Carbohydrates & Sugars Notes PDF
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Uploaded by SpellboundAustin2761
Dr. Amr Abdallah
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Summary
These notes provide a comprehensive overview of carbohydrates and their properties. It covers important concepts such as the classification of carbohydrates, the general formula for carbohydrates, the structures of various sugars, and the biological importance of carbohydrates.
Full Transcript
# Carbohydrates & Sugars ## Bio Chemistry - **Carbohydrates** are the most abundant components produced by photosynthesis from plants - They are aldehyde or ketone derivatives - General formula: $C_nH_{2n}O_n$ - Number of carbon atoms: 3 - Sources of carbohydrates: - Bread - Potatoes -...
# Carbohydrates & Sugars ## Bio Chemistry - **Carbohydrates** are the most abundant components produced by photosynthesis from plants - They are aldehyde or ketone derivatives - General formula: $C_nH_{2n}O_n$ - Number of carbon atoms: 3 - Sources of carbohydrates: - Bread - Potatoes - Milk - Beans - Corn - Soft drinks ## Importance of Carbohydrates: - The main source of energy - Storage of energy - Plants: starch - Animal + Human: glycogen - Liver & muscles - Supply carbon for synthesis of other compounds - Important part of nucleic acids - Form blood groups - Biological role: - Hormones - Enzymes - Formed structural components in plants and animals ## Classification of Carbohydrates - Classified according to the number of sugar units - **Monosaccharides:** - Simple sugar - One sugar unit - **Disaccharides:** - 2 monosaccharides - **Oligosaccharides:** - 3 - 10 sugar units - **Polysaccharides:** - More than 10 monosaccharides ## Sugar - Saccharides - **Monosaccharides:** one sugar unit - **Disaccharides:** two sugar unit - **Oligosaccharides:** a few sugar units (3-10) - **Polysaccharides:** many sugar units ## Monosaccharides - Classified by number of carbon atoms: - 3: triose - 4: tetrose - 5: pentose - 6: hexose - 7: heptose - Classified by active group: - **Aldoses:** - The carbonyl group is at the end of the carbon chain. - **Ketoses:** - The carbonyl group is in the middle of the carbon chain. - **Aldotriose:** - Glyceraldhyde - **Aldotetrose:** - Erythrose - **Aldopentose:** - Ribose - **Aldohexose:** - Glucose - Galactose - **Aldoheptose:** - Heptose - **Ketotriose:** - Dihydroxyacetone - **Ketotetrose:** - Erythrulose - **Ketopentrose:** - Ribulose - **Ketohexose:** - Fructose - **Ketoheptose:** - Heptulose
