Anatomical Terms & Human Body Systems PDF

# Anatomical Terms & Human Body Systems ## Anatomical Terms - **Proximal:** Near the origin of a structure or point of attachment. - **Distal:** Away from the origin of a structure or point of attachment. - **Anterior (Ventral):** Near the front of the body. - **Posterior (Dorsal):** Near the back...

# Anatomical Terms & Human Body Systems ## Anatomical Terms - **Proximal:** Near the origin of a structure or point of attachment. - **Distal:** Away from the origin of a structure or point of attachment. - **Anterior (Ventral):** Near the front of the body. - **Posterior (Dorsal):** Near the back of the body. - **Cranial:** Near the head. - **Caudal:** Near the tail. - **Medial:** Near the midline of the body. - **Lateral:** Away from the midline of the body. - **Superior:** Above or higher than another structure. - **Inferior:** Below or lower than another structure. - **Superficial:** Near the surface. - **Deep:** Away from the surface. All these terms are used to describe the relative position of one structure in relation to another. ## Body Systems - **Skeletal System:** The framework of the body, composed of bones; provides support, protection, and allows movement. - **Cardiovascular System:** The system that transports blood throughout the body; carries oxygen, nutrients, and removes waste products. - **Muscular System:** The system of muscles that allows movement, supports the skeletal system, and generates heat. - **Digestive System:** The system responsible for the breakdown and absorption of food. - **Respiratory System:** The system involved in the exchange of gases between the body and the environment. - **Urinary System:** The system that eliminates waste products from the blood and regulates the balance of fluids in the body. - **Genital System:** The system responsible for reproduction. - **Lymphatic System:** The system that helps defend the body against infection and disease. - **Nervous System:** The system that controls and coordinates the body's functions. ## Skeletal System The skeletal system consists of: 1. **Axial Skeleton:** The bones that form the central axis of the body. The axial skeleton consists of: - **Skull:** The cranium encloses the brain and the facial bones give shape to the face. - **Vertebral Column:** The vertebral column is a series of interlinked bones, called vertebrae. The vertebrae are segmented into: - **Cervical Vertebrae (7):** The neck region. - **Thoracic Vertebrae (12):** The chest region. - **Lumbar Vertebrae (5):** The lower back region. - **Sacral Vertebrae (5)**: Fused together to form the sacrum. - **Coccyx (4)**: The tailbone. - **Ribs:** 12 pairs, attached to the thoracic vertebrae. - **Sternum:** The breastbone, which connects to the ribs. 2. **Appendicular Skeleton:** The bones of the limbs. The appendicular skeleton consists of: - **Shoulder Girdle:** Comprised of the clavicle (collarbone) and scapula (shoulder blade). - **Upper limb:** - **Humerus:** The bone of the upper arm. - **Radius:** The bone of the forearm on the thumb side. - **Ulna:** The bone of the forearm on the pinky side. - **Carpus:** The wrist bones (8) - **Metacarpals:** The bones of the palm (5) - **Phalanges:** The bones of the fingers (14) - **Pelvic Girdle:** Composed of hip bones. - **Lower Limb:** - **Femur:** The bone of the thigh. - **Patella:** The kneecap. - **Tibia:** The larger bone of the lower leg. - **Fibula:** The smaller bone of the lower leg. - **Tarsals:** The ankle bones (7). - **Metatarsals:** The bones of the foot (5). - **Phalanges:** The bones of the toes (14). ## Planes and Sections - **Plane:** An imaginary flat surface that passes through the body. - **Section:** One of the two surfaces when a plane intersects the body. ### Types of Planes: 1. **Sagittal Plane:** Divides the body into right and left parts. - **Midsagittal (Median Plane):** Divides the body into two equal halves. 2. **Frontal (Coronal Plane):** Divides the body into anterior and posterior parts. 3. **Transverse Plane (Cross Section or Horizontal Section):** Divides the body into upper and lower parts. ## Basic Anatomical Terminology - **Superior (Cranial)** and **Inferior (Caudal):** Refer to structures above and below, respectively. - **Anterior (Ventral)** and **Posterior (Dorsal):** Refer to structures toward the front and the back of the body, respectively. - **Medial:** Near the midline of the body. - **Lateral:** Away from the midline of the body. - **Superficial:** Close to the surface of the body. - **Deep:** Away from the surface of the body, more internal. - **Proximal** and **Distal:** Refer to a structure's location closer to or further from the origin of a limb or a point of attachment. - **Palmar:** Refers to the palm side of the hand. - **Dorsal:** Refers to the back of the hand or the top of the foot. - **Plantar:** Refers to the sole of the foot. - **Ipsilateral:** On the same side of the body. - **Contralateral:** On the opposite side of the body. ## Images of the Human Body A series of images illustrate various human body systems. These images depict outlines of the human figure, with various organ systems highlighted. The systems shown include the Integumentary, Skeletal, Circulatory, Digestive, Respiratory, Urinary, Reproductive, Nervous, Muscular, Endocrine, and Lymphatic systems. ## Images of Skeletal System - An image shows the anterior and posterior views of the human skeleton, with labels for each major bone. - Another image illustrates the axial skeleton, which includes the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum. - A third image shows the appendicular skeleton, which includes the bones of the limbs and girdles. ## Illustration of Axial Skeleton A diagram illustrates the structure of the skull with labels for the Cranium, Face, and Mandible. ## Illustration of Vertebral Column - Diagram depicts the various vertebrae in the vertebral column: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccyx. - The different curves of the spinal column are also indicated. ## Illustration of Rib Cage A diagram of the rib cage highlights the true ribs, false ribs, and floating ribs, as well as the sternum and thoracic vertebrae. ## Illustration of Appendicular Skeleton A diagram shows the appendicular skeleton divided into the upper and lower limbs, with labels for key bones in each area. The pectoral girdle (clavicle and scapula) and pelvic girdle are also shown. ## Illustration of Upper Limb A diagram of the upper limb shows the bones of the arm (humerus) and forearm (radius and ulna), as well as the bones of the hand (carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges). The pectoral girdle is also shown. ## Illustration of Lower Limb An image illustrates the lower limb, showing the bones of the thigh (the femur), leg (tibia and fibula), and foot (tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges). ## Diagrams of Planes and Sections The document includes diagrams illustrating the three planes of section: sagittal, frontal, and transverse. Each diagram shows where the plane would bisect the human body, as well as the resulting sections.