Aquatic Microbiology (Freshwater Microbes) PDF

Aquatic microbiology (freshwater microbes) At the end of the study, student will be able to understand: General information on freshwater and marine Distribution of microorganism in freshwater Factors influencing the types and numbers of microorganisms Water borne diseases of m...

Aquatic microbiology (freshwater microbes) At the end of the study, student will be able to understand: General information on freshwater and marine Distribution of microorganism in freshwater Factors influencing the types and numbers of microorganisms Water borne diseases of man Some Water Factoids Number of people plagued by water shortage: 0.5X109 Estimated number of people who will be short of water by 2025: 2.8X109 The Essentialness of Water Water covers 70% of the world Blood in our veins approximates composition of sea water Concept of hydrophilic and hydrophobic nature of biological molecules These molecules determine shape of biological molecules and thus decide the specificity of all living processes Essential for All living organisms 97% of the water is in the oceans Aquifiers  Importance of water Water is the medium of life. All organisms are composed primarily of water. Liquid water is the medium in which all cellular chemical reactions occur. Essential for survival and growth of organism.  Explanation In human body, more than 60% is water. In our cell, it also consist of water, and liquid such as in cytoplasm - phospholipid bilayer shows positive and negative interaction with water- hydrophilic (head) and hydrophobic (tail) Metabolic reaction happen in our body needs water as a basic component No living things can survive without water. For example: Plants need water to undergo the photosynthesis process  Types of Water Natural Water ❑ Atmospheric Water—water in clouds, air, ❑ Surface Water--lakes, streams, rivers oceans ❑ Ground Water---beneath the surface of earth Fresh water habitat: lakes, ponds, river Marine habitat: oceans Estuarine habitat: The region between fresh water and oceans (coastal body of water) Microorganism and chemicals are present in all types of water Aquatic Microbiology ○ It is divided into three – please memorize with examples ○ How freshwater and marine different??? ❑ based on the water types of course ❑ marine/ocean = high salinity ❑ freshwater = low salinity ○ Different types of habitat consists different living organisms with different capability to survive at different environmental condition  For example: paramecium – they can undergo homeostasis – pump out excess water through vacuole- so maintain it body- not burst Other example : freshwater fish cannot survive and adapt in the ocean with high water salinity In all types of water, there are macro-organisms and microorganisms with different functions which stabilize the ecosystems.  Drinking Water Mostly from surface water, also underground water Chances of pollution (water sources can be polluted because of anthropogenic activities such as agriculture fertilizer – water runoff bring into water body and cause eutrophication to occur in the water body) Recycling of used water (water can be recycled through the natural process including transpiration, respiration, etc.) Not safe if contains pathogenic microorganism (must be zero total coliform) Potable and non-potable water  Purification methods-(sedimentation, filtration and chlorination) (the process conducted to clean water) Treatment for waste water (the wastewater should be treat before release to the river/environment – no pollution) Assessment of microbiological activity (microbes also important in the process of water purification through the process of oxidation) All Microbes Live in an Aqueous Environment Ecology of aquatic environments is complex Most aquatic environments are teaming with life Microbes have evolved to live in: ○ Saturated salt solutions ○ Below freezing to >110°C ○ Waters full of toxic substance , i.e. copper, cyanide, lead, silver, gasoline, oil, benzene, and many others Terminology Potable - (clean) water – free of all objectionable material, including pathogens, tastes, odors, colors, toxins, radioactive material, organisms, oils, gases, etc. Fresh – non-salt or sea water. Pollution – anything that makes it Non-Potable. Sewage – the community waste or garbage that mother nature and we dump onto sewers or land. Typical Water Quality Standards Drinking Water ❑ No coliforms contamination acceptable Recreational water ❑ 200 fecal coliforms /100 ml Fish and wildlife habitat ❑ 5000 fecal coliforms/100 ml Shellfish ❑ 14 fecal coliforms/100 ml Safe drinking water Free from pathogenic organisms. Clear. Not saline. Free from offensive taste or smell. Free from compounds that may have adverse effect on human health. Free from chemicals that cause corrosion of water supply systems. Most Probable Number 10 ml, 1 ml and 0.1ml of water inoculated in lactose broth Coliforms identified by gas production Refer to tables and determine statistical range of number of coliforms Does not: Detect total number of bacteria Specific pathogens Figure 6.25 The most probable number (MPN) method for estimating microbial numbers. 1.0 ml 1.0 ml Undiluted 1:10 1:100 Inoculate 1.0 ml into each of 5 tubes Phenol red, pH color indicator, added Incubate Results 4 tubes positive 2 tubes positive 1 tube positive Public Health and Water Supply Routine monitoring of water quality using indicator organisms, indicating fecal contamination. To determine if fecal coliforms are from humans or other animals – must test for fecal streptococci. Essential bacteriological Standards Characteristics Number / 100 ml Treated water in Feacal coliform zero Total distribution system coliform not more than 10 Total coliform should not be detectible in two consecutive samples Fecal coliform/fecal streptococci ratios for humans and other animals Human 4.4 Duck 0.6 Sheep 0.4 Chicken 0.4 Pig 0.4 Cow 0.2 Turkey 0.1  Water Microbiology Study of microorganisms and their communities in water environment is called Aquatic microbiology. (memorize the definition. Important keywords are study, microorganism, water) The scope of Aquatic Microbiology is wide and includes the habitats like planktons, benthos, microbial mats and biofilm which may be found in lakes, rivers, streams, seas, groundwater, rain, snow and hail.  Water contains a variety of microbes including: Viruses Bacteria Protozoa Helminth Fungi  VIRUS Sub microscopic entity consisting of a single nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat and capable of replication only within the living cells of bacteria, animals or plants. Viruses particles are unable to make copies of themselves they must infect living host to make multiple copies. Viruses that infect bacteria is called Bacteriophage. Viruses cause disease in animals as rabies, and different foot mouth diseases. Cause serious disease in humans like HIV, hepatitis, common cold, influenza & polio.  VIRUSES PATHOGENS Enteritis, diarrhea, and dysentery ❑ Rotavirus ❑ Norwalk Liver damaging ❑ Hepatitis A ❑ Hepatitis E Paralysis ❑ Polio virus - This slide show the pathogen types and the disease cause by the pathogens  BACTERIA The most abundant organism on earth ,it live everywhere in soil, water plants and animal. Bacteria vary in their shapes like bacteria have spherical(cocci), rod (bacillus) and spiral (spirillum) shaped arrangement and are organized in specific cellular shape. Bacteria reproduce asexually, and divide rapidly. Bacteria damaged human tissue by producing toxin and cause disease e.g food poisoning.  They are responsible for many diseases transmitted by means of water and other sources. Enteritis, diarrhea, and dysentery Campylobacter Cholera E. coli Salmonella Shigella Enteric fever –fever + abdominal pain Typhoid – Salmonella typhi Paratyphoid – Salmonella paratyphi Eye, ear, and skin infections Miscellaneous bacteria - This slide also give an information about the pathogens, diseases and symptoms  Bacteria Found In Surface Water Bacteria Disease/ infection Symptoms Aeromonas Enteritis Very thin, blood- and mucus-containing diarrhea Campylobacter jejuni Campilobacteriose Flue, diarrhea, head- and stomachaches, fever, cramps and nausea Escherichia coli Urinary tract infections, Watery diarrhea, neonatal meningitis, headaches, fever, homiletic intestinal disease uremia, kidney damage Plesiomonas shigelloides Plesiomonas-infection Nausea, stomachaches and watery diarrhea, sometimes fevers, headaches and vomiting Typhus Typhoid fever Fevers Salmonellosis Sickness, intestinal cramps, Salmonella vomiting, diarrhea and sometimes light fevers Streptococcus (Gastro) intestinal disease Stomach aches, diarrhea and fevers, sometimes vomiting Vibrio El Tor (freshwater) (Light form of) Cholera Heavy diarrhea  Protozoa These are unicellular organisms with protoplasm differentiated into nucleus and cytoplasm. Diameters in the range of 2-100 μm. The most important groups of medical protozoa are: a. Amoeba: Entamoeba species. b) Flagellates: Gastrointestinal flagellates: Giardia intestinalis Urogenital flagellates: Trichomonas vaginalis Tissue and blood flagellates: Trypanosoma - different sp. of microbes cause specific disease. c) Ciliophora: motile by cilia. Example: Balantidium coli. d) Sporozoa: intracellular infection. Example: Plasmodium that cause Malaria  Protozoa Found in Surface Water Microrganism Disease Symptoms Amoeba Amoebic dysentery Severe diarrhea, headache, abdominal pain, chills, fever; if not treated can cause liver abscess, bowel perforation and death Cryptosporidium Cryptosporidiosis Feeling of sickness, watery diarrhea, vomiting, parvum lack of appetite Giardia Giardiasis Diarrhea, abdominal cramps, flatulence, belching, fatigue Toxoplasm Toxoplasmosis Flu, swelling of lymph glands gondii With pregnant women subtle abortion and brain infections Giardiasis and Cryptosporidiosis Both are protozoans Transmission through water (97% of all surface water carry cysts) Resistant to chlorine, but can be filtered 1993 Milwaukee outbreak (100,000) Life cycle of Cryptosporodium Transmission occurs mainly through contaminated water.  Fungi Fungi are a diverse group of eukaryotes that are plant-like but that cannot carry on photosynthesis. They serve as decomposers, absorbing nutrients from dead leaves or other organic matter in soil and water. With their versatile metabolism, fungi break down organic matter, by secrete acids and enzymes which would not otherwise be recycled. Fungi are found in very less quantity/numbers in water. This is due to their competition with other heterotrophic organisms like some bacteria and archeae for food intake. their low abundance is an indicator for their loss during competition. Fungi produce spores during the reproductive process.  Fungi was classified into different kingdom because of their plant-like and animal-like characteristics At first, it was classified as plant kingdom, and then animal kingdom.. however fungi consists both characteristics of animal and plant.. so that, it was classified at specific kingdom which is fungi. Types of fungi including Ascomycota, basidiomycota, etc.  Algae Algae may produce toxins in sea food which can cause illness to human beings by using contaminated seafood. Most important are; a) Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP) b) Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP) c) Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP) d) Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning (NSP) e) Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) Amnestic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP): Causative organisms: Pseudo-nitzschia sp. ASP can be a life-threatening syndrome. It is characterized by both gastrointestinal and neurological disorders. Gastroenteritis usually develops within 24 hours of the consumption of toxic shellfish; symptoms include nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps & diarrhea.  In severe cases, neurological symptoms also appear, usually within 48 hours of toxic shellfish consumption. The symptoms include dizziness, headache, seizures, disorientation, short-term memory loss, respiratory difficulty, and coma. Shellfish beds are closed to harvesting when the domoic acid (toxin) concentration reaches 20 µg/g shellfish meat. Fish and crab viscera can also contain domoic acid, so the risk to human consumers and animals in the marine food chain is more significant than previously believed. HELMINTHES Round worm Tape worm Hook worm Whip worm  SPREAD AND SYMPTOMS OF DISEASE A person may be infected by direct drinking contaminated water. By coming in contact with contaminated water. Common symptoms Abdominal pain Fever Diarrhea Condition are more severe in peoples with weakened immune system. Round worm Hook worm Tape worm Whipworm | nematode Water-associated diseases can be classified under 4 different categories: 1. Water-borne diseases 2. Water-washed diseases 3. Water-based diseases 4. Water-related diseases A. Water-borne diseases ❑ They are produce by ingestion of contaminated water. ❑ They are mainly enteric diseases. ❑ Classical H2O -borne diseases are mostly: ❑ Protozoal infection; Amoebiasis, Giardiasis and Cryptosporidium etc. ❑ Bacterial infection; cholera and typhoid fever (rare), Campylobacteriosis, bacillary dysentery, leptospirosis (rare), dysentry, E.coli infections. ❑ Viral infections; infectious hepatitis, poliomyelitis, SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome).  Water born diseases H2O can act as a vector for the transmission of bacterial, viral and protozoan agents which cause a variety of diseases (mainly intestinal) – contaminated water contain pathogens which can cause disease) (insects is not the only vector which can transmit the pathogens to human) It can also be linked to worm invasions and viral/protozoan diseases transmitted by insects (aquatic hosts or insect breeding in H2O - indirect) Water is responsible for, by some estimates, approximately 80% of all infectious disease not just waterborne diseases, but any disease where water plays a role. Viral Sources of Waterborne Disease Hepatitis A: inflammation and necrosis of liver Norwalk-type virus: acute gastroenteritis Rotaviruses: acute gastroenteritis, especially in children Enteroviruses: many types affect intestines and upper respiratory tract Reoviruses: infects intestines and upper respiratory tract Protozoal infection Amoebiasis:- Microbial Agent: Entamoeba histolytica Sources of Agent in Water Supply Sewage, non-treated drinking water, flies in water supply General Symptoms : Abdominal discomfort, fatigue, weight loss, fever, diarrhea, bloating. Protozoal infection…cont Giardiasis:- Microbial Agent: Giardia lamblia Sources of Agent in Water Supply Untreated water, pipe breaks, groundwater contamination. Rodents create ponds that act as reservoirs for Giardia. General Symptoms Diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, bloating (swelling or increased diameter of abdominal area) and flatulence. Bacterial Infection Cholera Microbial Agent: Vibrio cholera Sources of Agent Drinking water contaminated with the bacterium General Symptoms In severe forms it is known to be one of the most rapidly fatal illnesses known. Symptoms include very watery diarrhea, nausea, cramps, nosebleed, increased pulse rate, vomiting and in severe cases hypovolemia (decreased blood volume) at which point death can occur in 12–18 hours Bacterial Infection ……cont Typhoid fever Microbial Agent : Salmonella typhi Sources of Agent in Water Supply Ingestion of water contaminated with feces of an infected person General Symptoms Characterized by sustained fever up to 40°C (104°F), profuse sweating, diarrhea, less commonly a rash may occur. Symptoms progress to delirium (acute confusion & disoreintation) & spleenomegaly and hepatomegaly if untreated. In this case it can last up to four weeks and cause death.  Viral Infection Infectious hepatitis Microbial Agent: Hepatitis A virus (HAV) Sources of Agent Can manifest itself in water (and food) General Symptoms Symptoms are only acute & include Fatigue, fever, abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea, weight loss, itching, jaundice & depression. Viral Infection ……cont Poliomyelitis Microbial Agent: Poliovirus Sources of Agent Enters water through the feces of infected individuals General Symptoms Cause of gastrointestinal illness and poliomyelitis 90-95% of patients show no symptoms, 4-8% have minor symptoms (comparatively) with delirium, headache, fever & occasional seizures spastic (unusual stiffness) paralysis, have symptoms of non-paralytic aseptic meningitis. The rest (1-5 in 1000) have serious symptoms resulting in Paralysis or death  Two basic patterns of polio infection are: A) A minor illness which does not involve the CNS, sometimes called abortive poliomyelitis. B) Major illness involving the CNS, which may be paralytic or non-paralytic. In most people with a normal immune system, a poliovirus infection is asymptomatic.  POLIOVIRUS INFECTION Virus Infection Non-neuronal tissues Gut Neuronal tissues Virus excretion in the faeces Paralysis  Fungal Infections: Ringworm or Tinea is a typically mild disease of the skin, scalp or nails caused by a fungus. It’s link with water is via poor personal domestic hygiene and shortage of water for cleaning and washing.  B. Water-washed diseases Diseases caused by poor personal hygiene. Obviously more common in tropical, 3rd world countries where maybe water scarcity is present. Intestinal and non-intestinal infections (Eye & skin diseases) Intestinal: Shigella (dysentery); typhoid; cholera; scabies, Yaws (Yaws is caused by T. Pallidum subspecies pertenue, affects skin, bone and cartilage), leprosy, conjunctivitis, other skin infections and ulcers. Campylobacter; Giardia; Cryptosporidium; viruses.  C. Water-based diseases Diseases caused by pathogens that have a complex life-cycle which involves an intermediate aquatic host. All of these diseases are caused by worms, e.g. ✔ Schistosomiasis caused by the Schistosoma worm which uses aquatic snails as an intermediate host, ✔ Dracunculiasis cause by Guinea worm which uses a small crustacean as an intermediate host Schistosomiasis Also known as Bilharzia/bilharziosis or snail fever is a parasitic disease caused by several species of platyhelminthes. Snails serve as the intermediary agent between mammalian hosts. Microbial Agent: Parasitic worm of the genus Schistosoma Sources of Agent Fresh water contaminated with certain types of snails that carry Schistosomes. General Symptoms Blood in urine (depending on the type of infection), rash or itchy skin. Fever, chills, cough and muscle aches.  D. Water-related diseases Diseases caused by pathogens carried by insects that live near H2O and act as mechanical vectors. Difficult to control and diseases are severe. Examples: ○ Yellow fever (viral disease) is transmitted by the mosquito Aedes spp. ○ Dengue (viral) transmitted by the mosquito Aedes aegypti (breeds in water); ○ Malaria is caused by a protozoan (Plasmodium spp.) and is transmitted by a mosquito (Anopheles spp.) ○ Trypanosomiasis (Gambian sleeping sickness) is also caused by a protozoan transmitted by the riverine Tsetse fly (Glossina spp.) Other Important Water Transmitted Organisms Vibrio cholerae ○ Prevalent in U. S. in 1800’s ○ Currently common in Asia, Africa, Latin America ○ Over 100,000 deaths and 2345 deaths in 2004 ○ Transmitted through water, fresh vegetables and shellfish