Verb Categories & Classification (PDF)

KIND REMINDER FINITES Verb categories Mood Voice Aspect Tense Number and person Functional Classification of the Verb Part 2. Non-finites Morphology II – 2nd lecture Grammarly 3-49 Gramar and voc unit8cde  Full Verb vs Auxiliary  Full/content/ordinary – forms pr...

KIND REMINDER FINITES Verb categories Mood Voice Aspect Tense Number and person Functional Classification of the Verb Part 2. Non-finites Morphology II – 2nd lecture Grammarly 3-49 Gramar and voc unit8cde  Full Verb vs Auxiliary  Full/content/ordinary – forms predicate by itself  He played football.  Auxiliary/function/helping – no independent meaning of its own  Helps build compound forms of the English verb  (a) temporals (tense-formers):  to be, to have, to do, - all inflectional forms  Used to, shall, will, should would  (b) Modals (mood-formers): can-could, may-might, shall-should, will-would, must, ought to, have to, need, etc. NOTE to be, to have, to do, to need, to dare – may also be full verbs Non-finites vs finites Finite – connected to subject, express tense Non-finites: infinitive, gerund (present participle) participle (past participle) Anomalous finites Irregular Negative form end in n’t They are not used with –ed Am, is, are, was, were, have, has, had, do, does, did, used (to), will, would, shall, should, can, could, may, might, must, ought (to) need, dare Structures with anomalous finites  1. emphatic affirmatives: I do think so. You are making noise.  2. the negative: Aren’t you cold?  3 the interrogative: Why did you help him?  4. short answers Are you working? Yes, I am.  5. question tags: You know him, don’t you?  Minor patterns:  So/nor/neither + anomalous finite + subject I like oranges. So does my sister.  So + subject + anomalous finite I think you first met me here. So I did.  But + subject + anomalous finite (+-n’t) Why didn’t you help your friend? But I did.  No + subject + anomalous finite (+-n’t) I hear you were late for school. No, I wasn’t.  Anomalous finite and full verb Anomolous finite He does drink a lot. / He doesn’t drink much. He has arrived. / Ha hasn’t arrived. You need not wait any longer. Full He does a lot of work./ He doesn’t do much. She had a good time. /She didn’t have a good time I need a new suit./ I didn’t need a new suit.  Non finites. The Infinitive  Simple infinitive: to write  Used after do/modal auxiliary, subject/complement of a clause, express purpose, object/complement of verb, adjective, noun  Progressive: to be writing  Perfect infinitive: to have written  Passive infinitive: to be done  Combination: to have been sitting  Negative infinitives: Try not to be late.  Split infinitive: to really understand  The infinitiveActive Passive Common Present (to) be (to) be V– en (to) have [to be given] (to) go (to) give Perfect (to)have V-en (to) have V-en (to) have been be-en (to) have had (to) have been (to) have gone given (to) have given Continuous Present (to) be V-ing (to) be going (to) be giving Perfect (to) have V-en be-ing (to) have been going (to) have been giving  Infinitives without to After modal auxiliaries: I must go home. After LET, MAKE, HEAR, FEEL, WATCH, NOTICE After WHY (NOT) Why stand up when you can sit down? After and, or, except, but, than, as, like We had nothing to do except look at the scenery. After DO: All I did was (to) give him a push. Use of Participles - present and past Verb forms: It was raining. Adjectives: I love the noise of the falling rain. Adverbs: She ran screaming out of the room. Clauses: Who’s the fat man sitting in the corner? The gerund and the participle Active Passive Present V-ing Being V-en Being, having, giving, going Being given Perfect Having V-en Having V-en Having been be V-en Having had Having given Having gone Having been given Past participle V-en Been, had, gone given Falling leaves = leaves that fall - ing form: adj = active vb A broken heart = a heart that has been broken past part. as adj.= passive meaning Interested vs interesting Past participle: - say how people feel I was very interested in the lesson. Present participle: describe the entities that cause the feelings Boring teachers make bored students. Active past participles  Intransitive verbs with past participles that can be used as adjectives with active meaning  Fallen leaf  Advanced students  Developed countries  Well-read person  A much-travelled man Participles used as adjectives Before nouns, or after be and other linking verbs An interesting book, a falling leaf, screaming child, The window in the room upstairs is broken. Ing form with an object: fox-hunting man, English-speaking country Quick-growing trees, home-made cake, government-inspired rumours Participles after nouns To define or identify the nouns (similarly to identifying relative clauses) We couldn't agree on any of the problems discussed. The people questioned have a different opinion. I watched the match because I knew some of the people playing. Difference of meaning Some participles change their meaning according to their position A concerned expression vs the people concerned An involved explanation vs the people involved An adopted child vs a solution adopted.  Very + past participles  When past participle= gradable adjective => modified by very  With words: mental states, feelings, reactions  Very frightened animal  A very shocked expression EXCEPTION -…unless I’m very much mistaken. He is well known in the art world. -- when the past participle is part of the passive verb: He is a very much admired person. Our trade position is very much weakened by inflation. Special past participle form Older forms Drunken driving/singing Shrunken head Sunken wreck Rotten fruit