Cardiovascular Disorders Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary condition resulting from a buildup of fats and cholesterol in artery walls?

Hypertension

Arrhythmia

Atherosclerosis (correct)

Angina

Which test is used to create images of the heart using sound waves?

Echocardiogram (correct)

Electrocardiogram (EKG)

Coronary Angiography

Stress Test

What lifestyle modification is essential for managing heart disease risk?

Increased alcohol consumption

Diet and exercise (correct)

Smoking more frequently

Sedentary lifestyle

Which term describes the condition when the heart cannot pump effectively?

Heart Failure Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of atherosclerosis?

Chronic cough Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary definition of hypertension?

High blood pressure consistently above normal levels Signup and view all the answers

Which medical intervention involves the use of a balloon to widen narrowed arteries?

Angioplasty with stenting Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of untreated hypertension?

Increased risk of heart disease and stroke Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of coronary artery disease (CAD)?

Narrowing of arteries due to plaque buildup Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is NOT associated with heart failure?

Chest pain Signup and view all the answers

What is one non-modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disorders?

Age Signup and view all the answers

Which procedure is commonly used to treat coronary artery disease?

Angioplasty Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a type of arrhythmia?

Atrial fibrillation Signup and view all the answers

What does hypertension refer to?

High force of blood against artery walls Signup and view all the answers

Which lifestyle change can help in the management of cardiovascular disorders?

Healthy diet Signup and view all the answers

What common diagnostic test measures the electrical activity of the heart?

EKG Signup and view all the answers

Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cardiovascular Disorder Overview

Cardiovascular disorders are a variety of conditions affecting the heart.
Types of heart disease include: heart valve disease, heart failure, cardiomyopathy, coronary artery disease, and arrhythmias.
The average adult heart pumps 6,000-7,500 liters of blood daily through 60,000 miles of blood vessels.
The human heart is roughly the size of a fist and weighs less than 1 pound.
The average heart rate (BPM) is 72.

Heart Anatomy

The heart's size is comparable to a fist, weighing less than 1 pound.
The average heart rate is 72 beats per minute.
Daily blood flow through the body is approximately 6,000-7,500 liters.
Blood flow travels through 60,000 miles of blood vessels.

Types of Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs)

Coronary artery disease (CAD)
Hypertension (high blood pressure)
Stroke
Heart failure
Arrhythmias

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

CAD involves a lack of blood flow due to plaque buildup in the coronary arteries.
Plaque buildup causes narrowing of the arteries, reducing blood flow to the heart.
Blood clots can form in the narrowed arteries, completely obstructing blood flow.

Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)

Hypertension is categorized in stages based on systolic and diastolic blood pressure readings.
Blood pressure categories include hypotension, normal, prehypertension, and stages 1, 2, and 3 hypertension.
High blood pressure is a significant risk factor for CVDs.

Heart Failure

Heart failure is a condition where the heart can't pump blood efficiently.
Congestive heart failure leads to fluid buildup in the lungs and other body parts, causing bloating.
Enlarged heart is a possible indication of heart failure.

Arrhythmias

Arrhythmias are irregularities in the heartbeat rhythm.
ECG recordings show normal heart rhythms and examples of arrhythmia.
Arrhythmias can range from mild to severe.

Risk Factors of CVDs

Non-modifiable risk factors include age, sex, family history of CVD, race/ethnicity, and genetic factors.
Modifiable risk factors include poor nutrition, obesity, smoking, physical inactivity, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and excessive alcohol consumption.

Diagnosis and Monitoring of CVDs

Various diagnostic methods, including ECG readings and physical exams are used to identify conditions.
Multiple conditions and diseases are identified by analyzing various ECG readings, including Brugada syndrome and hyperkalemia, and other conditions such as atrial ventricular blockade.

Cardiovascular Disease Treatment Options

Numerous treatment options exist for cardiovascular diseases.
Methods include drug therapy, catheterization and angioplasty, and surgery, depending on the specific condition and disease type.

Nursing Role in CVD

Monitoring vital signs and observing for signs of complications.
Providing patient education regarding adherence to medication and lifestyle changes.
Supporting emotional and psychological well-being.
Encouraging participation in cardiac rehabilitation programs.

Patient Education for CVD Prevention

Healthy diet, exercise, alcohol moderation, and smoking cessation.
Self-monitoring of symptoms.
Importance of regular check-ups for preventative measures.

Overview of Hypertension

Primary hypertension, the most common type, lacks a known cause.
Secondary hypertension is linked to another underlying condition, like kidney disease.
Hypertension is diagnosed based on blood pressure readings exceeding specific values, as well as by medical history.

Signs and Symptoms of Hypertension

Common signs and symptoms include dizziness, irregular heartbeat, nausea, vomiting, fainting, low blood pressure, and fatigue.

Complications of Uncontrolled Hypertension

Uncontrolled hypertension can lead to serious complications in the brain, kidneys, heart, and reproductive system.
Complications include vision loss, stroke, heart and artery disease, kidney damage, and sexual dysfunction.

Medical Management of Hypertension

Several classes of medications are used to treat hypertension.
Common medications include beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, diuretics, and vasodilators.

Nursing Interventions and Evaluation of MI

Initial steps to manage heart attack include MONA (Morphine, Oxygen, Nitroglycerin, Aspirin).
Advanced cardiac care involves thrombolytics, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG).
Nurses play critical roles in assessment, monitoring, education, and support during and after MI.
Following a heart attack, evaluation includes relief of pain, absence of respiration difficulty, lifestyle modifications, enhanced knowledge of disease, and absence of complications.

Cardiovascular MI (Myocardial Infarction)

Myocardial infarction (MI), commonly known as a heart attack, is a serious condition.
MI incidence varies based on age and type of infarction.
Common symptoms include chest discomfort, upper body pain, indigestion, anxiety, irregular heartbeat, dizziness, fainting, shortness of breath, cold sweats, and nausea/vomiting.
Types of MI include STEMI (ST-elevation myocardial infarction) and NSTEMI (non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction).
Emergency management and advanced care, including diagnostic assessment, medications, and preparation for interventions.

Nursing Care for MI Patients

Assessment of vital signs, pain level, oxygen saturation levels, and other related factors.
Patient education focused on lifestyle modifications and medication adherence.

Complications of MI

Ischemic complications, mechanical complications, electrical complications, pericardial complications, and thromboembolic complications.

Preventive Measures for MI

Lifestyle modifications including diet, exercise, and smoking cessation.
Regular check-ups and screenings for blood pressure, cholesterol, and diabetes.

Nursing Assessment for MI

Gathering detailed information regarding activities preceding or triggering chest pain episodes.
Assessing risk factors and implementing risk reduction strategies.
Delayed data collection during active chest pain and arrhythmias.
Employing subjective scales for evaluating physical discomfort during assessment.
Obtaining data on nausea, vomiting, diaphoresis, dizziness, weakness, palpitations, and shortness of breath (SOB), when applicable.

Nursing Diagnoses after MI

Pain related to myocardial ischemia.
Altered tissue perfusion related to an imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand.
Anxiety related to fear of death and knowledge deficiencies.

MI Nursing Plan and Interventions

Prevention of pain.
Improved tissue perfusion evident by the absence of chest pain and arrhythmias.
Reduced anxiety and enhanced knowledge about the disease process.

MI Nursing Interventions

Educating patients about symptom triggers and activity limitations.
Providing medication management education, including appropriate dosages, and potential side effects.
Encouraging bed rest to reduce cardiac workload.
Administering oxygen as needed.
Regularly evaluating vital signs and assessing tissue perfusion.
Providing emotional support and addressing anxiety.
Preparing for emergency procedures such as heart catheterization or CABG.

Evaluation of MI Treatment

Patient verbalizes relief of chest pain.
Absence of respiratory complications.
Lifestyle modifications for preventing future occurrences.
Increased knowledge of the disease process and reduced anxiety.
Absence of complications related to treatment.

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Description

This quiz provides a comprehensive overview of cardiovascular disorders, including the anatomy of the heart and various types of heart diseases. Participants will learn about heart function, the average heart rate, and common cardiovascular diseases like coronary artery disease and hypertension. Test your knowledge on the essentials of heart health and disorders.