Various Types of Inequality PDF

# Various Types of Inequality All societies have, to a lesser or greater extent, social stratification. While the distinction between high and low is not often visible in the primary or primitive stages of human society, it becomes gradually apparent in the subsequent stages of societal development...

# Various Types of Inequality All societies have, to a lesser or greater extent, social stratification. While the distinction between high and low is not often visible in the primary or primitive stages of human society, it becomes gradually apparent in the subsequent stages of societal development. In the continuum of social development, four types of social stratification can be observed in human societies so far. These are Slavery, Estate, Caste, and Class. The first two types have become obsolete. The influence of the caste system is diminishing, but class-based stratification still prevails in contemporary society. Now let us learn about these types of social stratification. Through this, we can understand the nature of previous societal structures, get an idea about the changes in society, and comprehend the dynamics of the present social framework. ## Slavery and Estate System ### Slavery Slavery is a characteristic of agricultural and feudal society. It fully developed in Western society. This practice primarily divided society into two parts: the salves and the lords of the slaves. A slave is a person who is considered the property of others according to law and tradition. The slaves had no rights; they were entirely subordinate to others. They might enjoy some protection as the domestic animals get. The practice of slavery is an extreme form of social inequality. In this case, a section of society is entirely or mostly deprived of rights. The existence of slavery was prevalent in various forms throughout different periods of human history. However, there are two extreme examples of slavery. One is in ancient Greek-Roman civilizations, and the other is in the 18th and 19th centuries in the Southern states of the United States. By examining the extreme condition of slavery, many social analysts consider slavery as a ‘labor-intensive system’, where the slaves work like machines. ### Estate In medieval Europe, the term 'estate' initially referred to feudal land ownership, meaning land under the control of a landlord or owner. Later, in various countries of Eastern and Western Europe, including Russia, the term 'estate' was used to signify a social class under the feudal system. During the Middle Ages, France and other European countries were divided into three estates. These were known as the First Estate, Second Estate, and Third Estate. The First Estate included the leaders or clergy of the Church. They were considered representatives of God and owned abundant land and other wealth. They were so powerful that they controlled political events. The Second Estate consisted of the nobility, including kings and queens. They were primarily owners of extensive lands where common peasants worked, sustaining a luxurious lifestyle through the income generated. Furthermore, the Third Estate was considered to include the majority of the common people who primarily engaged in agriculture for the Church or the nobility. They were simply called serfs. Each estate had specific responsibilities and duties defined, and this hierarchical division was recognized by law. Membership in these estates was determined by birth, similar to the caste system. The first two estates enjoyed all the privileges and benefits of society, while those belonging to the Third Estate were exploited and deprived of these advantages. ### Caste System Another form of social stratification is the caste system. Caste system is referred to as a special kind of social stratification. Based on the principles of hierarchy, the Indian Hindu society is divided into four main categories: Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya, and Shudra. Within each caste, there are further subdivisions known as 'jati'. Disparities in social status are observed among the different jatis. Membership in a caste is determined at birth. Once, individuals of different castes had to adhere to certain rules and restrictions in social interactions. Each member of the caste was assigned specific occupations based on their birth. Brahmins were engaged in religious rituals, worship, and education; Kshatriyas were responsible for ruling and defending the country; Vaishyas were involved in trade, commerce, agriculture, and animal husbandry; and Shudras served the other three groups. Slaves, physical labourers, and farmers were included in the Shudra caste. Brahmins held the highest authority and privileges, followed by Kshatriyas, then Vaishyas, and Shudras at the bottom. Those considered untouchables occupied the lowest position in society. However, with the expansion of urbanization, industrialization, and the spread of modern education, the rigidity within the caste system has weakened. Individuals from any caste are now becoming capable of pursuing any profession. The growth of the monetary market and business has enabled individuals from traditionally lower castes to buy land and attain prestige and power as landowners. The development of democratic values in the political system, the expansion of individual autonomy, and the shift towards an inclusive perspective have led individuals from all castes to hold high positions in both governmental and non-governmental institutions. However, the influence of caste still persists in certain aspects of society. ### Social Class Social class is a modern aspect of social stratification. Due to the Industrial Revolution in the eighteenth century, the feudal social structure in Europe started to break down. New cities emerged, and urban-centered populations increased. Alongside this, a class based system began to form in cities. As a result, we see a new form of social stratification. In a class-based society, stratification is determined not only by a person’s birth, but also by his own achievements. In a class-based system, individuals are free. On the other hand the previous three social hierarchies were closed. They can upgrade their class through acquiring education and skills. In the modern social structure, there is equal opportunity for everyone, and individuals can reach the social ladder. However, it is essential to remember that class is not solely determined by an individual's achievements; a person’s family background also determines the class. ### Social Inequality Most of you are aware that not everyone in society receives equal benefits or respect. You have heard about people from different social classes. It can be observed that social inequality occurs due to social stratification. Wherever there is a social class system, there is social inequality. Even though people dream of a society where there is no discrimination among them, the reality is that in the existing human society, some form of class hierarchy and inequality is always evident. We refer to the disparity in wealth and income among people as social inequality. Due to the inequality in wealth and income, some people achieve high status, while others become subordinates. Sociologist Max Weber outlined three causes of social inequality: economic disparity, status inconsistency, and power imbalance. The first cause is associated with differences in wealth or earnings. The second involves the life standards that contribute to the creation of dignified groups. The third relates to politics, resulting in the formation of political parties. In this way, according to Weber, class, status, and political parties serve as the three main elements contributing to social stratification and inequality in contemporary society. However, these levels in modern times are not fixed; they undergo changes. Individuals can upgrade their social position through personal capabilities, hard work, and intellectual application. Conversely, deficiencies in these aspects can lead to a decline in one's social status. This dynamism is referred to as social mobility. **Now, we will learn in detail about social mobility** Society is constantly changing. For the sake of social mobility, people can move from one position to another. As a result, an individual's economic status and dignity may change. According to the concept of social mobility, a person's dignity can increase or decrease at times. Social mobility is intricately connected with the standards of social dignity. **Social Mobility:** Social mobility refers to an individual's ability to move from one position to another within the existing social hierarchy. In other words, the change in a person's social status is social mobility. ### The Impacts of Social Mobility Social mobility depends on how constrained or free the social structure is. We have learned that in ancient and medieval times, the social structure was rigid with strict rules, especially for those who were in lower social strata. As society advances, human freedom increases. In comparison to any previous social structure, people in the present world are enjoying more freedom. However, individual freedom and social mobility are not uniform across all countries or societies. In some countries, we observe that society has created a conducive environment for individuals to change their social status. In many developed countries, individuals have various forms of freedom to advance their position and status. The government of such places strives to minimize all kinds of obstacles. This effort enables people to hope that changing their social position is possible. The attainment of social mobility is influenced by various factors. Among which a positive perspective is prominent. An individual’s strong desire for upgrading his/her status is crucial for achieving upward social mobility. This determination will motivate them to strive for a higher position in society and acquire the necessary skills and qualifications. Education plays another significant role in attaining social mobility. There is no alternative to education for the enhancement of our knowledge and skills. Moreover, education not only aids in acquiring knowledge but also serves as a means to gain respect and dignity. Perspective and education are two influential factors in social mobility. On the other hand, certain elements affect social mobility in a negative manner. If inequality persists in society, it acts as a barrier to individuals for social mobility. This is why emphasis on ensuring equal opportunities and possibilities for everyone is given regardless of religion, caste, or gender. To achieve this, the state creates laws and takes necessary steps. The political parties and civic groups create pressure on the state to take these initiatives. ### The Contribution of International Charters in Social Mobility It is good to remember that in the modern era, the claim for rights was explicitly articulated in 1789 during the French Revolution. Just as the revolutionaries proclaimed equality, fraternity, and liberty, they also declared a list of civil rights. From this, American political scientist Thomas Paine popularized the term “human rights” and its concept. After the independence of America in 1791, the Bill of Rights was incorporated into their constitution. It ensured individual civil rights and freedoms, such as freedom of speech, freedom of the press, and freedom of religion. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was accepted by the General Assembly on December 10, 1948. It is a significant asset of humanity. It deeply articulates the scope of human freedom and rights. It clearly states that every person can protect their freedom, diversity, and individuality, and they can enjoy all their civil and human rights without hindrance. In the first article of the declaration, it is stated that all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights, Everyone has the right to life, liberty, and security. There are 30 articles in the declaration, from which 63 rights can be identified. ### Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) No matter how much we talk about rights, due to various practical reasons, the rights of many people are often diminished. In every country, society, and culture, among the various inequalities, discrimination, oppression, and abuse that people face, the situation of children is the most delicate. This is because children are not developed either physically or mentally in any way. They are dependent on others in various ways, making them particularly vulnerable in matters of their rights. Extra awareness about their rights from others is especially necessary. Children are the most affected in any kind of conflict, dispute, discrimination, or abuse. Their rights are most violated. However, there is hope; gradually, people have become more conscious about this issue. Over time, the issue of children's rights has gained recognition globally as a distinct issue. In this continuity, the issue of children's rights is transformed into a certificate through the United Nations. ### When was the CRC adopted? CRC is not an old matter. It was unanimously adopted in the United Nations General Assembly in November 1989. A year later, in September 1990, it became a part of international law. In history, it is the most widely accepted human rights treaty. Almost all member countries of the United Nations have approved it. Bangladesh was one of the first countries to sign and ratify this treaty. ### Matters of the CRC Through the 54 articles of these certificates, the well-being of children is ensured in a word. It also provides guidance on protecting them from all forms of abuse, discrimination, neglect, and violence. The certificate includes various topics within the scope of recognized rights, such as health, education, the relationship between children and parents, cultural activities, civil rights, protection from abuse, and the rights of children involved in activities contrary to law. ### Responsibilities to Implement of the CRC The primary responsibility for the protection of children’s rights lies with the state and the government. In addition, everyone connected to children in some way shares responsibility for them. This includes parents, grandparents, elder siblings, relatives, teachers, and all individuals engaged in the welfare of children. It can be said that every responsible citizen has a role to play in this regard. ### CEDAW Nowadays, we can very often hear the word ‘CEDAW’. It is a charter to protect women’s rights. CEDAW stands for ‘Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women’. From country to country, society to society, and family to family, CEDAW’s main goal is to eliminate all forms of gender disparities and establish gender equality. Besides, another crucial aspect is to acknowledge the significant contributions and roles that women have been playing in the continuous development and civilization of society throughout the ages. Beyond this, the objective is to establish equality between women and men in all areas and create a conducive environment for the overall development and advancement of women as human beings. ### Approval of the United Nations The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) was adopted by the United Nations-General Assembly on December 18, 1979. Starting from March 1, 1980, member states of the United Nations began signing this convention. CEDAW came into force on September 3, 1981. Until December 31, 1999, 165 countries, including Bangladesh, have approved and signed this convention. ### Some Words about Rights The term 'rights' refers to those things that come with human birth. Without them, one ceases to be human. These are what make a person truly human. Human beings are born with the power of thought, creativity, and the ability to express opinions. No state, government, or other authority grants these; instead, human rights are violated at different times. So, human rights are those inherent rights that a human child is born with. Acquisition of these rights allow human beings to fully develop as a human. It is also said that without human rights, it is not possible to be a complete human being. These rights are not subject to any condition and cannot be restricted or enhanced. A person is born with these rights in any society, state, family, class, gender, community, religion, or ethnicity. Therefore, these rights are universally applicable to all. In this regard, we should keep in mind a few things - #### Rights are inherently acquired We can say that a person is born with certain rights. The right to think and express oneself, which we commonly refer to as freedom of speech, is one of the fundamental rights that a person is born with. Additionally, basic rights such as food, health, education, shelter, and clothing are rights granted to citizens by the state. #### Rights are unconditional Rights cannot be fully obtained if conditions are imposed. Many times, the state or government may say, “You can speak, but you cannot speak against us.” This means that not everything can be said, which diminishes the citizen's freedom and reduces their rights. ### Rights and responsibilities However, rights come with responsibilities. This means that as citizens enjoy their rights, they also have the responsibility to fulfill certain duties. Since society is formed by people taking various paths, it is important to exercise rights in a way that does not harm others or disrupt their normal lives. We live together in society, and, therefore, what we say should not be spoken in a way that hurts others’ feelings or causes harm to their regular lives. This is something you have already learned in the lessons on citizenship. #### Rights cannot be divided When Nazrul was writing his famous poem Bidrohi, if someone came and said, “Nazrul, you can only write half of it; you will not be given the right to write the whole thing,” it would not be a humorous matter! Sharing a banana with a friend is one thing, but no one can force you to do this. It is a matter of your choice and your relationship with friendship. ### Rights actually mean freedom and power The rights to speak, move, express opinions—these rights give you freedom. The freedom to speak your mind and express your thoughts is the essence of the right. By thinking critically and judging, you enjoy the freedom to say what you want to say. This freedom increases your power. ### Rights ensure security The person who has no fear in their mind, whose life is secure and safe from all sides, is truly free. Citizens have the right to enjoy five fundamental rights from the state as basic needs, such as food, clothing, shelter, health, and education. These are the fundamental needs of a person. This is also a kind of right, and it is the responsibility of the state to ensure these for its citizens. Ensuring these rights for all citizens of the country is not an easy task. It is not just about providing healthy and nutritious food to everyone. They need to have the capacity to buy that food. That person needs to have the ability to earn, meaning there should be job opportunities. Keeping the population unemployed is a barrier to the freedom and rights of the people. Therefore, creating job opportunities for people is also a task of the state. Poverty, illiteracy, and unemployment are significant obstacles on the path to the freedom and rights of the people. ### Limitation of rights Sometimes we observe someone loudly playing a horn, disturbing the peace. It is important to note that the right to play a horn comes with limitations. In our country, there is a prevalent tendency to use horns excessively, unlike in developed countries where car horns are rarely heard. Many countries have set a maximum limit for noise. If the sound exceeds this limit, it is considered noise pollution and is unlawful. Therefore, we need to understand that the right of a toothpaste seller to use an amplifier has limits. The same applies to car horns. The enjoyment of rights should be as far as it does not infringe upon the rights of others. Beyond personal desires and societal norms, understanding the concept of shared rights is crucial. It involves respecting both my rights and the rights of others, creating a balance. This understanding signifies a sense of responsibility.