Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following correctly describes the composition of our blood?
Which of the following correctly describes the composition of our blood?
Aquatic microbiology primarily focuses on microorganisms found in freshwater habitats.
Aquatic microbiology primarily focuses on microorganisms found in freshwater habitats.
False (B)
What are the two main types of aquatic habitats discussed in the content?
What are the two main types of aquatic habitats discussed in the content?
Freshwater and marine
The ______ of biological molecules determines their shape and ultimately their function in living processes.
The ______ of biological molecules determines their shape and ultimately their function in living processes.
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Match the following types of water with their respective examples:
Match the following types of water with their respective examples:
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What is the primary reason why water is essential for all living organisms?
What is the primary reason why water is essential for all living organisms?
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The majority of Earth's water is freshwater, available for human use.
The majority of Earth's water is freshwater, available for human use.
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What are three key factors that influence the types and abundance of microorganisms in freshwater environments?
What are three key factors that influence the types and abundance of microorganisms in freshwater environments?
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Which of the following is NOT a symptom of schistosomiasis?
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of schistosomiasis?
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Schistosomiasis is also known as Bilharzia or snail fever.
Schistosomiasis is also known as Bilharzia or snail fever.
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What is the name of the protozoan that causes malaria?
What is the name of the protozoan that causes malaria?
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The intermediate host for Guinea worm is a ______.
The intermediate host for Guinea worm is a ______.
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Match the following diseases with their respective vectors:
Match the following diseases with their respective vectors:
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Which of the following microorganisms can be found in water? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following microorganisms can be found in water? (Select all that apply)
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Viruses are capable of independent replication outside of a host cell.
Viruses are capable of independent replication outside of a host cell.
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Name a disease caused by a virus.
Name a disease caused by a virus.
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Bacteria can reproduce ________, allowing for rapid population growth.
Bacteria can reproduce ________, allowing for rapid population growth.
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Match the following diseases to their corresponding pathogens:
Match the following diseases to their corresponding pathogens:
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What is the primary mode of transmission for Cryptosporidium?
What is the primary mode of transmission for Cryptosporidium?
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Giardiasis is caused by a fungus.
Giardiasis is caused by a fungus.
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Name one disease caused by the protozoan Plasmodium.
Name one disease caused by the protozoan Plasmodium.
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Fungi are a diverse group of eukaryotes that cannot carry on __________.
Fungi are a diverse group of eukaryotes that cannot carry on __________.
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Match the protozoans with their corresponding diseases:
Match the protozoans with their corresponding diseases:
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Which of the following symptoms is associated with Cryptosporidiosis?
Which of the following symptoms is associated with Cryptosporidiosis?
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Fungi primarily use photosynthesis to absorb nutrients.
Fungi primarily use photosynthesis to absorb nutrients.
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What illness can Toxoplasmosis cause in pregnant women?
What illness can Toxoplasmosis cause in pregnant women?
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What is the causative organism for Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP)?
What is the causative organism for Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP)?
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Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP) is primarily caused by the consumption of contaminated water.
Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP) is primarily caused by the consumption of contaminated water.
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Name one symptom of Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP).
Name one symptom of Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP).
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Water-borne diseases are primarily caused by the ingestion of __________ water.
Water-borne diseases are primarily caused by the ingestion of __________ water.
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Match the types of water-associated diseases with their respective definitions:
Match the types of water-associated diseases with their respective definitions:
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Which of the following is NOT a symptom of Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP)?
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP)?
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Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP) is known to cause long-term memory loss.
Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP) is known to cause long-term memory loss.
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List one common symptom associated with infections from roundworms.
List one common symptom associated with infections from roundworms.
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What is the primary microbial agent responsible for infectious hepatitis?
What is the primary microbial agent responsible for infectious hepatitis?
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90-95% of patients infected with poliovirus show symptoms.
90-95% of patients infected with poliovirus show symptoms.
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Name one symptom of infectious hepatitis.
Name one symptom of infectious hepatitis.
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Polio may result in __________ or death.
Polio may result in __________ or death.
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Which of the following is NOT a disease caused by poor personal hygiene?
Which of the following is NOT a disease caused by poor personal hygiene?
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Match the following diseases to their types:
Match the following diseases to their types:
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Ringworm primarily affects the gastrointestinal system.
Ringworm primarily affects the gastrointestinal system.
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What are the two basic patterns of polio infection?
What are the two basic patterns of polio infection?
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Study Notes
Freshwater Microbes
- This study will cover general information about freshwater and marine microbes, including their distribution in freshwater environments.
- It will also examine factors influencing microorganism types and numbers.
- Waterborne diseases of humans will be part of the study.
Water Factoids
- The number of people plagued by water shortages is 0.5 x 109.
- An estimated 2.8 x 109 people will face water shortages by 2025.
Essentialness of Water
- Blood composition approximately mirrors that of sea water.
- Key concepts in biology include hydrophilic and hydrophobic aspects of biological molecules.
- Biological molecules' shapes and specific functionalities are determined by their water interactions.
- Water is crucial for all living processes.
- Water covers 70% of the Earth's surface and 97% of that is in the oceans.
Aquifers
- Aquifers are underground layers of rock that hold and transmit groundwater.
- The water table acts as a boundary between the unsaturated zone and the saturated zone where groundwater fills the spaces between sediments and cracks in rocks.
- Groundwater pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure.
- Artesian water flows naturally to the surface.
Importance of Water
- Water is the medium for all life.
- All organisms primarily consist of water.
- Cellular chemical reactions occur in liquid water.
- Water is essential for the survival and growth of organisms.
Explanation of Water in the Human Body
- The human body is more than 60% water.
- Cells contain water and substances like the phospholipid bilayer, which interact with water in hydrophilic (head) and hydrophobic (tail) ways.
- Metabolic reactions in the body depend on water as a crucial component.
- Life is impossible without water, a key element in plant photosynthesis.
Types of Water
- Natural water includes atmospheric water (water in clouds and air), surface water (lakes, streams, rivers, oceans), and groundwater (beneath the Earth's surface).
- Freshwater habitats include lakes, ponds, and rivers.
- Marine habitats include oceans.
- Estuaries are transitional zones between freshwater and saltwater.
- Microorganisms and chemicals are present in all water types.
Differences Between Freshwater and Marine Environments
- Freshwater and marine environments differ based on salinity.
- Marine environments have high salinity, and freshwater environments have low salinity.
- Different environments support different life forms with varying survival capabilities.
Homeostasis of Freshwater Organisms
- Paramecium are an example of a freshwater organism that uses homeostasis to maintain their internal water balance by pumping out excess water through vacuoles.
- Freshwater fish can't thrive in saltwater.
- Macro-organisms and microorganisms coexist in water environments, maintaining their stability
Drinking Water
- Drinking water sources include surface water and groundwater.
- Pollution sources include agriculture fertilizers and other anthropogenic activities.
- Water recycling occurs through natural processes like transpiration and respiration.
- Water safety is jeopardized by pathogenic microorganisms (total coliforms must be zero).
- Different types of water (potable and non-potable) have different qualities.
Water Purification Methods
- Water purification methods include sedimentation, filtration, and chlorination.
- Wastewater treatment is essential to prevent pollution.
- Assessing microbial activity helps in water purification
Microbes in Aqueous Environments
- Aquatic environments have complex ecological structures with many thriving organisms.
- Microbes have adapted to survive in diverse freshwater environments, which may include high salinity conditions (saturated salt solutions).
- Some can even thrive in freezing temperatures.
- Microbes can also adapt to waters with high levels of toxins like copper, cyanide, lead, silver, gasoline, etc.
Terminology
- Potable water (clean water) is free of objectionable material, pathogens, tastes, odors, colors, toxins, radioactive material, and other contaminants.
- Fresh water is non-salt water.
- Pollution makes water non-potable.
- Sewage is community waste.
Water Quality Standards
- Drinking water should be free of coliforms.
- Recreational water should have a maximum of 200 fecal coliforms per 100 ml.
- Fish and wildlife habitats require 5000 fecal coliforms per 100 ml while shellfish should have 14 fecal coliforms per 100 ml.
Safe Drinking Water
- Safe drinking water is free of pathogenic organisms.
- It should be clear, not saline, free from offensive tastes and smells, and free from chemicals that cause corrosion.
Most Probable Number Method
- The MPN method measures microbial abundance by inoculating water samples in lactose broth.
- It identifies coliforms through gas production.
- Results are obtained using tables to determine the range of bacterial counts per unit.
- The method does not measure total bacteria or specific pathogens.
Public Health and Water Supply
- Public health relies on routine water quality monitoring using indicator organisms to detect fecal contamination.
- Fecal coliforms and streptococci testing are crucial to determine if sources of contamination are animal or human-related.
Essential Standards
- Water in distribution systems must have fecal coliforms zero and total coliforms under 10, with no detectible levels in consecutive tests.
Ratios for Fecal Coliforms and Streptococci
- Ratios are different for different animal types (human, duck, sheep, chicken, pig, cow, and turkey).
Water Microbiology Definition
- Water microbiology is a field dedicated to the study of microorganisms and their communities in water systems
Microbes in Water
- Various microbes, including viruses, bacteria, protozoa, helminths, and fungi, live in water.
Viruses
- Viruses are tiny particles that only reproduce inside living host cells.
- Some viruses harm bacteria.
Viruses Pathogens
- Viruses cause specific diseases like gastroenteritis (enteritis, diarrhea, and dysentery), liver damage (hepatitis A, E), or paralysis (polio).
Bacteria
- Bacteria are the most prevalent organisms on Earth, live in various environments, and have diverse shapes.
- They have specific structures and reproduce quickly.
- Bacteria cause diseases like food poisoning by releasing toxins.
Bacteria in Surface Water
- Surface water may contain bacteria that cause diseases, such as enteritis, various forms of diarrhea, urinary tract infections, intestinal diseases, and typhoid fever.
Protozoa
- Protozoa are unicellular organisms with specific structures.
- Important protozoa cause diseases like amoebic dysentery, cryptosporidiosis, giardiasis, toxoplasmosis.
Protozoa in Surface Water
- Protozoa found in surface water can cause various illnesses, including amoebic dysentery, cryptosporidiosis, giardiasis, and toxoplasmosis.
Giardiasis and Cryptosporidiosis
- Giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis are protozoan diseases transmitted primarily through water.
- Protozoa species can cause illness and outbreaks, like the 1993 Milwaukee outbreak of cryptosporidiosis.
Fungi:
- Fungi are a diverse group that cannot perform photosynthesis.
- They serve as decomposers in water and soil environments.
- Some fungi populations are low in water bodies due to competition with bacteria.
Algae
- Algae can produce toxins.
- Some algal toxins, such as domoic acid, can cause illnesses, including amnesic shellfish poisoning, ciguatera poisoning, diarrhetic shellfish poisoning, and neurotoxic shellfish poisoning.
- Toxic algal concentrations cause shellfish beds to close.
Helminths
- Helminths are parasitic worms that can inhabit water.
- There are different types, including roundworms, tapeworms, hookworms, and whipworms.
- Water-based diseases are transmitted through complex life cycles involving an intermediate aquatic host.
Spread and Symptoms of Waterborne Diseases
- Waterborne infections can occur by directly drinking contaminated water or by contact with infected water.
- Common symptoms include abdominal pain, fever, and diarrhea.
Water-related Diseases
- Water-related diseases are frequently carried by insects that live near water.
- Such diseases can be hard to control.
- These may include yellow fever, dengue, malaria, and African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness).
Other Important Waterborne Organisms
- Vibrio cholera is a significant waterborne bacterium.
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Description
Test your knowledge on aquatic microbiology and the role of water in biological processes. This quiz covers important concepts related to freshwater habitats, microorganisms, and diseases associated with aquatic environments. Challenge yourself with questions about key factors influencing ecosystem dynamics.
