Macromolecules PDF

# Macromolecules ## Carbohydrates - Composed of C, H, and O - Ratio: 1:2:1 - Monomer: Monosaccharide - **Glucose** - CH₂OH - Examples: Glucose, Fructose, Galactose - **Structural:** - Cellulose: found in plant cell walls - Chitin: found in fungi cell walls, and the exosk...

# Macromolecules ## Carbohydrates - Composed of C, H, and O - Ratio: 1:2:1 - Monomer: Monosaccharide - **Glucose** - CH₂OH - Examples: Glucose, Fructose, Galactose - **Structural:** - Cellulose: found in plant cell walls - Chitin: found in fungi cell walls, and the exoskeleton of arthropods - **Storage:** - Starch: found in plants - Glycogen: found in animals - **Starch vs Cellulose** - (b) Starch: 1-4 linkage of a glucose monomers - (c) Cellulose: 1-4 linkage of a glucose monomers - **Disaccharides:** Two monosaccharides - Bond: Glycosidic Linkage - Examples: Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose ## Proteins - Composed of C, H, O, N, and S - Monomer: Amino Acid - **Hydrogen** - **Amino** - **N-CC** - **R** : R group - **O-H** : Carboxyl - **Bond:** Peptide bond (between carboxyl & amino groups) - **Levels of Protein Structure** - **Primary:** - Bond: peptide bonds between amino acids - Structure: string of amino acids - **Secondary:** - Bond: hydrogen bonds between backbone - Structure: alpha helix or beta pleated sheet - **Tertiary:** - Bond: ANY (hydrogen, covalent, ionic,…) between R groups - Structure: final 3D structure - **Quaternary:** - Bond: ANY (hydrogen, covalent, ionic,…) between R groups of different polypeptides ## Nucleic Acids - Composed of C, H, O, N, and P - Monomer: Nucleotide - **Phosphate** - **Nitrogenous Base** - **Pentose Sugar** - **Bond:** Phosphodiester linkage (between phosphate and hydroxy) - **Directionality** 5→3, antiparallel - **Nitrogenous Bases:** - **Purine:** - Double Ring - A & G - **Pyrimidine:** - Single Ring - C, U, T - **Base Pairing** H bonds - A & T : 2 - C & G : 3 - **DNA** - A, T, C, G - Deoxyribose - "double" - **RNA** - A, U, C, G - Ribose - "single" ## Lipids - All of the lipids are **NONPOLAR!!** - Composed of C, H, O, & P (in phospholipids) - Monomer: N/A - **Fats** - **3 fatty acids** - **Glycerol** - **Phospholipids** - **Phosphate** - **Glycerol** - **2 fatty acids** - **Amphipathic** - **Hydrophilic head:** attracted to water - **Hydrophobic tail:** repelled by water - **Interstitial Fluid (extracellular)**: made of phospholipids - **Cytoselic Fluid (intracellular)**: made of phospholipids - **Steroids** - **General Structure** - **CH₃** - **Four fused rings** - **Ligand** - **Intracellular Reception**