C1_2 Gas Law & Air Compressor PDF 2024

Pneumatics & Automation C1: Maintain pressure in pneumatic air distribution system 04-04-2024 Session Objectives Student will be able to describe air behavior in pneumatic system. effect of pressure, volume and temperature on a pneumatic system Working principle of reciprocating air compress...

Pneumatics & Automation C1: Maintain pressure in pneumatic air distribution system 04-04-2024 Session Objectives Student will be able to describe air behavior in pneumatic system. effect of pressure, volume and temperature on a pneumatic system Working principle of reciprocating air compressor and function of its parts. Air Characteristics Air Characteristics Boyle’s Law : The product of absolute pressure and volume of a given mass of gas remains constant if the temperature of the gas remains constant. P1 x V1 = P2 x V2 = constant, or V α 1/P or P α 1/V where P = pressure, V = volume Air Characteristics Boyle’s Law numerical: A gas occupies 200ml at pressure of 1 bar at 30℃. How much volume will it occupy at the same temperature if the pressure becomes 1.025 bar? P1 x V1 = P2 x V2 1*200 = 1.025 *V2 =195.12ml Air Characteristics Boyle’s Law numerical: What will be the minimum pressure required to compress 500 dm3 of air at 1 bar to 200 dm3 at 30℃? P1 x V1 = P2 x V2 1*500= 200*P2 P2 =2.5 bar Air Characteristics Charles Law (Law of Volume): Its states that for a given mass of gas at constant pressure the volume is proportional to the absolute temperature. V1/T1 = V2/T2 = constant, or V α T where V = volume, T = temperature Air Characteristics Charles Law (Law of Volume) Numerical: At 90°C, a helium sample has a volume of 500 mL. Determine the temperature at which the volume of the liquid will become 240 mL. Assume that the pressure stays the same. Solution: V1 = 500 mL V2 = 240 mL T1 = 90 + 273 = 363 K T2 = ? V1/T1 = V2/T2 or T2= (T1/ V1) xV2 = (363/500) (240)= 174.2 K or T2 = 174.2 – 273 = –98.8°C Air Characteristics Charles Law (Law of Volume) Numerical: A gas occupies the volume of 80 cm3 at a temperature of 700 0C. If the temperature is doubled by keeping the pressure constant, what will be the final volume of the gas? Solution: V1 = 80 cm3, T1 = 700 C = 273 + 70 = 343 K, T2 = 1400 C = 273 + 140 = 413 K. V2 = ? V1/T1=V2/T2 80/343 = V2 /413 V2 = 96.32 cm3 Air Characteristics Gay-Lussac’s Law It states that the pressure exerted by gas of a given mass and kept at a constant volume varies directly with the absolute temperature of the gas. P ∝ T ; P/T = k or P1/T1=P2/T2 Where: P is the pressure exerted by the gas, T is the absolute temperature of the gas, k is a constant. Air Characteristics Gay-Lussac’s Law Numerical: The pressure of a gas in a cylinder when it is heated to a temperature of 250K is 1.5 atm. What was the initial temperature of the gas if its initial pressure was 1 atm? Initial pressure, P1 = 1 atm Final pressure, P2 = 1.5 atm Final temperature, T2 = 250 K T1 = ? P1/T1=P2/T2 P1T2 = P2T1 T1 = (1*250) / 1.5 = 166.66 K Air Characteristics Gay-Lussac’s Law Numerical: A 30.0 L sample of nitrogen inside a metal compartment at 20.0 °C is put inside a broiler whose temperature is 50.0 °C. The pressure inside the compartment at 20.0 °C was 3.00 atm. What is the pressure of the nitrogen after its temperature is increased? P1 = 3 atm; T1 = 20 °C + 273 = 293 K T2 = 50.0 °C + 273 = 323 K; P2 = ? P1 / T1 = P2 / T2 3 / 293 = P2 / 323 P2 = 3.31 atm Air Characteristics General Gas Law: The General Gas Law is a combination of Boyle’s law and Charles’ law where pressure, volume and temperature may all vary between states of a given mass of gas but their relationship result in a constant value. (P1 x V1)/T1 = (P2 x V2)/T2 = constant where P = pressure, V = volume, T = temperature 5-4-2025 Revision Advantages of pneumatic system Limitation of pneumatic system Revision Boyle’s Law P1 x V1 = P2 x V2 = constant, or V α 1/P or P α 1/V Charles Law (Law of Volume): V1/T1 = V2/T2 = constant, or V α T Gay-Lussac’s Law P ∝ T ; P/T = k or P1/T1=P2/T2 General Gas Law (P1 x V1)/T1 = (P2 x V2)/T2 = constant PV=mRT m=is the amount of ideal gas measured in terms of moles R is the universal gas constant. Types of Pressure Types of Pressure Absolute pressure is measured relative to absolute zero on the pressure scale, which is a perfect vacuum. (Absolute pressure can never be negative.) Absolute pressure is indicated by Pabs Gage pressure (sometimes written as "gauge pressure") (Pg) measures the pressure above atmospheric pressure (Patm) Types of Pressure Vacuum (Pvac) pressure measures the pressure below atmospheric pressure. Atmospheric pressure (Patm) is a pressure on the earth’s surface. Pabs = Patm + Pg https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gd648AoNcYk Pressure Formula The pressure formula is given below 1 kg 𝐹 𝑃= LOW 𝐴 PRESSURE Where , 1 kg P = pressure in Pascal or N/mm2 F= force acting on a surface newton (N) A= area in m2 HIGH 1 Pascal = 1 N/mm2 PRESSURE Numerical on Pressure A force of 500 Newtons is applied to an area of 0.05 square meters. Calculate the pressure exerted. Data: F= 500 N A=0.05 m2 P = 500/0.05 P = 10,000 Pa or N/m2 Air Compressor An air compressor is a mechanical device that increases the pressure of air by reducing volume. The compressor reduces the volume of air and fill pressurized air in tank An air compressor converts electrical energy into kinetic energy in the form of the air Air Compressor The compressed air is stored in the air receiver and can be used for cleaning under pressure, generating torque and develop force using actuators This source is free of cost, safe, flexible and convenient Air compressor has very few parts hence maintenance is very low Air Compressor Classification According to number of stages Single stage, double stage, three stage of multiple stage According to action Single acting or double acting According to position of cylinder w.r.t. crankshaft Cylinders inline, vertical, radial position, V-type cylinder arrangement Air Compressor According to prime mover Electric motor drive or IC engine drive, Gas turbine drives According to cooling medium Air cooled, water cooled air compressors As per mounting Portable and stationary Classification – Construction & Working Principle Air compressor Positive displacement Dynamic air compressor Reciprocating Rotary Centrifugal Piston Lobe Axial flow Labyrinth Liquid (water ring) Ejector Diaphragm Sliding vane Mono Screw Twin screw Reciprocating Air Compressor Parts Reciprocating Air Compressor Parts Air Compressor Parts Function of Air compressor parts Why pneumatics system generally limited to work at 12 to 14 bar pressure. Air Compressor Maintenance Visually Inspect Air Compressor Check and Log Drive Motor Bearing Temps Inspect Coupler, Hub and Shaft Seal Check and Log Oil Cooler Temps Check and Log After Cooler Temps Check Drive Belt condition if applicable Air Compressor Maintenance Log load and unload pressure settings Check moisture trap or auto drain Perform an Oil Sample Analysis Change Oil Filter Blow Out Coolers Change Air Filter Air Compressor Maintenance Change Oil/Water Separator Check and log ambient condition Change Oil if necessary Cause of Air Compressor Failure Lack of preventative maintenance Oil Changes Overheating Contamination in air Coupling misalignment Electrical issues Poor installation Air Compressor symbols Fix displacement air compressor Variable flow air compressor Effect of Moisture FRL (Service Unit) Filter FRL (Service Unit) Regulator FRL (Service Unit) Lubricator Air Compressor symbols Filter with Manual Manual Control Control Filter with Automatic Auto Control Drain Control  Air Compressor symbols Filter Regulator with Lubricator Simplified Pressure gauge Compact FRL Air Distribution System Air Distribution System Further reading on air quality standard: https://www.airbestpractices.com/system-assessments/air- treatmentn2/air-quality-standards-iso-85731-iso12500 Air Distribution System Air Distribution System Air Distribution System Air Dryer Best Practices for Air Distribution System Select good quality of air Compressor for Your application Ensure Proper Installation of Your Air Compressor Measure Your Compressed Air Needs Understand the Cost of Operation Address and Fix Any Leaks Use Compressed Air Only for Its Intended Purposes Schedule Regular and Preventative Maintenance  Best Practices for Air Distribution System Know Where and How to Check for Leaks ✓Overhead distribution ✓Ground-level air hoses ✓Hose connections or fittings ✓Quick couplers ✓Drains ✓Filters ✓Regulators ✓Line lubricators Address and Fix Any Leaks Schedule Regular and Preventative Maintenance  Best Practices for Air Distribution System Schedule Regular and Preventative Maintenance ✓Clean the air filter: Your compressor’s air filter eliminates impurities, so it’s important to keep it clean. ✓Check and replace oil filters: Oil buildup will damage compressed air, so be sure to replace heavily coated oil filters. ✓Reapply fresh lubricant: A lack of fresh lubrication will result in corrosion, damaging the machine and its parts. ✓Grease motor bearings: Rust on motor bearings can lead to motor failure. ✓Adjust belt tension and replace old belts: A worn belt may snap during operation, which can cause serious damage. ✓Clean intake vents: Reliably clean input air will make the air compressor’s job much easier. ✓Check performance levels of all parts: Check everything, including oil level, temperature, voltage and vibration.  Air Distribution System -Activity Draw simplified symbol of FRL Filter with Auto Filter Pressure Lubricator Regulator Drain Control Identify compressor, auto drain valve and FRL unit in pneumatic laboratory https://wheelofnames.com/