c. Aerial Training Supplements Modules 1,4,12.pdf
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"Aerial – Ladder, Tower & Tractor Drawn Training Supplements" Modules 1, 4, 12 AERIAL INSPECTION VISUAL The aerial device, like other mechanical devices, is subject to failure when not properly maintained. The driver must closely inspect the operating part...
"Aerial – Ladder, Tower & Tractor Drawn Training Supplements" Modules 1, 4, 12 AERIAL INSPECTION VISUAL The aerial device, like other mechanical devices, is subject to failure when not properly maintained. The driver must closely inspect the operating parts of the aerial device to ensure functional operating order. After the general DOT inspection has been completed, a thorough visual inspection of the aerial and its working parts should be completed next. Check the level of the hydraulic fluid in the aerial device system. This should be accomplished by checking the fluid level in the hydraulic fluid reservoir with a dipstick or site glass when the system is cold. The fluid levels should be checked when the stabilizers and the aerial are in the stowed position. If not, the fluid levels in the system will be lowered to supply hydraulic cylinders. Adding fluid at this point may over-fill the system leading to a hydraulic fluid spill or severe damage to system components Inspect the stabilizers. They should be checked for any sign of damage, evidence of hydraulic fluid leaks, damaged hoses, scoring on the sliding beams or the hydraulic pistons. Make sure all warning lights are clean and in working order. Check locking pins and locking pin holes for any cracks and elongation. Make sure stabilizer pads are in place and in good condition. Inspect turntable assembly. Check the turntable gear teeth for visible damage, alignment, and proper meshing. Look for evidence of wear and adequate lubrication on all working parts. Check to see if all turntable bolts are present and are properly tightened. Inspect the lower control pedestal. Check all lower control components for visible signs of wear and damage. All should move freely. Electrical connections should be tight and free of wear also. Inspect platform control console. If the aerial device is an elevating platform, make a visual inspection of the device controls on the platform console before testing. Inspect the aerial device communication system. Turntable controls Check all components for visible damage and proper operation. It may be necessary to position a second firefighter at the tip to perform an operation check. MCFRS Driver Certification Program Page 1 of 19 Aerial - Module 1 Aerial Inspection & Operations Check the status/operation of the breathing air supply system. Make sure there is adequate air in the storage cylinders and that all components are operating properly. Make sure the cylinders are not damaged or leaking and that the hoses, gauges, regulators and tubing are all in tact. Inspect the aerial device extension and retraction system. Before operating the aerial, check the extension and retraction system for visible signs of damage or wear. Look specifically for fluid leaks along the hoisting cylinders. Inspect the cables for damage such as rusting, elongation or fraying. Check the sheaves, guides, guards, or anything that comes in contact with the cables for rough edges that may harm the cables. Inspect the device elevating or lifting cylinders. Check for any visible signs of damage or insecurity. Look for signs of leaks and make sure that the end caps are secure and in place with no hardware missing. Inspect each section of the aerial device. Check the device for signs of wear, cracks in the welds, loose or missing parts, and improper alignment. This includes all rails, beams, locks, alignment systems and truss work. Inspect the elevating platform (if applicable) for signs of damage. Observe the deck, kick plate, heat shields control platform, standpipe connections, floodlights and the turret for any obvious signs of damage or missing parts. Inspect the platform leveling system for any visible signs of damage. Inspect all ladder rungs for signs of looseness, loose tread covers (tripping hazard), or other potential problems. Inspect the aerial waterway system. Check all pre-piped systems for any signs of visible damage to the connections or seals or other system components. Inspect any equipment that is attached to the end of the aerial device fly section. Check for the presence and stability of axes, pike poles, roof ladders and lights that may be mounted to the end of the aerial device. MCFRS Driver Certification Program Page 2 of 19 Aerial - Module 1 Aerial Inspection & Operations OPERATIONAL Once the visual inspection has been completed, the operator must perform an operational inspection of the aerial device. The operation check satisfies two important components. First, it ensures the operational readiness of the equipment. Second, it serves as a review for the driver/operator in the set-up of the aerial device. By engaging in operation during inspection, the driver/operator will become more effective under emergency conditions. Park the apparatus in a suitable location. Ensure that the chosen location is a stable parking area that is strong enough to support the weight of apparatus. There should be no over-head obstructions that might come in contact with the extended aerial. Transfer the power from the drive train to the aerial device hydraulic system. Check to make sure that Chock Drive Wheels the transfer indicator lights are illuminated after the transfer has been made. Check the operation of the stabilizers. After lowering the stabilizers, check them for any signs of physical damage or leaks. Note if the truck sags toward any particular side after the stabilizers have been deployed for a while. Make sure all indicator lights are illuminated to facilitate the transfer of hydraulic power to the ladder bed. Raise and extend the aerial device. Look for signs of jerky motion, unusual noises, or unusual bending or twisting of the aerial device. Once the device has been raised, further inspect the waterway system, rungs, and extension system for signs of damage or defect. Rotate the aerial device. After fully extending or retracting the aerial device, rotate the aerial in a complete circle and observe any jerking action as it spins. Listen for unusual sounds and watch for leaking fluids during the rotation procedure. Test the operation of auxiliary equipment. This includes any remote control devices, flood lights, generators, or cameras that may be mounted on the apparatus. Once the visual and operational tests have been completed, the operator should document any damaged or malfunctioning equipment and/or components of the aerial. If necessary, follow the MCFRS procedures for placing the unit out of service if any of the checks yield a safety concern. MCFRS Driver Certification Program Page 3 of 19 Aerial - Module 1 Aerial Inspection & Operations ELEVATED MASTER STREAM DEVICES WATER DELIVERY SYSTEMS Water delivery systems are used to discharge elevated master streams for fire attack from the aerial device. There are several different types of water delivery systems based on the type of aerial device. Pre-piped Aerial Ladder Waterways Many aerial ladder apparatus are equipped with pre-piped waterways that eliminated the need to lay hose up the ladder bed to a master stream nozzle. There are two common types of pre-piped waterway systems: the bed ladder system and the telescoping waterway system. The bed pipe is a non-telescoping section of pipe, typically 3” to 3½” in diameter, attached to the under side of the bed section of the ladder. The master stream nozzle is attached directly to the tip end of the pipe. Its supply comes from a connection at the turntable end of the pipe. Bed pipes are typically equipped with solid stream nozzles due to their inability to be positioned in close proximity for effective fog stream application. Most bed ladder pipes are equipped with manually operated nozzles. These nozzles Bed Pipe may be operated from the tip of the retracted aerial device or the ground using a rope or halyard system attached directly to the tip and the handle of the nozzle. Many newer apparatus are equipped with a telescoping waterway that extends toward the top of the ladder. The telescoping system consists of three or four sections of aluminum pipe (or other metal) that reduce in size from the largest at the bed section of the ladder to the smallest attached to the fly section. Their internal diameter is usually about 4” with the bottom end of the piping connected to additional piping running through the turntable to water inlets usually found at the rear or the side of the apparatus. These telescoping waterways have swivel joints attached to the turntable pipes to permit continuous 360 degree rotation while flowing water. Pre-piped systems usually have remote-controlled fog nozzles operated by switches located at the tip of the fly section or at the operator’s control panel at the pedestal. MCFRS Driver Certification Program Page 4 of 19 Aerial - Module 1 Aerial Inspection & Operations Detachable Ladder Pipe Systems Aerial ladders not equipped with pre-piped waterways have detachable ladder pipe systems. The primary components of these systems include a detachable ladder pipe, fire hose (typically 3½”), halyards or rope, hose straps, and a clappered Siamese. The ladder pipe is designed to be clamped on the top two rungs of the fly section of the aerial ladder. Most ladder pipes are equipped with either a solid stream or fog nozzle (use should be based upon tactical considerations). Detachable Detachable Ladder Pipe ladder pipes are rated for flows up to 1000gpm. The ladder pipe is typically supplied by a single section of 3½” hose which runs directly up the center of the ladder rungs (which reduces tensional stress) and is attached prior to elevating the ladder. Hose straps are attached to the hose while in the ladder bed to maintain its stability (approximately two to three are spread from the tip down to the base). The opposite end of the hose from the nozzle should be placed on the ground for Supply hose tray attachment of the clappered Siamese which may be supplied by three 3” supply lines or a single LDH supply line with a Storz to 2½” adapter. SEE LADDER PIPE PROCEDURE. Because of rated tip loads, torsional stresses and the backward thrust of nozzle reaction, most aerial devices using detachable ladder pipes should only be operated in rotation not to exceed 15 degrees side to side. For quick set-up, the 75-80-80 rule maybe employed for ladder pipe use: 75 degree angle, 80 percent elevation of the length of the aerial ladder, and 80psi nozzle pressure (solid stream). Always adhere to recommended manufacturer specifications before attempting any aerial operations. Elevated Platform Waterway Systems Since elevating platforms typically have greater load capacities than aerial ladders, the piping on these systems may be larger in diameter and can produce flows up to 2000 GPM. Some elevating platforms are equipped with two nozzles or turrets attached to the platform that can provide multiple stream protection: one for fire attack and one for exposure protection. MCFRS Driver Certification Program Page 5 of 19 Aerial - Module 1 Aerial Inspection & Operations Some elevating platforms are equipped with a 2½” discharge which provides flexibility for using the aerial platform to stretch attack lines to an elevated structure. This tactic should not be considered if the primary consideration for the use of the aerial platform is rescue. The use of attack lines reduces the ability of the aerial device to be used for victim removal. MASTER STREAMS AND ELEVATED FIRE ATTACK Large defensive operations with heavy fire volume requiring flows upwards to 700 gpm or larger often require the use of elevated master streams for aggressive knock down. As described earlier, different types of water deliver systems provide specific advantages or drawbacks by design. For example, piped waterways and towers may be equipped with remote controls that allow operation and direction of a fire stream from the safety of the platform control pedestal where detachable ladder pipes are manually controlled by a set of halyards which offer a limited margin of flexibility in the application of water. Elevated platforms offer the most efficiency in water application of elevated master streams: Because of their construction design, they are not as hindered by elevation and angle restrictions for safety. Always adhere to recommended manufacturer specifications before attempting any aerial operation. Once the platform is in position, the turrets permit a wider range of movement for fire attack. The controls may be operated with a firefighter in the platform bucket to direct the fire stream. Based on the manufacturer's tested capacity, some aerial platforms are designed to flow up to 2000 gpm. When choosing between the fog nozzle and the smooth bore tip, each is a tool to be used in respect to its design capabilities. The straight tip nozzle offers better penetration and reach that may not be as affected by atmospheric conditions. Fog nozzles offer wider area coverage for exposure protection and faster steam conversion because the water has already been released from the nozzle in small droplets. In any event, whichever nozzle is chosen the appropriate nozzle pressure must be calculated to affect the maximum flow for optimum effectiveness. MCFRS Driver Certification Program Page 6 of 19 Aerial - Module 1 Aerial Inspection & Operations BLITZ ATTACK Engaging in an interior offensive attack to stop the forward progression of fire while using a master stream is called a Blitz Attack. This method requires the use of large caliber streams directed to the seat of the fire by elevated master streams or monitors which quickly darkens down the fire allowing interior crews to advance and fully extinguish the fire. For this mode of attack, conditions must be appropriate: 1. It must be confirmed that no interior crews or occupants are inside the structure. Changes in heat inversion or falling debris could cause severe injury. 2. The aerial apparatus should be positioned close enough to the structure so the stream can reach the seat of the fire but out of the collapse zone. A Tower Ladder As the elevated stream is directed to the initiating a Blitz Attack room of origin, the stream should be aimed at the ceiling to create a broken stream, thus creating large water droplets which convert to stream and further enhance extinguishment properties. As a large quantity of water is introduced to the inside of a structure, an un-designed live load is added to the building weakening the structure and increases the likelihood of collapse. Efforts should be made to channel and relieve trapped water in the structure to facilitate the advancement of interior crews safely. DEFENSIVE ATTACK A defensive attack is an all exterior assault on a structure typically determined when an incident commander has made the decision to give up part if not all of the structure. Other considerations include: When exposure protection is needed from a conflagration emitting high BTU’s. When conditions prohibiting safe entry into a building for hose line placement are evident. When a large number of GPM’s are needed to extinguish the fire. During a defensive attack in a structure with heavy fire Defensive Attack involvement, it is imperative that the fire not be spread to uninvolved areas. A good tactic would be to position the aerial, if possible, on the uninvolved side of the structure. This would keep all forces from the unburned portion thus helping to preserve part of the building. MCFRS Driver Certification Program Page 7 of 19 Aerial - Module 1 Aerial Inspection & Operations EXTERIOR STANDPIPE OPERATIONS Hose line advancement to upper floors of a building can be simplified by using an aerial device as an exterior standpipe. Examples of similar situations are: A malfunctioning standpipe system Impeded access into the building Fires in parking garages and other special structures The nozzle tip can simply be removed and converted into a 2”1/2 adapter permitting a hose line attachment. Some aerial platforms have multiple hose connections that are designed to facilitate a pre-connected line for the circumstances outlined. This tactic should not be considered if the primary consideration for the use of the aerial platform is rescue. The use of attack lines reduces the ability of the aerial devices use for victim removal. EMERGENCY PROCEDURES MONTGOMERY COUNTY AERIAL TOWER 2003 PIERCE 100’ MID-MOUNT AERIAL PLATFORM EMERGENCY PUMP UNIT (EPU) If the main hydraulic system is not functioning, the emergency pump unit provides back-up power to the main hydraulic system pump. A momentary switch is provided to activate the pump itself. PROCEDURE At the turntable control console or the stabilizer remote control, hold the EPU switch in the ON position, then activate the desired function. At the manual stabilizer control station, the EPU will be activated as soon as the switch is held in the ON position. The proper sequence of operation is to activate the desired function, then place the EPU switch in the ON position until the operation is complete, then release the switch before returning the manual control handle to MCFRS Driver Certification Program Page 8 of 19 Aerial - Module 1 Aerial Inspection & Operations the neutral position. The EPU should only be used when the main system hydraulic pump is not operable. Do not run the EPU for more than 30 minutes without allowing an additional 30 minutes for cooling. Load limitations and pressures will allow for more efficient use of the EPU, thus generating less heat. EMERGENCY STOP BUTTON An emergency stop button is provided in two locations, one on the turntable control console and one on the basket control panel. Pushing down on either of these buttons will stop all output control functions from the microprocessor and disengage the transmission driven PTO. The stop button has two positions for resetting. Pulling the button up to the first position will activate the PTO only. This will allow operation of the manual override controls only and still prevent the system microprocessor from providing an output to any function using the electric controls. The second momentary position will re-activate the PTO and the electronic controls MANUAL OVERRIDE CONTROLS The manual stabilizer override controls are located behind an access door in the left rear step well. Opening the door will indicate to the Command Zone Information Center that an override is in progress (a message will be displayed at both the stabilizer and turntable displays). PROCEDURE Manually pushing or pulling on each of the handles will operate the stabilizer beams and jacks. A label indicating the function of each lever is attached to the inside of the door. No automatic high idle is provided with the function of these controls The manual override door must be closed at all times during normal operation MCFRS Driver Certification Program Page 9 of 19 Aerial - Module 1 Aerial Inspection & Operations REMOTE MANUAL EPU SWITCH STABILIZER STABILIZER CONTROLS CONTROLS PLATFORM MANUAL CONTROL VALVES The manual aerial controls are located under the aerial access step on the turntable. Lift and turn latches are provided for removal of the step. The valve handles are marked to indicate their function. The Aerial Lowering Override Button is used only if a system failure causes the aerial not to lower during normal operation. Push and hold the override while operating either the electric or manual controls to lower the aerial. The Emergency Stop Bypass Switch activates the engagement of the PTO, independent of the position of the Emergency Stop Switch. AERIAL LOWERING OVERRIDE BUTTON LOWER/RAISE CONTROL EMERGENCY LEFT/RIGHT STOP CONTROL PTO BYPASS BUTTON EXTEND/RETRACT CONTROL PLATFORM MANUAL CONTROL VALVES MCFRS Driver Certification Program Page 10 of 19 Aerial - Module 1 Aerial Inspection & Operations MONTGOMERY COUNTY AERIAL TOWER 2002 PIERCE 100’ REARMOUNT AERIAL PLATFORM “ALL-STEER” EMERGENCY PUMP UNIT (EPU) If the main hydraulic system is not functioning, the emergency pump unit provides back-up power to the main hydraulic system pump. A momentary switch is provided to activate the pump itself. PROCEDURE At the turntable control console or at the lower control station hold the EPU switch in the ON position, then activate the desired function. At the manual stabilizer control station, the EPU will be activated as soon as the switch is held in the ON position. The proper sequence of operation is to activate the desired function, then place the EPU switch in the ON position until the operation is complete, then release the switch before returning the manual control handle to the neutral position. The EPU should only be used when the main system hydraulic pump is not operable. Do not run the EPU for more than 30 minutes without allowing an additional 30 minutes for cooling. Load limitations and pressures will allow for more efficient use of the EPU, thus generating less heat. MCFRS Driver Certification Program Page 11 of 19 Aerial - Module 1 Aerial Inspection & Operations EPU SWITCH EPU SWITCH MANUAL STABILIZER CONTROLS LOWER CONTROL STATION EMERGENCY STOP BUTTON An emergency stop button is provided in two locations, one on the turntable control console and one on the basket control panel. Pushing down on either of these buttons will stop all output control functions from the microprocessor and disengage the transmission driven PTO. The stop button has two positions for resetting. Pulling the button up to the first position will activate the PTO only. This will allow operation of the manual override controls only and still prevent the system microprocessor from providing an output to any function using the electric controls. The second momentary position will re-activate the PTO and the electronic controls. THE EMERGENCY STOP BUTTON AT THE CONTROL CONSOLE MCFRS Driver Certification Program Page 12 of 19 Aerial - Module 1 Aerial Inspection & Operations STABILIZER OVERRIDES The manual stabilizer override controls are located behind an access panel in the right rear step well. Opening the door will indicate to the Command Zone Information Center that an override is in progress and a message will be displayed at the lower stabilizer controls, turntable and basket displays. Manually pushing or pulling on each of the handles will operate the stabilizer beams and jacks. Each lever has a corresponding label inside of the door. MANUAL STABILIZER OVERRIDES MCFRS Driver Certification Program Page 13 of 19 Aerial - Module 1 Aerial Inspection & Operations DETACHABLE LADDER PIPE PROCEDURE 1. Raise the ladder sufficiently to clear rear obstructions (tiller cab if applicable) then extend the fly section two to three rungs out. MCFRS Driver Certification Program Page 14 of 19 Aerial - Module 1 Aerial Inspection & Operations 2. The portable ladder pipe is to be placed on the tip of the fly section, centered, and securely clamped. 3. 100 ft. of 3 ½” hose should be attached to the ladder pipe with the other end of the hose positioned down the center of the ladder towards the turntable and attached to a Siamese and laid in the street positioned on the opposite side of the direction of flow. MCFRS Driver Certification Program Page 15 of 19 Aerial - Module 1 Aerial Inspection & Operations 4. Adjust control handle on the ladder pipe to an angle of 130 degrees (the control handle should be marked in advance to facilitate quick and efficient set up). The proper angle between the ladder pipe and the control handle should be set at approximately 130 degrees MCFRS Driver Certification Program Page 16 of 19 Aerial - Module 1 Aerial Inspection & Operations 5. Secure halyards to the control handle and to the tip of the ladder pipe (the control handle halyard should be brought down the inside of the ladder and not passed through the rungs while the ladder pipe tip halyard is dropped down to the street). *WARNING* MCFRS Training Division does not recommend placing any rope though the rungs of a hydraulic ladder. MCFRS Driver Certification Program Page 17 of 19 Aerial - Module 1 Aerial Inspection & Operations 6. Secure hose to the ladder by adding three rope hose tools or hose straps; one at the tip approximately three to four ft. behind the coupling, one at the center (after extension), and one at the turntable. *WARNING* Place the rope hose tools at center of base after ladder is extended. MCFRS Driver Certification Program Page 18 of 19 Aerial - Module 1 Aerial Inspection & Operations 7. Raise, rotate, then extend ladder to safe ladder pipe operational perimeters (75 degree angle, 80 percent extension, and 80 psi nozzle pressure for a solid stream). Always refer to manufacturers specifications before operating. MCFRS Driver Certification Program Page 19 of 19 Aerial - Module 1 Aerial Apparatus and Aerial Device Positioning The apparatus operator assigned to a truck company in an urban area can encounter many obstacles that may affect the placement of the apparatus and deployment of the aerial ladder. In a county like Montgomery with its variety of developments these obstacles include congested, complex, and narrow streets. Many of these streets are also lined with overhead obstructions in the form of trees and overhead wires. Life Safety is the 1st priority on the fireground. You must determine what your unit will be used for based on the dispatch information and the conditions observed upon arrival. An aerial unit must be positioned very close to a structure if the aerial device is to be deployed. Since the aerial device has a fixed length, it is imperative to get within reach of the target. Sometimes that means taking a moment to get around obstacles or getting them moved to gain position. Most electrical cord reels on trucks are between 200-300 feet. So the unit must be positioned within this range or portable generators will have to be used. While Responding Driving an apparatus with lights and sirens can be stressful. The driver must be concerned with finding the quickest route to the scene while considering factors such as traffic laws, street conditions, traffic congestion, and pedestrian traffic. Additionally the apparatus operator must consider factors that may affect placement of the apparatus upon arrival and deployment of the aerial ladder, such as the general response patterns of nearby companies. In Montgomery County, a full assignment generally consists of five engines, two aerials, one rescue, two chiefs, and one medic unit. The aerial driver should know from where all the companies are responding and their dispatched running order. Particular attention should be given to the location/direction from which the first engine and other aerial company are responding. This information can affect apparatus placement and use of the aerial. With two truck companies responding, consider adapting running routes to have the two aerial companies approach the fire building from opposite directions. This strategy will offer the best opportunity for aerial access to all sides of the fire building. Most often the first-due engine will approach the alarm location first. When the first-due engine arrives first, the engine operator can position the engine just past the fire building to allow hoseline deployment without obstructing the aerial apparatus position. Allowing room for the aerial company near side A also allows the truck crew to efficiently deploy ground ladders. Often on a structure fire assignment, there is no fire evident when companies MCFRS Driver Certification Program Page 1 of 17 Aerial – Module 4 Positioning and Aerial Use arrive to make the location obvious. Thus, it becomes important for the driver to know the incident address. Knowing if the address is an odd or even number can help the driver to determine on which side of the street the fire building is located. Also, the driver can use the last two digits of the address to help estimate the location of the building on the block—for example, extremely low digits such as 00 or 03 or extremely high digits such as 95 or 98 might indicate a corner building, whereas the last two digits such as 45, 50, and 53 might indicate that the building is in the middle of the block. Approaching the Scene The most important thing the driver of aerial apparatus, “Never drive faster or any apparatus, can do is SLOW DOWN and approach than you or your the fire block in a controlled manner. This will allow the officer can think.” operator, officer, and crew time to size up the situation. Factors on the street that can affect the placement of the aerial include overhead obstructions, fire apparatus already on the scene, hose on the ground, narrow streets, and parked cars. In a tractor-drawn unit, good communications and an excellent working relationship between the driver and tiller will pay big dividends in effectively positioning the apparatus. The driver, tiller operator, officer, and crew can use their headsets to maintain communication on the rigs. As the driver brings the apparatus into the fire block, the tiller operator often has the best view of the overhead obstructions. In many cases, the tiller operator can determine if the aerial ladder can clear any overhead obstructions as they can see the entire length of the ladder from their seating position. Overhead Wires In many neighborhoods, overhead wires and power lines Maintain at least 10’ are a common obstruction. As the driver notices the clearance to overhead wires on the approach to the fire block, they should power lines. observe the side on which the power poles are located. For economy, utility companies often share poles that run on one side of the street. The wires will restrict the aerial's deployment to the houses on that side of the street however, the houses across the street are another story. Since no power poles are on that side of the street, wires will be strung across the street from the power poles. These wires, or “service drops”, are attached to houses at different angles and heights. These buildings may be laddered, but the aerial may still need to be deployed between, above, or below the wires. Often, overhead wires or obstructions will alter the normal sequence of functions to position the aerial. The operator may need to rotate the aerial underneath an obstruction to get the ladder in position before it can be raised and extended. Since the ladder must be rotated at a low-angle inclination to get below the wires, the turntable will need to be approximately 25 to 30 feet away from the nearest structure or other obstruction that could limit rotation. It may even become MCFRS Driver Certification Program Page 2 of 17 Aerial – Module 4 Positioning and Aerial Use necessary to rotate nearly 360 degrees or bring the aerial to a nearly vertical position to clear obstructions. If your apparatus should become energized by overhead power lines, the first option is to move the aerial away from the wires. If the aerial cannot be moved resist the urge to step off the unit. It may be best to remain on the apparatus until the lines are de-energized. If this is not an option due to fire or other developing conditions, the most important thing to avoid is contacting the ground while also in contact with the apparatus. If you must jump from the unit, jump as far as possible and do not touch the ground while touching the truck. WARNING! If you must exit the apparatus, jump completely clear. Beware that the ground around the apparatus may also be charged with electricity. While moving away from the apparatus, shuffle your feet and do not take large strides until well clear of the apparatus. Any difference in electrical potential can cause electricity to use your body as a path to ground. CAUTION! This material talks primarily about overhead wires on a fireground. Do not become complacent during routine activities such as shift check-out or public education events. Firefighters have been electrocuted, burned, and suffered other traumatic injuries during non-emergency aerial operations. Overhead wires are a concern whenever raising an aerial. A Philadelphia Snorkel burns after contacting wires during a public Fairfax County firefighters were injured education event in front of their during morning checkout when the aerial firehouse. was raised into the wires across from the station. Arriving Later When you are not first arriving, observe the placement of the units already on the scene before committing your apparatus. The driver of the second truck arriving at the scene must pay attention to the placement and breed of the first-arriving truck while considering the limitations of their own apparatus. Has the first truck pulled past the address with a rear-mount aerial while the second truck is a mid- mount? Should the next arriving truck go around the block and approach from MCFRS Driver Certification Program Page 3 of 17 Aerial – Module 4 Positioning and Aerial Use the opposite direction? Would it be best to back down to the scene? Where is the access for side C? Be sure to leave room to deploy the ground ladders from the rear chute of your apparatus and other aerial units already on the scene. Sometimes, the next arriving aerial unit will just not have space to position for their aerial. The operator should never force the situation. The block may be small and the street narrow. The first-due truck may already be on the scene and adequate for the incident, the fire building might be down an extremely narrow street or alley, rural water supply operations may require access, or illegally parked cars might prevent the truck from entering. In these situations, the driver of the truck should park the rig so that it will not block any intersections or hydrants or hinder incoming units. The aerial will be useless, but ground ladders can still be deployed and the company has not made the scene worse. If the aerial unit can proceed down the narrow street or alley, the driver should still consider that extra space is needed to extend the outriggers, obtain equipment from compartments, and deploy ground ladders. Just because a unit can physically fit down a street does not always mean it should. In tight areas, the crew should dismount the rig and assist in the placement of the apparatus so that the outriggers and aerial can be deployed. “Lawning” or “Beaching” Positioning aerial apparatus off improved surfaces should be an exceptional situation that requires conservative evaluation when considered. If the situation mandates leaving the normal travel ways, the following impact the successful outcome: The apparatus manufacturer’s recommendations (does the manufacturer endorse setting up on these surfaces?) What part of the apparatus will be off the road? Will the drive wheels remain on the hard surface? Will the stabilizers reach to a hard surface? Will positioning allow nosing in to the structure or will the aerial be operating over the side of the apparatus? Type of surface; grass, dirt, gravel, driveway, sports courts or fields, landscaped areas/flowerbeds Ambient temperatures; is the ground frozen?, will it stay frozen? Is the surface hard enough to support the weight of the apparatus? Has there been any significant precipitation recently? Will the grade or topography allow stabilization according to the manufacturer’s recommendations? MCFRS Driver Certification Program Page 4 of 17 Aerial – Module 4 Positioning and Aerial Use Three Approaches – Pulling in, Backing in, Parallel Drivers must know the pros and cons of pulling into, backing, or paralleling a structure as they pertain to the breed of apparatus. Pulling/Nosing- Is when the front of the unit faces the structure as it is parked or positioned. At this position, the aerial will be in use over the cab and unit. Aerial reach may be lost due to the aerial device extending over the vehicle before it reaches a target. Some mid-mount apparatus may require the aerial to be elevated above a minimum angle to position over the cab. This is the most stable aerial position. Backing in- Places the rear of the vehicle closest to the building. On rear mount aerials, the turntable is closer to the structure than the cab and provides for maximum aerial reach and very good stability. Rear-mount aerials should be backed into buildings when the height of the building is more than 3 stories, or the choice of positioning keeps the turntable more than 35 feet away. On mid- mount apparatus some reach is lost as the aerial has to extend over the body of the truck. This position also places the unit in an advantageous position to minimize travel distance for deploying ground ladders to the building. MCFRS Driver Certification Program Page 5 of 17 Aerial – Module 4 Positioning and Aerial Use Paralleling- Places the side of a vehicle closest to the building. Positioning the apparatus parallel with a building still affords the operator the opportunity to get the turn table close enough to the building for the maximum reach. This is the most common of positioning choices as travelways most often parallel structures. Mid-mount towers must position in this fashion if master streams are to be used at grade (ground level) or below grade. This position is the least inherently stable position for aerial operations and places the most pressure on the individual stabilizers. Aerial Reach - Scrub Area Scrub area is the area of a building or object which the tip of the aerial ladder or platform will reach. The scrub area varies greatly dependent upon the positioning options for the apparatus and the length of the aerial. Drivers and unit officers must maximize the scrub area whenever the aerial device is being considered. Scrub area begins for aerial towers from the ground floor up while it is considered from the second or third floor up for aerial ladders. The Pythagorean Theorem & Pre-Planning When estimating the reach and placement of the aerial, consider a right triangle. The length of the hypotenuse (longest side of a triangle) equals the square root of the sum of the other two sides. When an aerial ladder is elevated, it creates the hypotenuse of a right triangle with the ground and wall of the building representing the other two sides. Knowing this, the reach of the aerial from a given location can be estimated. MCFRS Driver Certification Program Page 6 of 17 Aerial – Module 4 Positioning and Aerial Use The square of the length of the hypotenuse of a right triangle equals the sum of the squares of the lengths of the other two sides, i.e. A² + B² = C² C² A² B² In this illustration, “A” equals the height of the building (estimate 10 feet per floor for residential buildings and 12 feet per floor for commercial and multi-family structures), “B” equals the distance from the building to the turntable, and “C” is the distance required to reach the building. Example 1: To reach the 3rd story window of a townhouse that is 50 feet from the location of the turntable. A is estimated to be 25 feet. B is 50 feet. C is the estimated aerial reach. A² + B² = C² (25 x 25) + (50 x 50) = 625 + 2500 = 3125 = C² C = 3125 = 56 The approximately distance from the turntable to the 3rd story window is 56 feet. MCFRS Driver Certification Program Page 7 of 17 Aerial – Module 4 Positioning and Aerial Use Example 2: To reach the 4th story window of a commercial building that is 25 feet from the location of the turntable. A is estimated to be 40 feet. B is 25 feet. C is the estimated aerial reach. A² + B² = C² (40 x 40) + (25 x 25) = 1600 + 625 = 2225 = C² C = 2225 = 47 The approximately distance from the turntable to the 4th story window is 47 feet. Apparatus Positioning for Aerial Access Aerial apparatus should take preference over other apparatus on building fires. Engine driver/operators have been taught to leave room for the trucks and towers mainly by pulling past or just short of fire buildings. This option may not always be available to incoming or first arriving engine companies. Because of sidewalks, parked cars, tight parking areas, and other roadside obstacles, other positioning alternatives must be considered. The following are considerations only and not department policy. If the fire is located on upper floors of a building that is less than five stories, the aerial apparatus may be positioned outside of the engine company. *If fire is located on the lower levels of this building, this tactic is not recommended for Aerial Towers. The engine company might prevent the tower from sweeping low while the master stream is in use. MCFRS Driver Certification Program Page 8 of 17 Aerial – Module 4 Positioning and Aerial Use If the building is greater than five stories, the aerial apparatus should be positioned inside the engine company. Aerial Device Positioning – Tips & Tricks Once the apparatus is properly parked and stabilized, the aerial is ready to be used. For deployment of the aerial ladder, the three major evolutions are raise, rotate, and extend. Under ideal conditions, these evolutions are done one at a time and in proper operating sequence. Obstructions may necessitate that the operator deviate and make adjustments on some of the evolutions; however, the theory on raising the aerial remains basically the same. Before beginning any operation with an aerial ladder, determine the task so any pre-piped waterway may be locked into the appropriate position. Normally, pre-piped waterways will be stowed in the “rescue” position to reduce the profile of the aerial tip during tasks not involving an aerial master stream or flying standpipe. Two common miscalculations new or inexperienced aerial operators make are placing the ladder well above the target and extending the ladder well short of the target. These common errors will force the operator to make time-consuming adjustments to get the aerial properly positioned. For ideal aerial placement, the retracted aerial should be raised from the cradle to an angle at which the operator can rotate the ladder to a perpendicular position facing the building. At this position, the operator can adjust the angle of the aerial. These adjustments are to align the retracted ladder with the intended target. Once the alignment has been determined, the operator can extend the aerial to a close proximity over the target. With the ladder over the target, the operator can bring it toward the object in a smooth and controlled manner. The angle of inclination must be properly determined for the next step to be successful. When operators extend the ladder well short of the intended target, MCFRS Driver Certification Program Page 9 of 17 Aerial – Module 4 Positioning and Aerial Use the main problem is depth perception. Two methods can help the operator solve this perception problem. One method is for sunny daytime operations; the other is for incidents that occur at night and on cloudy overcast days. The shadows of the aerial ladder are used to assist in extending the aerial ladder. This method works if the building is in direct sunlight. The operator picks up the shadow of the aerial as it moves along the wall of the building as the aerial is being extended toward the target. When the tips of the shadow and of the aerial are close to meeting, the ladder is close the building. If the aerial has floodlights at the tip, these lights can help the aerial operator to judge the proper distance for extending the ladder. These lights are particularly effective during night operations. When the aerial is resting in the cradle, at least one floodlight should be facing down and the other facing out in the direction of the tip. The lights should always be in the "ON" position. The floodlights will illuminate the face of the building and the target area when the aerial is raised, rotated, and in position to be extended. They will also help in spotting wires or other obstructions that may be difficult to see. As the ladder is extended to the building, the light pattern will move toward the structure and become sharper. With practice, an operator can tell by the light pattern how close the tip of the aerial is to the target. If the aerial or platform is being positioned past a parapet wall or balcony, the downward facing light will help judge when the aerial is over the desired location. Here are some factors the aerial operator must consider to ensure that the aerial is in proper position and safe for members to climb: Always be aware of overhead obstructions as the aerial is being deployed. Leave sufficient space for personnel to climb the aerial. Keep the aerial at least 10 feet away from overhead wires to allow for ladder sway, rock, or sag. If the aerial should contact a power line, personnel should remain on the apparatus until the power is shut off or the aerial is freed from contact. Unless otherwise specified by the manufacturer, modern aerials are designed to be used in an unsupported position. Do not rest the aerial or platform on a structure or the ground. The ladder and/or platform needs to remain 4 to 6 inches away from a structure. This allows the ladder or platform to avoid contact with the building as the device flexes under the load of personnel, water, or equipment. Aerials are especially vulnerable to failure when one beam becomes supported causing the ladder to twist. Operating from the Platform or Tip Aerial towers offer the option of positioning the device from the platform in addition to the turntable. When operating the aerial device from a position other than the turntable, personnel tend to focus on the target and lose awareness of the aerial behind them. Operators need to check the path of the entire length of the aerial device as it moves to avoid striking trees, wires, poles, other apparatus, other aerial devices, the apparatus itself, or other obstructions. It is MCFRS Driver Certification Program Page 10 of 17 Aerial – Module 4 Positioning and Aerial Use advantageous to have someone spotting from the turntable or at least watching down the aerial from the platform to warn of impending collisions. Do not rely upon integrated collision avoidance systems to avoid damaging the apparatus with the aerial device. Judging distance or visualizing obstacles, especially below the platform, while operating from the platform can be challenging. The structure of the platform often creates blindspots. Operators must know the features of their platform that may expand its dimensions, i.e. floodlights, bumpers, lifting eyes, master stream nozzles. Under normal circumstances, personnel must be secured by ladder belt or other safety mechanism when operating from the aerial device. This prevents the member from being thrown from the aerial should there be a sudden or unexpected movement of the aerial. The farther an aerial is extended the greater the risk. Operators should confirm members occupying the platform are ready and access doors are secured before moving the device. The smallest unexpected movement can cause a member to lose their balance. When approaching the target, consider using low or slow speed options that most aerial devices offer. This allows finer control of the aerial device while making final positioning adjustments. This is important for avoiding a collision with the target structure. While not common in Montgomery County, some aerial ladders have optional “creeper” controls located at the tip of the aerial that will move the aerial device at very low speed with a firefighter at the tip. Personnel need to familiarize themselves with the operating characteristics and interlocks of this feature as it is encountered. MCFRS Driver Certification Program Page 11 of 17 Aerial – Module 4 Positioning and Aerial Use Using an Aerial Device for Rescue In situations that require using aerial apparatus for rescue, the main objective is to reach as many victims as possible with the minimum number of aerial movements. Remove victims in the following order of priority: 1. Most severely threatened by current fire conditions 2. Largest number or groups of people 3. Remainder of people in the fire area 4. People in exposed areas Rescues should be attempted (if possible) on the upwind side (windward) of a window or door to maximize visibility in heavy smoke conditions and to minimize possible heat exposure. If the possibility of rescue lies in buildings with windows on multiple sides, positioning the turntable at the corners may offer the best position. Raising the Aerial Device to a Victim When the aerial device is deployed out of the cradle of the apparatus, it must be used in the following order or sequence while being moved to a target: 1. Raise (out of cradle) 2. Rotate 3. Extend 4. Lower (into object or target) The best practice is to raise an aerial device above the victim and then lower it down into position. Extending the aerial ladder or platform up to a victim requiring rescue from below may encourage the victim to jump onto the aerial device. Fire fighters or victims jumping down onto a platform or aerial ladder cause tremendous shock loads resulting in damage and/or failure! MCFRS Driver Certification Program Page 12 of 17 Aerial – Module 4 Positioning and Aerial Use Window Access Similar to a ground ladder, aerial ladders placed at a window for rescue should be positioned at or below the sill. If an opening is large enough or there is enough room for a victim or firefighter to climb over or around the ladder rails, the ladder could be placed off-center inside a window. Under normal conditions with residential windows this tactic will compromise some of the opening and reduces the area the window or fire escape provides should members or civilians need a quick bailout. For aerial towers, the platform should be positioned with the front edge of the platform even with or just below the window sill. Be sure to position the platform access doors to maximize the available opening in front of the window. Another position to consider in some situations is placing the upper railing of the platform even with the window sill. This position allows firefighters in the platform better leverage if an unconscious person needs to be lifted out of the window or better visibility when attempting to guide someone on the interior to the window. The disadvantage is that gravity may cause the person exiting the window to shock load the platform if they have an uncontrolled fall. Roof Access For roof access, aerial ladders should be extended three to six feet over the edge of the roof. The extended ladder will provide greater visibility for the members on the roof to locate the ladder should conditions begin to deteriorate. The extension also provides members a firm handhold at a normal standing position while mounting or dismounting the ladder. Be sure to leave space between the aerial and the structure so the aerial does not rest on the structure. Aerial platforms should be positioned with approximately half the platform over the edge of the roof if possible so members can step off to the roof away from the fall hazard of the edge. If conditions do not allow this, position the platform with the front edge of the platform even with the roof edge. MCFRS Driver Certification Program Page 13 of 17 Aerial – Module 4 Positioning and Aerial Use Parapet walls present an additional challenge for roof access. Crews may find it necessary to use a ground ladder to transition from the aerial device to the roof with parapets over approximately 3 feet high. It improves operational efficiency for the aerial operator to recognize the presence of a high parapet by noting the position of scuppers, cockloft vents, or through observation of all sides of the building upon approach. Whenever the option exists, position the apparatus to avoid traversing high parapets or facades for roof access. Many times the high parapet does not extend around the entire perimeter of the roof and positioning on another side provides easier access. This is especially prevalent in strip shopping centers. Aerial Use Once the aerial is in position, the operator must stay near the turntable. Under most situations, the aerial should never be moved. The operator should be aware of which members climbed the aerial ladder, when, and their present locations. If ordered to move the aerial, the operator must inform the incident commander that the aerial was used, and the crew must be notified by radio that the aerial is being moved. By remain available near the turntable, the operator can be available to shuttle tools or equipment to the upper floors or roof. Some additional considerations when using an aerial device: Except for removing firefighters from serious exposure or rescuing them in an extreme situation, an aerial ladder should not be moved from the turntable while people are on it. The ladder should never be extended or retracted while members are on it. MCFRS Driver Certification Program Page 14 of 17 Aerial – Module 4 Positioning and Aerial Use When the aerial is used for access, the rungs should be aligned whenever possible for better footing during climbing. Aerial ladders are rated for a distributed load, thus members should maintain spacing when climbing an aerial whenever possible. Once the aerial ladder is in position, prevent accidental movement by closing the cover or activating the E-stop to disengage power to the controls. When the aerial device is not immediately needed for personnel access, consider positioning the tip or platform with the flood lights facing into upper floor areas to aid interior crews with illumination and identifying a secondary means of egress. The aerial can also provide area lighting when positioned above an operation area. Weather Considerations Windy conditions can place dynamic loads on aerial devices. Each breed of apparatus may have different manufacturer’s recommendations for various wind speeds. Generally, aerial devices are fully rated up to wind speeds of 35 miles per hour. It is the operator’s responsibility to identify any restrictions for the apparatus they are tasked with driving. Operating in icy conditions can also have adverse affects on the apparatus and operators. Stabilizing aerial apparatus on compacted snow or even ice can be very dangerous, as the snow or ice can melt away after stabilization has been completed causing the apparatus to settle and potentially become unstable. If you are operating under these conditions periodically ensure the aerial/stabilizer interlocks remain engaged. If you find the interlocks disengaging that is an early sign that the stabilizers may require resetting. Snow or ice below the stabilizer pads can also cause the apparatus to slide as weight is transferred from the vehicle axles to the stabilizers. Ensure wheel chocks are in place and maintain contact between the tires and the road surface as permissible by the manufacturer’s recommendations for aerial stabilization. During cold weather, the steel and aluminum material of an aerial device readily accumulates ice from active precipitation or fire streams. Manufacturers may require de-rating of the aerial when ice accumulations reach a predetermined depth. Generally, ice accumulations in excess of ¼” become a concern regarding loading of the aerial. Much like other features of the apparatus, operators must know the guidance for their specific breed of apparatus. Periodically extending and retracting the aerial may aid with removal of ice accumulation. Keeping the aerial ladder greased according to the MCFRS Driver Certification Program Page 15 of 17 Aerial – Module 4 Positioning and Aerial Use manufacturer’s specifications also aids in removal of ice accumulation. In addition to the loading of the ladder, ice creates a significant fall hazard at the turn table, access ladders, and on the aerial. Collapse Zone The condition of the fire building, as well as other building-related concerns, must be considered when positioning the apparatus. Buildings that have been subjected to extensive fire damage or buildings in poor condition before the incidence of fire may be subject to sudden collapse. Beware of facades or parapet walls that can fall from the building as fire weakens their attachment points. Positioning apparatus within an effective distance of the structure while maintaining protection against a collapse is difficult. The rule of thumb for defining a collapse zone is a distance at least equal to one and one-half times the height of the building. A greater degree of protection is afforded by parking apparatus at the corners of the building rather than directly in front of the building face. This also offers aerial access to two sides of the structure. While the apparatus may be parked outside the collapse zone, beware of placing the aerial device in a position that exposes it to falling debris. An aerial ladder, or worse an occupied platform, should not be operating within the collapse zone when the building is showing signs of weakening. All firefighters should be able to identify the warning signs of collapse, which include: Structural inadequacy or signs of temporary bracing, poor construction, illegal or non-engineered renovations (be on the look-out for these every day before a fire occurs – know your response district) Buildings under construction or renovation Fire size and location, and conditions on arrival Age of building Previous fire Fire load to structural members MCFRS Driver Certification Program Page 16 of 17 Aerial – Module 4 Positioning and Aerial Use Fire duration Backdraft or explosions Involvement of engineered lumber, truss joists, nail plates Live load increase as a result of firefighting operations (an aerial master stream adds at least 500gpm, or 2 tons of water per minute) Cutting structural members during breaching or venting operations Cracks, bulges, or other movement in walls Water or smoke pushing through exterior walls Unusual noises coming from building or dwelling Interior or roof reports of soft or spongy floors Ice, snow, or water accumulation on roofs Operating near Railroad Tracks While incidents adjacent to railroad tracks are rare, they are a possibility within Montgomery County. Aerial apparatus operators must keep the following in mind as special precautions to take when an incident places the apparatus near a rail right-of-way: Park apparatus at least 25 feet from a rail right-of-way. Operate with the assumption that rail traffic has not been stopped. Beware that rails may be shared by different entities, so contacting one to stop traffic may not stop all traffic. Railroad sidings or spurs may remain active even when the main line has stopped. Whenever possible, avoid crossing the right-of-way to conduct operations. Park apparatus on the same side of the right-of-way as the incident scene. If aerials must be operated across a right-of-way maintain at least 25 feet of clearance between the rails and the aerial device. MCFRS Driver Certification Program Page 17 of 17 Aerial – Module 4 Elevators Introduction The intent of this manual is to provide information needed to safely and efficiently deal with elevator emergencies. This section includes but is not limited to elevator knowledge and inspection, general operation and safety features. The mission of elevator rescue is to safely remove occupants from an elevator that has malfunctioned and stopped in the hoistway while maintaining the safety and welfare of the occupants and fire/rescue personnel. Terminology Machine Room: Normally found on roof of structure above the hoistway if a Traction elevator. The main disconnect for the system is found in the Machine Room. If the elevator is Hydraulic, the Machine Room will be found on the lower level near the elevator. Hoistway: May also be known as the Shaft. The vertical opening that encloses the elevator. Car: The passenger enclosure. Landing Entrance: The elevator doors located on each floor of the structure. This provides the access for use of the keys or pole. Pit: The bottom portion of the hoistway. Contains numerous moving parts. Elevator Types There are two types of elevators, hydraulic and traction. Hydraulic elevators have a motor-driven pump, a hydraulic cylinder and a fluid reservoir. Pressure is put on the cylinder and the car is raised. Gravity lowers the car back to the lowest floor. Traction elevators have a hoisting machine, ropes/cables and a counterweight. Traction is achieved by friction on the driving sheave, which in turn raises and lowers the car. The traction elevator can either use a geared or gearless traction machine. Regardless of the type it will have a governor, controller and machine disconnect switch. MCFRS Driver Certification Program Page 1 of 11 Aerial - Module 12 Drive Sheave Drive Motor Brake Assembly Geared Traction Machine Elevator Governor Pull Handle Down to Shut off Power MCFRS Driver Certification Program Page 2 of 11 Aerial - Module 12 Hoisting ropes are wire cables designed specifically for elevator use. The ropes are designed to carry not only the weight of the car but the live load within the car. Multiple ropes may be used to increase traction. Redundant ropes provide a safety factor for the car. The ropes are all oily and can have burrs on them. Gloves must be used when functioning with the ropes. Counterweights are specifically designed weights on the opposite ends of the hoisting rope from the car. The counterweight equals the cars’ total dead weight plus 40% of the cars’ designed live load Counterweight Lock-out/tag-out is the process of locking/removing power from the machine and declaring a safe work area. MCFRS Driver Certification Program Page 3 of 11 Aerial - Module 12 Elevator Car Rescue If a patient needs to be rescued from a car that is not in working order, access to the car will need to be made. This access can be made in one of three ways. First, using the elevator keys, disengage the door interlock mechanism. Second, use an elevator pole to disengage the door locking mechanism. If neither of the first two options work, use standard forcible entry tools to break and remove the doors. When beginning any elevator rescue, locate the car and contact the occupants. Check the fireman’s’ service first to see if the car will move. Attempt to use the keys and pole prior to using forcible entry. Finally, remember to ALWAYS protect the hoistway. Only remove patients from a non-working elevator if it is safe to do so. Remember to follow all standard safety policies. Perform Lock-out/Tag-Out. Remember to stay within the hoistway of the rescue operation. Prior to performing the rescue, determine which exit will be safest for both the occupants and the rescuers: car top, side exit, through the doors. Do not have any more than two rescuers on top of the elevator car. Important: Always follow Lock-Out/Tag-Out procedures for the main power disconnect prior to entering an elevator hoistway for rescue. Fireman’s or Firefighter’s Service The Fireman’s Service button is activated by utilizing the key switch in the lobby of the building. Once the key has been turned to the On position, the elevators will all come to the lobby and park with the doors open. This function will only work if the elevator is activated. Phase 1 of this function is completed when the elevator is in the lobby or at the desired floor. This will prohibit residents from utilizing the elevator during an emergency. Below is a picture of the fireman’s service button found in the lobby of a building. MCFRS Driver Certification Program Page 4 of 11 Aerial - Module 12 Once inside the elevator, observe the fireman’s service button. If lit, the elevator is in fireman’s control. By accessing the key switch inside the elevator, Phase 2 of the elevator control begins and the fire department will have control of the elevator. Test the door open/close buttons to make sure that they still work. This will prevent the elevator from stopping at the wrong floor. Remember to stop the elevator several floors below the reported fire. MCFRS Driver Certification Program Page 5 of 11 Aerial - Module 12 Elevator Keys Below are examples of various elevator keys used to access the hoistway doors. Hook Drop Key Pick Double Drop Key T-Key Half-Moon Key Drop Key Insert the appropriate key through the hole on the front of the car door until the tip drops. MCFRS Driver Certification Program Page 6 of 11 Aerial - Module 12 Once the key drops through the backside of the car door, turn the key until it catches on the pick-up roller arm. Continue to turn key until car door opens. Poling the Elevator If poling the elevator is necessary, use the hook and access from the closest door using the appropriate elevator key. Using the pole, unlock the hoistway door above. Additional personnel stationed at the elevator above will open up those doors, pull up the pole and utilize that pole to open the door above. MCFRS Driver Certification Program Page 7 of 11 Aerial - Module 12 Hoistway doors provide protection for the hoistway opening. They may be single speed or two speed horizontal, bi-parting vertical, or swinging. Swinging doors are normally Moving this arm found on residential elevators. unlocks the hoistway doors The doors operator will open the car doors which will then allow access to the passengers. The car doors are the only doors that are powered. This is directed with the elevator pole Door Operator Car Top MCFRS Driver Certification Program Page 8 of 11 Aerial - Module 12 Emergency Hatch Access If access through the door of the non- working car is not available, use the cartop of the adjacent car for your inspection. To move the working car in- line with the stuck car, have a rescuer enter the working car. The rescuer then takes the working car down below the stalled car. Open the hoistway door of the working car and locate the car top inspection station. On the inspection Hatch Lifts Up station, move the stop switch to Off and the Inspection/Automatic switch to Inspection. Have the rescuer exit the working and then close the doors using the wheel on the door operator. Close the hoistway doors and while standing in the middle of the car top, push the direction button to move the elevator into position next to the stalled car. Open the emergency hatch of the stalled car, and, using a folding ladder, rescue any trapped individuals. MCFRS Driver Certification Program Page 9 of 11 Aerial - Module 12 MCFRS Driver Certification Program Page 10 of 11 Aerial - Module 12 Steps for Elevator Rescue 1. Locate the elevator in the hoistway. Check the position indicators and relay to officer. 2. Determine if any medical emergencies exist inside the stalled elevator. 3. Lockout/Tagout main line disconnect in machine room. 4. Determine what is best access for rescue. 5. Open hoistway doors using elevator keys or by poling the elevator. Open the car doors – use the door operator if necessary. 6. If no access to the doors is available, use the adjacent elevator to access the car top. 7. Do not place too many people on top of the working elevator when performing a rescue. Move them to the nearest hoistway door for exit. Hydraulic Elevator Emergency Access If a hydraulic elevator is stuck between the floors, you may have to manually lower the elevator in order to perform a rescue. Manual Lowering Valve Car Top First, using lock-out/tag-out, ensure that the power has been shut off and place a firefighter at the lower hoistway opening with the doors open. Open the valve at the top of the car until the elevator moves. When the car reaches the same level as that of the firefighter at the lower hoistway, close the valve. This will stop the elevator and allow access for the rescue. Elevator Fires If an elevator has had significant fire damage, do not get on or into the elevator. Extinguish the fire using long hooks to remove any debris. If the cables have been exposed to high heat, they may fail causing the elevator to drop into the pit. MCFRS Driver Certification Program Page 11 of 11 Aerial - Module 12
