Case report study.pptx

Case report study :Performed by Ranim Alzuraide Dr. Aya shtewi -:Definition An article that describes and interprets an individual case, often written in the form of a detailed story. Case reports often focus on rare diseases, unusual clinical presentations, or uncommon complications o...

Case report study :Performed by Ranim Alzuraide Dr. Aya shtewi -:Definition An article that describes and interprets an individual case, often written in the form of a detailed story. Case reports often focus on rare diseases, unusual clinical presentations, or uncommon complications or events. Case reports often describe: Unique cases that cannot be explained by known diseases or syndromes Cases that show an important variation of a disease or condition Cases that show unexpected events that may yield new or useful information Cases in which one patient has two or more unexpected diseases or disorders Importance of case report study: Case reports are considered the lowest level of evidence, but they are also the first line of evidence, because they are where new issues and ideas emerge. This is why they form the base of our pyramid. A good case report will be clear about the importance of the observation being reported. If multiple case reports show something similar, the next step might be a case-control study to determine if there is a relationship between the relevant variables. How to Choose a Case Report ?Topic Choosing the right topic can make or break a case report. Because case reports come with the expectation of being unique and interesting, finding the right patient case and topic can.present a challenge for authors There are several case report archetypes that journal editors expect to see when evaluating a :case report submission Steps to Take Before You Start Writing a Case Report Even after choosing a case and topic, authors should take additional.steps prior to writing a case report :Obtain consent from patient Informed consent in an ethical requirement for most studies involving humans, so before you start writing your case report, take a written consent from the patient as all journals require that you provide it at the time of manuscript submission. In case the patient is a minor, parental consent is required. For adults who are unable to consent to investigation or treatment, consent of.closest family members is required Patient anonymity is also an important requirement. Remember not to disclose any information that might reveal the identity of the patient. You need to be particularly careful with pictures, and ensure that pictures of the affected area do not reveal the identity of the patient :Discuss with the treating clinicians In modern healthcare, patients are often cared for by teams of interdisciplinary professionals. Patients with rare or complex conditions may enter and exit the care of multiple teams throughout their clinical.course. No single clinician or team holds the rights to a patient’s story Before a case report is written, authors should reach out to the other professionals who participated in the patient’s care :Build your team Before writing, assemble the team of colleagues and supporters who will assist you in writing the case report. This may include more experienced clinicians who will guide you through the clinical aspects of the case, academics who will help you with a literature review, and/or co-authors and editors who will help you with the manuscript draft and submission preparation :Gather all clinical information Case reports require detailed accounts of the patient’s presentation and clinical course. This includes dozens of data points: a complete history, physical exam, laboratory tests, imaging, and major.events and outcomes :Perform a literature review Perform a literature review on the underlying topic of your case report. If you patient presents with a rare disease, the literature review should focus on that condition. If you focus on an unusual presentation of a common disease, it should include background information on the common disease but should focus on atypical presentations, including those relevant to your patient. If you focus on a procedural complication, your research should include basic information about.that procedure and its complication rates -:Guidelines To Writing A Clinical Case Report WHAT ARE THE REASONS FOR PUBLISHING A CASE ?REPORT :The most common reasons for publishing a case are the following an unexpected association between diseases or symptoms. an unexpected event in the course observing or treating a patient. findings that shed new light on the possible pathogenesis of a disease or an adverse effect. unique or rare features of a disease. unique therapeutic approaches; variation of anatomical structures. Most journals publish case reports that deal with :one or more of the following Unusual observations Adverse response to therapies Unusual combination of conditions leading to confusion Illustration of a new theory Question regarding a current theory Personal impact. ?How to Format or Structure a Case Report Different journals have slightly different formats for case reports. It is always a good idea to read some of the target jiurnals case reports to get a general idea of the sequence.and format In general, all case reports include the following :components title, an abstract, an introduction, a case, and a.discussion. Some journals might require literature review Title: The readers see the title page as first step to a case report. Therefore, the title should be attractive, clear, organized to grab the reader's attention to the topic. An ideal title should not sound too broad or artificial, and should be understandable to the reader A title can be placed on the first page of the manuscript or as a separate file labeled “title” depending on journals. Unnecessary words, double meanings, and abbreviations should be avoided in the title, and the phrase “case report” should be included. Beneath the title and on the same page, all the authors, their affiliations, and email addresses should.be listed. Most reports for case are not written by a single author :Abstract The abstract should summarize the case, the problem it addresses, and the message it conveys. Abstracts of case studies are usually very short, preferably not more than 150 words :Introduction The introduction gives a brief overview of the problem that the case addresses, citing relevant literature where necessary. The introduction generally ends with a single sentence describing the patient and the basic condition that he or she is suffering from :Case :This section provides the details of the case in the following order Patient description Case history Physical examination results Results of pathological tests and other investigations Treatment plan Expected outcome of the treatment plan Actual outcome :Discussion This is the most important part of the case report; the part that will convince the journal that the case is publication worthy. This section should start by expanding on what has been said in the introduction, focusing on why the case is noteworthy and the.problem that it addresses This is followed by a summary of the existing literature on the topic. (If the journal specifies a separate section on literature review, it should be added before the Discussion). This part describes the existing theories and research findings on the key issue in the patient's condition. The review should narrow down to.the source of confusion or the main challenge in the case Finally, the case report should be connected to the existing literature, mentioning the message that the case conveys. The author should explain whether this corroborates with or detracts from current beliefs about the.problem and how this evidence can add value to future clinical practice :Conclusion A case report ends with a conclusion or with summary points, depending on the journal's specified format. This section should briefly give readers the key points covered in the case report. Here, the author can give suggestions and recommendations to clinicians, teachers, or researchers. Some journals do not want a separate section for the conclusion: it can then be the concluding paragraph of the Discussion section :REFERENCES Like any academic article, case reports should have a References.section There is no perfect number of references for a case report, but the References section should be robust enough to support a well-.informed Discussion section References should be primary sources and should come from reputable academic sources. The References section should be.formatted according to each individual journal’s author guidelines ?Where to Publish Case Report General Medicine Journals Specialty Medical Journals Journals Dedicated to Case Reports Conferences and Symposia ?What are the advantages and disadvantages to consider when using Case Reports Advantage Can be published quickly s Provides very detailed information Allows detailed investigation into situations which would be unethical or impractical to perform using another study design Can help detect new drug side effects and potential uses (adverse or beneficial) Can help in the identification of new trends or diseases Disadvant May include researcher bias ages Difficult to replicate Can't always be generalised to the broader population