Inorganic Chemistry Notes PDF
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These notes provide details about various inorganic chemistry reactions, covering topics including reactions with dilute HCl, group 1 and 2 confirmatory tests, group 5 and buffer solutions. The notes also cover reactions of anions such as CO3, Cl, PO4, SO4. The format is suitable for understanding the concepts and performing related experiments.
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# Inorganic Chemistry ## Basic Reactions - **Dilute HCl + Group 1** - AgNO<sub>3</sub> + HCl → AgCl + HNO<sub>3</sub> (White ppt. turns purple in light) - Pb(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> + 2HCl → PbCl<sub>2</sub> + 2HNO<sub>3</sub> (White ppt.) - **Confirmatory** - AgNO<sub>3</sub> + K...
# Inorganic Chemistry ## Basic Reactions - **Dilute HCl + Group 1** - AgNO<sub>3</sub> + HCl → AgCl + HNO<sub>3</sub> (White ppt. turns purple in light) - Pb(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> + 2HCl → PbCl<sub>2</sub> + 2HNO<sub>3</sub> (White ppt.) - **Confirmatory** - AgNO<sub>3</sub> + K<sub>2</sub>CrO<sub>4</sub> → Ag<sub>2</sub>CrO<sub>4</sub> + 2KNO<sub>3</sub> (Brick red ppt.) - Pb(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> + K<sub>2</sub>CrO<sub>4</sub> → PbCrO<sub>4</sub> + 2KNO<sub>3</sub> (Canary yellow ppt.) - **H<sub>2</sub>S + Dilute HCl + Group 2** - CuSO<sub>4</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>S + HCl → CuS + H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> (Black ppt.) - SnSO<sub>4</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>S + HCl → SnS + H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> (Brown ppt.) - HgSO<sub>4</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>S + HCl → HgS + H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> (Black ppt.) - **Confirmatory** - CuSO<sub>4</sub> + NaOH → Cu(OH)<sub>2</sub> + Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> (Blue ppt. but black by heating) - SnSO<sub>4</sub> + NaOH → Sn(OH)<sub>2</sub> + Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> (White ppt. dissolves in excess NaOH) - HgSO<sub>4</sub> + NaOH → Hg(OH)<sub>2</sub> + Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> (Yellow ppt.) - **Buffer Solution + Group 3** - FeCl<sub>2</sub> + NH<sub>4</sub>OH + NH<sub>4</sub>Cl → Fe(OH)<sub>2</sub> + NH<sub>4</sub>Cl (Makes the medium basic, Dirty Green ppt.) - FeCl<sub>3</sub> + NH<sub>4</sub>OH + NH<sub>4</sub>Cl → Fe(OH)<sub>3</sub> + NH<sub>4</sub>Cl (Reddish Brown ppt.) - AlCl<sub>3</sub> + NH<sub>4</sub>OH + NH<sub>4</sub>Cl → Al(OH)<sub>3</sub> + NH<sub>4</sub>Cl (White ppt.) - **Confirmatory: Potassium ferrocyanide** - 2FeCl<sub>2</sub> + K<sub>4</sub>[Fe(CN)<sub>6</sub>] → Fe<sub>2</sub>[Fe(CN)<sub>6</sub>] + 4KCl (Light blue ppt.) - 4FeCl<sub>3</sub> + 3K<sub>4</sub>[Fe(CN)<sub>6</sub>] → Fe<sub>4</sub>[Fe(CN)<sub>6</sub>]<sub>3</sub> + 12KCl (Dark blue ppt.) - AlCl<sub>3</sub> + 3NaOH → Al(OH)<sub>3</sub> + 3NaCl (White ppt.) ## H<sub>2</sub>S in presence of Buffer Solution + Group 4: - ZnCl<sub>2</sub>+ H<sub>2</sub>S → ZnS + 2HCl (White gelatinous ppt.) - MnCl<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>S → MnS + 2HCl (Skinny color ppt.) - NiCl<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>S → NiS + 2HCl (Black ppt.) ## Confirmatory: - ZnCl<sub>2</sub> + 2NaOH → Zn(OH)<sub>2</sub> + 2NaCl (White ppt.) - MnCl<sub>2</sub> + 2NaOH → Mn(OH)<sub>2</sub> + 2NaCl (Yellowish white ppt.) - NiCl<sub>2</sub> + 2NaOH → Ni(OH)<sub>2</sub> + 2NaCl (Light Green ppt.) ## Group 5: - CaSO<sub>4</sub> + (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> (Buffer Solution) → CaCO<sub>3</sub> + (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>(White ppt.) - BaSO<sub>4</sub>+ (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> (Buffer Solution) → BaCO<sub>3</sub> + (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> (White ppt.) ## Confirmatory: - CaSO<sub>4</sub> + K<sub>2</sub>CrO<sub>4</sub> → CaCrO<sub>4</sub> + K<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> (Yellow color) - BaSO<sub>4</sub> + K<sub>2</sub>CrO<sub>4</sub> → BaCrO<sub>4</sub> + K<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> (Yellow ppt.) # Chemistry ## CO<sub>3</sub>/HCO<sub>3</sub> (Group 1) - **Main Test:** - Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> + 2 HCl(dilute) → 2 NaCl + H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O → CO<sub>2</sub> (Furan) + H<sub>2</sub>O - NaHCO<sub>3</sub> + HCl → NaCl + H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O → CO<sub>2</sub> (Furan) + H<sub>2</sub>O - **Confirmatory Test:** - Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> + MgSO<sub>4</sub> (cold) → Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> + MgCO<sub>3</sub> (White ppt.) - NaHCO<sub>3</sub> + MgSO<sub>4</sub> → Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> + Mg(HCO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2 </sub> - Mg(HCO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> (heat) → MgSO<sub>4</sub> + MgCO<sub>3</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> → MgCO<sub>3</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O + CO<sub>2</sub> (White ppt. after Δ) ## Cl/I/NO<sub>3</sub> - **Main Test:** - NaCl + AgNO<sub>3</sub> → NaNO<sub>3</sub> + AgCl (White ppt. turns purple in sunlight) ## SO<sub>3</sub><sup>2-</sup>/PO<sub>4</sub><sup>3-</sup> - **Main Test:** - Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>3</sub> + BaCl<sub>2</sub> → 2 NaCl + BaSO<sub>3</sub> (White ppt.) - Na<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> + 3AgNO<sub>3</sub> (excess) → 3NaNO<sub>3</sub> + Ag<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> (Yellowish white ppt.) - **Confirmatory:** - Na<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> + 12(NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>MoO<sub>4</sub> + 24HNO<sub>3</sub> (conc.) → 3NaNO<sub>3</sub> + 21NH<sub>4</sub>NO<sub>3</sub> + (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>.12MoO<sub>3</sub> + 12H<sub>2</sub>O (Yellow crystals) ## Summary Table | Anion | Reagent | Observation | |---|---|---| | CO<sub>3</sub><sup>2-</sup> | HCl (dilute) | Furan | | Cl<sup>-</sup> | AgNO<sub>3</sub> (excess) | White ppt. | | PO<sub>4</sub><sup>3-</sup> | AgNO<sub>3</sub> | Yellowish white ppt. | | SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup> | BaCl<sub>2</sub> | White ppt. | # Organic Chemistry ## Group 1 Conditions: - 4-5 Carbon atoms - 1 Functional group ## Group 1 Functional Groups: 1. **Aldehydes:** - Formaldehyde (methanal) - HCHO - Acetaldehyde (ethanal) - CH<sub>3</sub>CHO 2. **Ketones:** - Acetone - CH<sub>3</sub>COCH<sub>3</sub> 3. **Alcohols:** - Methanol - CH<sub>3</sub>OH - Ethanol - C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>OH 4. **Organic Acids:** - Acetic acid - CH<sub>3</sub>COOH - Formic acid - HCOOH ## Group 2 Conditions: - Low molecular weight - 2 Functional groups ## Group 2 Functional Groups: 1. **Hydroxy Acids:** - Lactic acid: CH<sub>3</sub>CH(OH)COOH - Tartaric acid: (CHOH)<sub>2</sub>(COOH)<sub>2</sub> 2. **Glycols:** - Ethylene glycol: (CH<sub>2</sub>OH)<sub>2</sub> 3. **Polycarboxylic acids:** - Citric acid: CH<sub>2</sub>COOH - C(OH)COOH - CH<sub>2</sub>COOH 4. **Dicarboxylic Acids:** - Oxalic acid - (COOH)<sub>2</sub> - Succinic acid - (CH<sub>2</sub>COOH)<sub>2</sub> 5. **Hydroxyl Alcohols:** - Glycerol - CH<sub>2</sub>OH - CHOH - CH<sub>2</sub>OH 6. **Salts:** - Sodium acetate - CH<sub>3</sub>COONa 7. **Aldehydes and Hydroxyl Ketones:** - Glucose: C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub> - Fructose: C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub> ## Group 3: - Benzoic acid: C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>COOH - Salicylic acid: C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub>(OH)COOH ## Group 4 Conditions: - Weak acidic properties ## Group 4 Functional Groups: - Phenol: C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>OH ## Group 5 Conditions: - Basic properties. ## Group 5 Functional Groups: - Amines: RNH<sub>2</sub> ## Group 6 Functional Groups: - Unsaturated hydrocarbons: - Alkenes: C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>2n</sub> - Alkynes: C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>2n-2</sub> - Aromatic hydrocarbon: - 1,2,3 Trimethyl benzene ## Group 7: - Saturated hydrocarbons: - Alkanes: C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>2n+2</sub> - Alkyl Halides: - Ethyl chloride - C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>Cl - Aromatic hydrocarbons: - Benzene - Cyclic hydrocarbons: - Cyclohexane - Aromatic ethers: - Diphenyl ether ## Solubility of Organic Compounds: - **Dissolves in H<sub>2</sub>O:** - Dissolves in ether: tve - Non-dissolves in ether: -ve - **Non-dissolves in H<sub>2</sub>O:** - Acidic: (tve NaOH, -ve Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>) - Basic: (-ve NaOH, tve Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>) - Nutral: (tve H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> conc., -ve H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> conc.) ## Organic Acids and their Salts: - Acid: R-COOH - Salt: R-COONa ## Acidity Test: - Acid + Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> → R-COONa + H2CO3 → H<sub>2</sub>O + CO<sub>2 </sub>(Furan) - Salt + Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> → No reaction. ## Fecl<sub>3</sub> Test for Organic Acids: | Acid | Salt | Fecl<sub>3</sub> ppt | |---|---|---| | Formic Acid | Formate | Red | | Acetic Acid | Acetate | Blood red | | Benzoic Acid | Benzoate | Skinny | | Salicylic Acid | Salicylate | Purple | ### Formic Acid - **Reaction with NH<sub>4</sub>OH:** - HCOOH + NH<sub>4</sub>OH → HCOONH<sub>4</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O - **Reaction with Fecl<sub>3</sub>:** - 3HCOONH<sub>4</sub> + Fecl<sub>3</sub> → [HCOO]<sub>3</sub>Fe + 3NH<sub>4</sub>Cl (Red color) ### Acetic Acid - **Reacting with NH<sub>4</sub>OH:** - CH<sub>3</sub>COOH + NH<sub>4</sub>OH → CH<sub>3</sub>COONH<sub>4</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O - **Reacting with Fecl<sub>3</sub>:** - 3CH<sub>3</sub>COONH<sub>4</sub> + Fecl<sub>3</sub> → [CH<sub>3</sub>COO]<sub>3</sub>Fe + 3NH<sub>4</sub>Cl (Blood Red) ### Benzoic Acid - **Reacting with NH<sub>4</sub>OH:** - C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>COOH + NH<sub>4</sub>OH → C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>COONH<sub>4</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O - **Reacting with Fecl<sub>3</sub>:** - 3C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>COONH<sub>4</sub> + Fecl<sub>3</sub> → [C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>COO]<sub>3</sub>Fe + 3NH<sub>4</sub>Cl (Skinny) ### Salicylic Acid - **Reacting with NH<sub>4</sub>OH:** - C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub>(OH)COOH + NH<sub>4</sub>OH → C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub>(OH)COONH<sub>4</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O - **Reacting with Fecl<sub>3</sub>:** - 3C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub>(OH)COONH<sub>4</sub> + Fecl<sub>3</sub> → [C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub>(OH)COO]<sub>3</sub>Fe + 3NH<sub>4</sub>Cl (Purple ppt.) - **Reacting with Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>:** - C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub>(OH)COOH + Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> →C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub>(OH)COONa + H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> → H<sub>2</sub>O + CO<sub>2 </sub>(Furan) ### Acetic Acid - **Reacting with Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>:** - CH<sub>3</sub>COOH + Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> → CH<sub>3</sub>COONa + H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> → H<sub>2</sub>O + CO<sub>2 </sub>(Furan) ## Cacl<sub>2</sub> | Acid | Salt | Fecl<sub>3</sub> ppt | |---|---|---| | Oxalic Acid | Oxalate | White ppt. directly | | Tartaric Acid | Tartarate | White ppt. after shaking | | Citric Acid | Cetrate | White ppt. after heating | ### Oxalic Acid - **Reacting with NH<sub>4</sub>OH:** - (COOH)<sub>2</sub> + 2NH<sub>4</sub>OH → (COONH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub> + 2H<sub>2</sub>O - **Reacting with Cacl<sub>2</sub>:** - (COONH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub> + Cacl<sub>2</sub> → (COO)<sub>2</sub>Ca + 2NH<sub>4</sub>Cl (White ppt. directly) ### Tartaric Acid - **Reacting with NH<sub>4</sub>OH:** - (CHOH)<sub>2</sub>(COOH)<sub>2</sub> + 2NH<sub>4</sub>OH → (CHOH)<sub>2</sub>(COONH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub> + 2H<sub>2</sub>O - **Reacting with Cacl<sub>2</sub>:** - (CHOH)<sub>2</sub>(COONH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub> + Cacl<sub>2</sub> → (CHOH)<sub>2</sub>(COO)<sub>2</sub>Ca + 2NH<sub>4</sub>Cl (White ppt. after shaking) ### Citric Acid - **Reacting with NH<sub>4</sub>OH:** - (CH<sub>2</sub>COOH)C(OH)(COOH)(CH<sub>2</sub>COOH) + 3NH<sub>4</sub>OH →(CH<sub>2</sub>COONH<sub>4</sub>)C(OH)(COONH<sub>4</sub>)(CH<sub>2</sub>COONH<sub>4</sub>) + 3H<sub>2</sub>O - **Reacting with Cacl<sub>2</sub>:** - (CH<sub>2</sub>COOH)C(OH)(COONH<sub>4</sub>)(CH<sub>2</sub>COONH<sub>4</sub>) + Cacl<sub>2</sub> → (CH<sub>2</sub>COO)C(OH)(COO)<sub>2</sub>Ca + 3NH<sub>4</sub>Cl (White ppt. after heating) ### Reactions with Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> - **Formic Acid:** - HCOOH + Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> → HCOONa + H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> → H<sub>2</sub>O + CO<sub>2</sub> - **Oxalic Acid:** - (COOH)<sub>2</sub> + Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> → (COONa)<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> → H<sub>2</sub>O + CO<sub>2</sub> - **Tartaric Acid:** - (CHOH)<sub>2</sub>(COOH)<sub>2</sub> + Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> → (CHOH)<sub>2</sub>(COONa)<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> → H<sub>2</sub>O + CO<sub>2</sub> - **Citric Acid:** - (CH<sub>2</sub>COOH)C(OH)(COOH)(CH<sub>2</sub>COOH) + Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> → (CH<sub>2</sub>COONa)C(OH)(COONa)(CH<sub>2</sub>COONa) + H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> → H<sub>2</sub>O + CO<sub>2</sub>