Building System Design - Building Materials PDF

Building System Design Building Materials and Assembly WOOD WOOD Classification of Wood Wood Defects Lumber Wood Composites  CLASSIFICATION OF WOOD Softwoods Hardwoods come from the conifers (evergreens) come from the b...

Building System Design Building Materials and Assembly WOOD WOOD Classification of Wood Wood Defects Lumber Wood Composites  CLASSIFICATION OF WOOD Softwoods Hardwoods come from the conifers (evergreens) come from the broad-leaves or deciduous have needles instead of leaves leaves grow faster than hardwood slow growers, hence, denser wood do not shed leaves shed leaves annually commonly used for feature walls, ceilings, most Philippine timeber are of this kind furniture, doors, and windows commonly used for flooring and also Cheaper than hardwood cladding, paneling, fencing, boats and outdoor decks generally more expensive CLASSIFICATION OF WOOD CLASSIFICATION OF WOOD  WOOD DEFECTS BOW A curve on the face of a board, typically extending from one end to the other If the board was sitting flat, the ends would not be touching the ground  WOOD DEFECTS CROOK A warp that happens along the edge of a board  WOOD DEFECTS CUP When the face of a board is hollow  WOOD DEFECTS TWIST Occurs when there are multiple different bends in a board  WOOD DEFECTS CHECK A crack that occurs along the wood’s growth rings It does not extend through the entire thickness of the board The corners of the board do not touch the ground when the board is flat on a surface  WOOD DEFECTS KNOT Circular imperfections caused by a broken-off tree branch. A naturally-occurring defect in a piece of wood. Tight knots are nothing to worry about, but dead or loose knots may fall out or leave a hole  WOOD DEFECTS SHAKE When the grain between the wood’s growth rings separates. Can occur on the face of a board or below the surface  WOOD DEFECTS SPLIT A crack in a piece of wood that goes all the way through the board  WOOD DEFECTS WANE When there is missing wood or an untrimmed edge along the side or corner of a board  WOOD DEFECTS DECAY Caused by the attack of fungi  WOOD DEFECTS PITCH POCKET Well-defined openings between annual rings containing solid or liquid pitch  CLASSIFICATION OF LUMBER FOUR CLASSIFICATION OF LUMBER Strips - lumber less than 2” thick and less than 8” wide. Board Lumber - pieces less than 2” thick and at least 8” wide. Dimension Lumber - pieces more than 2” and less than 5” in any dimension. Timbers - pieces 5” or more on the smallest dimension DETERIORATION OF LUMBER DETERIORATION OF LUMBER DETERIORATION OF LUMBER DETERIORATION OF LUMBER DETERIORATION OF LUMBER  WOOD COMPOSITES Wood composites include a range of different derivative wood products, all of which are created by binding the strands, fibers or boards of wood together. It is also known as manmade wood, engineered wood and wood-plastic composite (WPC). Wood composite is usually made from the same hardwoods and softwoods used for lumber, except that it uses the sawmill’s scraps and wood waste and is created by mixing ground wood particles with heated thermoplastic resin. Most wood composites are produced in large sheets, usually 1220mm (4’) x 2440mm (8’) PLYWOOD PLYWOOD PLYWOOD HARDBOARD HARDBOARD HARDBOARD HARDBOARD CHIPBOARD CHIPBOARD MDFBOARD MDFBOARD GYPSUM BOARD FIBER CEMENT BOARD MASONRY  Masonry - construction technique or trade that involves the use of individual units or elements, such as bricks, stones, or concrete blocks, bonded together with mortar to create a solid and durable structure. involves the careful arrangement and placement of masonry units, which are typically rectangular in shape, to create walls, arches, columns, and other structural elements. SEALANT AND WATERPROOF  are materials used to fill gaps, joints, and seams to prevent the passage of air, water, dust, or other substances. typically flexible and capable of accommodating movement or expansion within a building can be categorized into different types based on their chemical composition, such as silicone, acrylic, polyurethane, and epoxy sealants TYPES OF SEALANTS SILICON SEALANTS ACRYLIC SEALANTS POLYURETHANE SEALANTS EPOXY SEALANTS  WATERPROOFING the process of making a structure or surface resistant to the penetration of water. It involves applying specific materials, coatings, or systems to prevent water from entering or damaging the building envelope, which includes the walls, roof, foundation, and other exposed surfaces. typically implemented in areas that are vulnerable to water infiltration, such as basements, bathrooms, balconies, roofs, and exterior walls. aims to create a barrier that prevents water from seeping through the structure and causing damage to the building components and interior spaces WATERPROOFING METHODS Liquid membranes or coatings are applied directly onto the surface, forming a seamless and protective layer. These can be sprayed, rolled, or brushed onto surfaces and can provide excellent waterproofing properties WATERPROOFING METHODS This method involves the application of cement- based coatings or slurries that bond to the surface, forming a rigid waterproof layer. Cementitious waterproofing is commonly used for below-grade structures and concrete surfaces. WATERPROOFING METHODS These are pre-manufactured membranes made of materials like bitumen, PVC, or modified asphalt. They are typically applied in multiple layers and adhered to the substrate using adhesives or heat-welding techniques. WATERPROOFING METHODS Bentonite clay is used to create a self- sealing membrane that swells upon contact with water. It is often used in below grade applications and as a primary or secondary barrier in combination with other waterproofing systems. WATERPROOFING METHODS Polyurethane membranes or coatings offer excellent flexibility, durability, and resistance to water. They can be applied as liquid coatings that cure into a seamless, elastomeric layer. WATERPROOFING METHODS These are admixtures added to concrete or mortar mixes to enhance their resistance to water penetration. They work by reducing capillary porosity and improving the overall durability of the structure. HARDWARE AND MECHANISMS