Carbohydrates and Lipids Study Guide PDF

Carbohydrates and lipids 1. Which elements comprise carbohydrates? What are examples of carbohydrates? What roles do carbohydrates play in biota? Which elements comprise lipids? What are examples of lipids? What roles do lipids play in biota? 2...

Carbohydrates and lipids 1. Which elements comprise carbohydrates? What are examples of carbohydrates? What roles do carbohydrates play in biota? Which elements comprise lipids? What are examples of lipids? What roles do lipids play in biota? 2. What are saccharides? What are monosaccharides? How are monosaccharides classi ed? How is glucose classi ed? Can you give examples of aldose and ketose monosaccharides? What is the difference between a triose, pentose, and a hexose? 3. Monosaccharides routinely assume ring conformations. What does this allow them to do? What are disaccharides? Which monomers form maltose and sucrose? Which enzymes hydrolyze these disaccharides? Do humans have these enzymes? Which suf x is used to indicate an enzyme? 4. What is a polysaccharide? Which polysaccharides do plants make and for what purpose? Which plant polysaccharide can humans digest/hydrolyze? Which enzyme hydrolyzes it? Do humans have cellulase? What role does cellulose play in humans? 5. What is glycogen? How is it made? Which group of biota make glycogen? Which human tissues make/store glycogen? Which conditions favor glucose polymerization into glycogen and glycogen depolymerization into glucose? What do humans do with extra glucose when glycogen levels are maximized? 6. What are fatty acids? How do fatty acids vary? What is glycerol? What are triglycerides (triacylglycerols)? How many fatty acids are found in triglycerides? Do they all have to be the same length? Which human cells make triglycerides? Which human cells store triglycerides? What roles do they play in humans? What can happen if one over-consumes triglycerides? 7. How are fats classi ed? What is the relationship among hydrogen atom saturation of fatty acids, packing ability, and melting temperature? What is different between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids? Which tend to be solids at room temperature? Can you discern among the following: polyunsaturated fats, monounsaturated fats, trans fats, and saturated fats? How does a cis double carbon bond impact the overall shape of a fatty acid? How does a trans double carbon bond impact the overall shape of a fatty acid? Which fatty acids do trans fats most resemble and why? What is LDL-C and HDL-C? Over-consumption of which two fats increases LDL-C? What happens to arteries when LDL-C are elevated in the blood? What are the likely consequences of maintaining high levels of LDL-C in the blood? How do monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats impact LDL-C, and HDL- C? Is elevated blood HDL-C good or bad for you? 8. What is a phospholipid? How is a phospholipid similar to/different from a triglyceride? Phospholipids are amphipathic - what does that mean? Which region of a phospholipid is polar and which region is non-polar? What do the terms hydrophilic and hydrophobic mean? How do phospholipids arrange themselves in liquid water? How do phospholipids arrange themselves within a cellular membrane? Why? fi fi fi fi 9. What is a steroid? What is cholesterol and which biota make it and where is it used? Which kinds of hormones are made using a steroid carbon skeleton? If these hormones are made with the same carbon skeleton, how do they differ from each other? 10. You must know the background information included in the worksheet: Carbohydrate and Sugar Substitute Chemistry - Molarity Problems.