logical Machine” that is still extant; he was inspired by related efforts of William S. Jevons in the UK. In 1887, following a suggestion of Peirce's, he outlined a machine to do logic using electric circuits. This necessitated his development of Marquand diagrams. A logical machine is a tool containing a set of parts that uses energy to perform formal logic operations. Early logical machines were mechanical devices that performed basic operations in Boolean logic. Contemporary logical machines are computer-based electronic 1890 – Herman Hollerith designed the Electromechanical Punched Card Tabulator to calculate the 1880 census, accomplishing the task in just three years and saving the government $5 million. He establishes a company The Tabulating Machine Company and in 1911 merged with three other companies to form the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company, which ultimately become IBM (International Business Machine). A step towards automated computing was the development of punched cards, which were first successfully used with computers in 1890 by Herman Hollerith and James Powers, who worked for the US. Census Bureau. They developed devices that could read the information that had been punched into the cards automatically, without human help. Because of this, reading errors were reduced dramatically, workflow increased, and, most importantly, stacks of punched cards could be used as easily accessible memory of almost 1900 – In October 1900, the Antikythera mechanism was discovered by sponge divers off Point Glyfada on the Greek island of Antikythera was believed to be the Earliest Mechanical Analog “computer” discovered to calculate astronomical positions. 1928 -1931- However, the First widely Practical Differential Analyzer was constructed by Harold Locke Hazen and Vannevar Bush at MIT, comprising six mechanical integrators. According to his 1970 autobiography, Bush was “unaware of Kelvin’s work until after the first differential analyzer was operational. Vanner Harold Locke Bush 1935 – 1938 – Z1 original named as “V1” for Versuchs Model 1 was the First Freely Programmable Mechanical Computer designed by Konrad Zuse and was completely financed from private funds. It used Boolean logic and binary floating point numbers for programming however it was limited and unreliable for operations. It was destroyed in 1943 during World War II in Berlin. 1936 – Alan Turing reformulated Kurt Godel’s universal arithmetic-based formal language with formal and simple hypothetical devices that became known as Turing machines, on which modern computer principals were based and are first described. The machine used to print symbols on paper tape in a manner that emulated a person following a series of logical instructions He also proved that it is not possible to decide algorithmically whether a given Turing machine will ever halt. Turing machines are to this day a central object of study in the theory of computation. 1938 – The United States Navy had developed Torpedo Data Computer, an electromechanical analog computer, which used trigonometry to solve the problem of firing a torpedo at a moving target. 1939 – German engineer Konrad Zuse introduced successor of Z1, the Z2 an electromechanical relay computer. He used the same mechanical memory in Z1 but replacing the arithmetic and control logic with electrical relay circuits. Photographs and plans for the Z2 were destroyed by the Allied bombing during World War II. 1939 –Howard Aiken, a graduate of Harvard University, was developing the first large-scale automatic digital computer. Aiken’s computer came to be known as the Harvard Mark I (also known as IBM Automatic Sequencer Calculator —ASC) 1941 – Konrad Zuse designed Z3, the world’s First Working Electromechanical Programmable, fully Automatic Digital Computer. It was built with 2000 relays, implementing a 22 bit word length that operated at a clock frequency of about 5–10 Hz. The Program code was supplied on punched film while data could be stored in 64 words of memory supplied from the keyboard. 1942 – John Vincent Atanasoff a professor of physics and mathematics at Iowa State University and his assistant , Clifford E.Berry, designed the First Electronic Digital Computer ‘Atanasoff–Berry Computer (ABC). It was the first computer to store information on its main memory and perform 30 equations simultaneously. 1942 – Konrad Zuse begin working on the First Commercial Computer Z4, a successor of Z3, its memory consisted of 32-bit and a program construction unit. The computer was sold to Eduard Stiefel, a mathematician of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich in 1950. 1943 – Colossus was a set of computers developed by British codebreakers in the years 1943–1945 to help in the cryptanalysis of the Lorenz cipher. Colossus used thermionic valves (vacuum tubes) to perform Boolean and counting operations. Colossus is thus regarded as the world's first programmable, electronic, digital computer, although it was programmed by switches and plugs and not by a stored program. Colossus was designed by General Post Office (GPO) research telephone engineer Tommy Flowers to solve a problem posed by mathematician Max Newman at the Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS) at Bletchley Park. The prototype, Colossus Mark 1, was shown to be working in December 1943 and was in use at Bletchley Park by early 1944. An improved Colossus Mark 2 that used shift registers to quintuple the processing speed, first worked on 1 June 1944, just in time for the Normandy landings on D-Day. Ten Colossi were in use by the end of the war and an eleventh was being commissioned. Bletchley Park's use of these machines allowed the Allies to obtain a vast amount of high-level military intelligence from intercepted radiotelegraphy messages between the German High Command (OKW) and their army commands throughout occupied Europe. 1943-1955: Started in 1943: Two University of Pennsylvania professors, John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert, build the first general-purpose electronic digital computer ‘The Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC)’ led by Major General Gladeon M. Barnes and financed by the United States Army, Ordnance Corps, Research and Development Command in secret under the codename “Project PX.”. They are considered the grandfather of digital computers. It was similar to the Colossus but was much faster and more flexible. The machine was huge, weighing 30 tons, occupied 1,000 ft2 using 200 kilowatts of electric power , 6,000 switches and contained over 18,000 vacuum tubes, 1,500 relays, and 70, 000 resistors, 10, 000 capacitors, and inductors. ENIAC’s development and construction lasted from 1943 to full operation at the end of 1945 and was used between 1946 to 1955. John William Mauchly J. Presper Eckert, Jr. After ENIAC went into use, the team encountered a number of problems, the main one being that it did not have an internal memory because it was hardwired and was consistently programmed by switches and diodes. This problem had to be worked on for the next model. 1944-1956 - From 1944 through 1952, the team developed a new computer called the “Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC)”. This is believed to be the first truly general-purpose digital computer. EDVAC was a stored-program computer with internal read–write memory to store program instructions. The stored- program concept gave the device the capability to branch from the current program instruction under execution to alternative instruction sequences elsewhere in the stored program. When it was completed in 1956, EDVAC was still a carousel machine with 4,000 vacuum tubes and 10,000 crystal diodes. 1945 – Alan Turing joined the National Physical Laboratory and began work on developing an electronic stored-program digital computer ‘Automatic Computing Engine (ACE)’. 1946 – J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly left Moore School of Electrical Engineering, University of Pennsylvania and receive funding from the National Bureau of Standards to build the UNIVAC (UNIVersal Automatic Computer), the first commercial computer for business and government applications. UNIVAC I 1947 – John Bardeen, Walter Houser Brattain, and William Bradford Shockley of Bell Laboratories invented the transistor. They discovered how to make an electric switch with solid materials and no need for a vacuum. First successful test of the transisto December 16, 1947 1947 – Grace Brewster Hopper (1906-1992), an American computer scientist, mathematician, and United States Navy rear admiral. One of the first programmers of the Harvard Mark I computer, she was a pioneer of computer programming who invented one of the first linkers. In 1947, engineers working on Harvard University’s Mark II computer found a bug gumming up the works—a moth had squeezed into one of the machine’s components. After extracting it, somebody taped it to the log book with the caption “first actual case of a bug 1948 – Frederic C. Williams, Tom Kilburn and Geoff Tootill build the world’s first stored- program electronic computer called Baby, actually named as Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine (SSEM) at the Victoria University of Manchester. It contains all of the elements essential to a modern electronic computer. 1949 – the Manchester team had produced a machine working with 32 words of memory and a five-instruction set. Also in England, at Cambridge University, the Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator (EDSAC) was produced in 1949. 1949 – The first computer company was the Electronic Controls Company later renamed as Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation (EMCC) was founded by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly, the same individuals who helped create the ENIAC computer and released a series of mainframe computers under the UNIVAC name. 1949 – BINAC "BINary Automatic Computer" was an early electronic computer designed for Northrop Aircraft Company by the Eckert–Mauchly Computer Corporation in 1949. Eckert and Mauchly, though they had started the design of EDVAC at the University of Pennsylvania, chose to leave and start EMCC, the first computer company. The first electronic digital computer with a stored- program capability to be completed in the United States, the BINAC had a capacity of 512 words. At a price of $278,000, the BINAC improved on the ENIAC primarily by improving speed and power with only 700 vacuum tubes instead of 18,000. 1950 – Built by the Remington Rand corporation and designed by Engineering Research Associates (ERA), UNIVAC 1101, or ERA 1101 was the first stored-program computer in the U.S. that was moved from its site of manufacture and successfully installed at a distant site. And around 1950, the era of analog computers started to end with the evolution of digital computers. 1951 – As soon as the SSEM had demonstrated the feasibility of its design, a project was initiated at the Victoria University of Manchester to develop it into a more usable computer, the Manchester Mark 1. The Mark 1 in turn quickly became the prototype for the Ferranti Mark 1, the world’s first commercially available general-purpose computer, Built by Ferranti. It used to run a program to search for Mersenne primes for LEO I (Lyons Electronic Office I) nine hours without error. In the same year, LEO I (Lyons Electronic Office I) was the first computer used for regular routine office computer jobs or for commercial business applications. 1952 – Geoffrey W.A. Dummer, a Radar Scientist at Royal Radar Establishment of the Ministry of Defence, is the first person to conceptualize and build a prototype of the integrated circuit, commonly called the “microchip”. 1959 – Grace Hopper develops the First Computer Language, COBOL (COmmon Business-Oriented Language). It was an extension of Hopper’s FLOW- MATIC language and COMTRAN (COMmercial TRANslator) a programming language developed at IBM. 1953 – On April 7, 1953, IBM publicly introduced its First Commercial Scientific Computer 701. Thomas Watson visited 20 companies that were potential customers to buy before the development of the product, he expected to get orders for five machines, but he got 18 orders. IBM 701 1954 – John W. Backus submitted a proposal to his superiors at IBM to develop the FORTRAN programming language a more practical alternative to assembly language for programming IBM 704 mainframe computer. 1954 – Toshiba introduces its first computer, the “TAC” digital computer. From 1955 onwards transistors replaced vacuum tubes in computer designs, giving rise to the “second generation” of computers. They are smaller, require less power, have a longer life, and can contain tens of thousands of binary circuits than Vacuum tubes. 1955 – MIT Servomechanisms Laboratory introduced the Whirlwind machine, the First Digital Computer which uses magnetic core RAM, and real-time graphics and was not replaceable with mechanical systems. Whirlwind used 4,500 vacuum tubes to process data. The Whirlwind occupied 3,300 square feet and was the fastest digital computer of its time. It also Whirlwind pioneered a number of new Machine technologies, including magnetic core memory for RAM 1956 – The TX-0 (Transistorized Experimental computer zero) is a 16-bit computer and the first transistorized computer to be demonstrated at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The TX-0 (Transistorized Experimental computer zero) 1958 – Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments and Robert Noyce of Fairchild Semiconductor invented the first practical integrated circuit by researching an integrated circuit and filed a patent on February 6, 1959. Jack Kilby Robert Noyce  1958 – NEC introduced “NEAC 1101”, Japan’s first computer to use floating point operations, and was designed by Eiichi Goto. 1960 – The Digital Equipment Corporation released its first of PDP computer series, the PDP-1 at MIT Lincoln Laboratory and delivered it to Bolt, Beranek, and Newman(BBN). Steve Russell, an American computer scientist used PDP-1 as hardware for creating Spacewar! the first game on a minicomputer in history. Around the mid- to late 1960s, a movement to make computers less expensive and more affordable started gathering momentum. This movement led to a number of developments.  First, it led to the manufacture of a less expensive and smaller computer—the medium-range computer commonly referred to as a minicomputer.  Second, it started a mode of computing that later led to networking. This was time-sharing, where one computer could be used by a number of users who would remotely connect on to the mainframe.  Third and most important, between 1971 and 1976, it led to a milestone in the history of computing: the development of the first microprocessor. A microprocessor is an integrated circuit with many transistors on a single board. Before the birth of the microprocessor, computer technology had developed to a point that vacuum tubes and diodes were no longer used. Computers were constructed from thousands of transistors. The demand for more powerful computers necessitated the development of computers with many thousands of transistors. But it was not possible at the time to simply pack in more transistors and create a working, more powerful computer. A way forward had to be found. 1968 – Douglas Engelbart a computer and Internet pioneer and the inventor of “Computer Mouse” , presented a 90-minute live public demonstration by showing a prototype of the modern computer, with a mouse, a Graphical User Interface (GUI), hypertext, object addressing, dynamic file linking, shared-screen communication over a network with audio and video interface with two persons at different sites. This marks the evolution of the computer from a specialized machine for scientists and mathematicians to technology that is more accessible to the general public. 1968 – Hewlett-Packard began marketing the first mass-marketed PC and the first desktop computer, more look like programmable calculator the HP 9100A. William Hewlett & David Packard 1969 -1970 – UNIX is an Operating System developed by Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, and other developers of the Bell Labs research center. It’s entirely written in C language, making it portable across multiple platforms and choices among mainframes at large companies and government entities. Due to the slow nature of the system, it never quite gained traction among home PC users. 1970 – Intel Corporation’s William Regitz, Joel Karp, and his colleagues at Honeywell introduced the Dynamic Random-Access Memory (DRAM) chip, Intel 1103 which ended the Era of magnetic-core memory. However, the Intel 1103 came to market in quantity in 1972 at 1 cent per bit. 1971 – Intel Corporation introduces the first The 4004 microprocessor commercially available microprocessor, the Intel 4004 a 4-bit Central Processing Unit(CPU) designed under the leadership of Federico Faggin. Designed by John Blankenbaker the The last four in 4004 indicated that Kenbak-1 was the world’s the device had a four-bit data path. The 4004 microprocessor was a four- first “personal computer” chip system consisting of 256-byte ROM, a 32-bit RAM, 4-bit data path, sold for US$750. and 10-bit shift register. 1972 – April 1, 1972 , the Vietnamese-French engineer, Andre Truong Trong Thi, along with Francois Gernelle, developed the Micral N computer, the first of the Micral series of microcomputers. It used the Intel 8008 processor and was the first commercial non-assembly computer and sold for $1,750. The 8008 used 3,300 transistors and was the first microprocessor to use a compiler, a system program that interprets user inputs into machine code and machine code to system outputs understandable by the user. The 8008 supported the compiler called PL/M.  1973 – SCAMP (Special Computer APL Machine Portable) a portable single-user computer developed by the IBM Palo Alto Scientific Center and in 1983, PC Magazine designated SCAMP a “revolutionary concept” and “the world’s First Personal Computer”. 1973 – After Douglas Engelbart’s On-Line System (NLS), released on March 1, 1973, Xerox Alto was the first personal fully functional computer with a display and mouse developed at Xerox PARC and also was the first to use a desktop metaphor. The computer operated like many computers today utilizing windows, menus, and icons as an interface to its operating system. 1974- The truly general-purpose microprocessor came out. It was the 8080 microprocessor, an 8-bit device with 4,500 transistors, performing an astonishing 200,000 operations per second. From 1974 forward, the development of microprocessors exploded as companies like Motorola developed the 6800 in 1974, MOS Technology developed the 6502 in 1975, and Zilog developed the Z80 in 1976 1975 – Launched by IBM, IBM 5100 was first commercial portable microcomputer integrated with IBM PALM processor, 5 inch CRT display, tape driver,64 kb RAM, full function keyboard and about 55 pounds of weight.. It has the ability to run the programme in both APL and BASIC. In the same year, David Emberson in the MIT Digital Systems Laboratory build MIT Microcomputer Launched by IBM Suitcase Computer, the first known microprocessor-based portable computer priced 4000 USD. 1975 – Ed Roberts coined the term “Personal Computer” when he introduced the microcomputer Altair 8800 based on the Intel 8080 CPU. 1976 – Xerox NoteTaker developed at Xerox PARC in Palo Altair 8800 Ed Roberts Alto, California by Adele Goldberg, Douglas Fairbairn, and Larry Tesler by researching on Alan Kay’s Dynabook project where he described concept for a transportable computer. This model greatly influenced the design of Osborne 1 and Compaq Portable computers. 1976 – Apple Inc formerly known as Apple Computer Inc. was founded on April Fool’s Day by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne to develop and sell personal computers. The Apple I (Apple 1) was the first product of the Company designed and developed by Steve Wozniak. and started selling on the idea of Steve Jobs.  To develop Apple I, Steve Jobs sold his VW Microbus and Wozniak his HP-65 calculator for $500. The Apple I contained a 6502 8-bit processor and 4 kb of memory, which was expandable using an expansion card but for operating it requires a power supply, display, keyboard, and case to be operational. The Apple I Computer 1977 – Tandy Corporation launched TRS-80 Microcomputer System (TRS-80) is the earliest mass-produced personal desktop microcomputer and sold through their Radio Shack stores. Tandy Corporation launched TRS-80 Micro Computer System 1977 – Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak sold the first Apple II computer West Coast Computer Faire. It comprises of MOS Technology 6502 microprocessor, two game paddles,4 kB of RAM, an audio cassette interface for loading programs and storing data, and the Integer BASIC programming language built into the ROM(Read-Only Memory). The Apple II Computer Steven Paul Jobs was an American business magnate, inventor, and investor. He was the co-founder, chairman, and CEO of Apple; the chairman and majority shareholder of Pixar; a member of The Walt Disney Company's board of directors following its acquisition of Pixar; 1979 – James Murez designed and patented the Micro star, a portable computer and later changed its name to The Small One. 1979 – Written for the CP/M operating system, and developed by Rob Barnaby, Wordstar was the first Word processor application published by MicroPro International. From WordStar 4.0, Peter Mierau started to write the new code for the program. 1981 – Developed by Adam Osborne and designed by Lee Felsenstein, Osborne 1 was the first mass-produced commercially successful microprocessor-based portable computer by Osborne Computer Corporation. It weighs 24.5 pounds and has a 5-inch display, 64 KB memory, two floppy drives, and a CP/M 2.2 operating system. 1981 – The IBM PC was introduced by IBM as their First Personal Computer and code named as Acorn under the supervision of Don Estridge in Boca Raton, Florida. It comprised of 8088 processor, 16 KB of memory expandable to 256 and MS-DOS operating system. The IBM PC was introduced by IBM 1983 – Compaq Portable was the first IBM PC compatible portable computer and also the first product of Compaq Computer Corporation’. 1983 – Apple’s Lisa introduced in market. It sold poorly. It flops but later emerged with modifications as the Macintosh. Also due to poor sales the Gavilan SC, the first laptop computer with the familiar flip form factor by Gavilan Computer Corp. declare Apple Lisa bankruptcy with cash flow problems. 1984 – Commodore SX-64 was the first full- color portable computer. It weighed about 10.5 Kg with a 1541 floppy drive and 5-inch composite monitor. Commodore SX-64 1984 – The IBM Portable Personal Computer 5155 (model 68) was released by IBM PC Division (PCD) and later in 1986, it released the first laptop computer IBM PC Convertible. And in Computer 5155 1994, it introduced the IBM ThinkPad 775CD. 1985 – Dell introduced its First Computer, the “Turbo PC” which consists of an Intel 8088- compatible processor. 1985 – Microsoft introduced Windows, two years after its announcement in 1983. Commodore International released the Amiga 1000, which features advanced audio and video capabilities. 1985 – Before the beginning of Internet History formerly, The first dot-com domain name was registered by Symbolics Computer Company as Symbolics.com on March 15. 1986 – Compaq introduced Deskpro 386, 32-bit portable computer by beating the production of IBM. Compaq introduced Deskpro 386, 32-bit portable computer 1986 – The IBM PC Convertible 5140, released in 1986, was the company's First Laptop Computer and the first to use the 3-1/2 inch floppy disk that soon became the industry standard. IBM 5140 laptop computer 1989 – The Game Boy is an 8-bit fourth-generation handheld game console developed and manufactured by Nintendo. It was first released in Japan on April 21, 1989, in North America later the same year, and in Europe in late 1990. It was designed by the same team that developed the Game & Watch series of handheld electronic games and several Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) games: Satoru Okada, Gunpei Yokoi, and Nintendo Research & Development 1. 1989 - Tim Berners-Lee, a British scientist, invented the World Wide Web (WWW) in 1989, while working at CERN. The Web was originally conceived and developed to meet the demand for automated information-sharing between scientists in universities and institutes around the world.  1990 1991 The CDTV (from Commodore Dynamic Total Vision, later treated as a backronym for Compact Disc Television) is a home multimedia entertainment and video game console – convertible into a full-fledged personal computer by the addition of optional peripherals – developed by Commodore International and launched in April 1991.  1992 Micro s o f t i n t r o d u c e d Windo w s 3.1. 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