Cardiovascular System Lectures PDF

Cardiovascular System Introduction It consists of : - 1- Heart - 2- Vascular system & A- Arteries # B- Arterioles C- Capillaries G & D- Veins &...

Cardiovascular System Introduction It consists of : - 1- Heart - 2- Vascular system & A- Arteries # B- Arterioles C- Capillaries G & D- Veins & E- Venules  ‫‪The Heart‬‬ ‫⑫‬ ‫…يجري التحميل‬  # It consists of 4 chambers: (2 atria and 2 ventricles) one way There are four valves: 1. Right atrio-ventricular (Tricuspid) 2. Left atrio-ventricular (Mitral) 3. Aortic 4. Pulmonic In the adult animal the left ventricle is thicker than the right  ‫=‬ ‫…يجري التحميل‬ E  ⑪ The pericardium is 2 layers: & Parietal and visceral ( epicardium). The pericardial space: between the 2 layers , contains small amounts of clear fluid. The epicardial fat (asterisk) follows the coronary grooves.  E The myocardium : muscle of the heart. Similar to skeletal muscle.  Thin layer lining the internal surface of the heart. Endocardium contains Purkinje fibers.  6 Color size & ticktua Location shope Smill malD Ramb ‫…يجري التحميل‬  # Remember, in fetal circulation there are venous arterial shunts: A- Between the left and right atria (foramen ovale ) B- Between left and right ventricles C- Between the pulmonary artery and aorta (ductus arteriosus ). They close after birth.  Patent Ductus Asterious Arteriosus Persistence of ductus arteriosus It should close a few hours after birth forming the ligamentum arteriosum.  # Persistence foramen avale ovale  Exercisintolence Ventricular Septal defect Weakness - Defect Cynosis Hypoxia  2, Ectopia Corbis ⑳ cordis Displacement of the heart (e.g. pectoralis , cervicalis , or abdominalis). Valvular defects 1- Stenosis: Reduced luminal diameter 2- Dysplasia: Insufficiency(753544125  Coldiomyopathie An adaptive heart response. - * Due to increased cardiac workload Physiologic or pathologic -2 & & & ↑ - & - - Dysplasin Stenosis  S outpatic Laser -  # 25  T Failure Heart Myocardial degeneration Congenital heart diseases Myocarditis Myocardial ischemia  Ex Lungs * body subluteus(f - Covity - Pericardium  & Remember: Parietal Layer of the pericardium F (arrow) Visceral layer of the pericardium ( epicardium) ( asterisk). The pericardial fat ( F)  wo Abnormal contents in the pericardium  1-congestion Mo Hydropericardiu Protein deficiency - 2 m Excess fluid in the pericardial sac Hemopericardiu Tumm # Future m Accumulation of blood in the pericardial sac (cardiac tamponade) Pyopericardiu m ② Accumulation of pus in the pericardial sac ‫…يجري التحميل‬  Serous Atrophy of Fat Epicardial fat becomes soft, semi-translucent and jelly like a Occurs during starvation ( cachexia) 2 Pericarditis z Definition 2 Inflammation of the pericardium - & Classification According to exudate: Fibrinous (most common) Suppurative (purulent) Fibrinohemorrhagic Granulomatous  Fibrinous D pericarditis Examples: blackleg disease in cattle Clostridium chauvoei Cl. septicum cl. novyi Grossly: The pericardium is covered yellow fibrin deposits Adherence between the parietal and visceral layers (butter and bread) Microscopically : eosinophilic threads of fibrin + neutrophils Poli &  Suppurative pericarditis E Example: traumatic reticulopericarditis in cattle Pathogenesis: Foreign bodies ( nails ,wire) accumulate in the reticulum penetrate the reticular wall and diaphragm enter the pericardial sac and introduce infection · Grossly: * The pericardial is thickened by white rough masses ( shaggy-appearing) Accumulation of white to gray, thick, foul-smelling pus. - Myocardium R  Degeneration and Necrosis Example: FMD White Muscle Disease: Deficiencies in Vitamin E and Selenium Affects young farm animals Grossly: Affected areas appear yellow or white. Dry and may be gritty by mineralization. &F z  Myocarditis S Definition: Inflammatory Diseases of the Myocardium SLNEG in Clasification According to exudate: Suppurative: Pyogenic bacteria Lymphocytic: Viral diseases (parvo virus in puppies) Eosinophilic: parasitic infections (sarcocystosis) Allergy Necrotizing: FMD in calves Granulomatous: T.B Endocardium x  Internal layer of the heart lines the atria ventricles and valves. thin and smooth right ventricle is transparent while in the left ventricle is semi- transparent Valvular Cysts & According to content: ⑫ - Incidental finding has no clinic significant Lymphocyst: contains clear fluid Hemocyst: contains blood  ② Endocarditis Inflammation of the endocardium Classificatio n According to location: Valvular endocarditis (valves) Mural endocarditis (myocardial wall) According to gross appearance: Vegetative: cauliflower-like mass of exudate attached to a heart valve or endocardium Ulcerative: the endocardium is ulcerated.  Causes ⑤ Migrating Strongylus vulguris larvae in horses Streptococcus equi in horses Common sequels to endocarditis: Thromboembolisms: & I · Brain stat · Kidney · spleen · joints Location &  - Ulcerative endocarditis (arrow) + mineralization Uremia in a dog.  Vascular system Arteries Veins Lymphatics  Sclerosis & Hardening of the arterial wall (cord-like) Loss of elasticity Reduced vascular lumen. Atherosclerosis: ② Deposition of cholesterol in the arterial walls. Arteriosclerosis: (Vit. D) Vitaminosic Deposition of minerals in of arterial wall Hype  Arteriolosclerosis: S Hypertrophy of the smooth muscle of the arteriole As in case of Hypertension Vo9Y D T small Immer  & Aneurysms Local weakening and dilation of blood vessels wall Varicose : veins become dilated and twisted  ⑤ Vasculitis Arteritis: Inflammation of the arteries Phlebitis: inflammation in veins. Lymphangitis: Inflammation of the lymph vessel Lymphontitis - &  & Right atrium brown Healt & Spleen · Moss Redos atrium Right. in Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) pe Highly contagious viral disease All cloven-hoofed z animals Cattle Sheep Goats Swine Aphthovirus , Picornaviridae Seven serotypes: A, O, C, Asia-1, SAT-1, SAT-2, and SAT-3 Typical Clinical T Findings: Salivation lameness Fever, and decreased milk production Hyperemia of mouth and coronary bands may form vesicles Sudden death in young animals myocarditis  Typical Gross * Findings: Hyperemia of oral mucosa, udder, and feet along coronary band Vesicles formation and ulcers in the dorsal aspect of tongue & coronary band Eession eico WIT is ⑫  In young animals: myocardial necrosis M Gray/yellow streaks (“tiger heart”) Any Question?