Traditional Building Techniques & Materials PDF

Deterioration and Conservation of Historic Building Materials  Use of Historic Building Materials The main building materials that have been used throughout history are: Adobe, Brick, Wood, Stone, Metals, Glass, Plaster and Mortar. Among them, Adobe, Brick, Wood and Stone have been used since Pre...

Deterioration and Conservation of Historic Building Materials  Use of Historic Building Materials The main building materials that have been used throughout history are: Adobe, Brick, Wood, Stone, Metals, Glass, Plaster and Mortar. Among them, Adobe, Brick, Wood and Stone have been used since Prehistoric times.  Use of Historic Building Materials Usually, the selection of the materials have been dependent on: - the variety offered by the geography, where the building was located on. - Available building materials had been preferential, but for extraordinary cases building materials from long distances had been provided. Use of Historic Building Materials Çatalhöyük, Konya (7500-6500 BC), Adobe Housing Use of Historic Building Materials Çatalhöyük, Konya (7500- 6500 BC), Adobe Housing Use of Historic Building Materials Khirokitia Village, Cyprus (7000-4000 BC) Use of Historic Building Materials King Zoser’in burial complex, Stepped Pyramid, Sakkara (2750 BC) Use of Historic Building Materials The Ziggurat (or Great Ziggurat) of Ur (2150-2050 BC), Firebrick was used for the first time during its construction. Use of Historic Building Materials Stonehenge, Salisbury, England (2300 BC) ‘Blue stones’ of the interior circle had been carried from Preseli area in Southern Wales, in 240 km distance. Use of Historic Building Materials Hattusa, Boğazkale, Turkey (2000-1200 BC) Use of rough-cut stones.  Use of Historic Building Materials Another factor affecting the selection of the materials for historic buildings was the function of them. Stone, which is harder to give form, carry and install and usually much more durable to weathering conditions and time, had been usually preferred for religious and royal buildings.  Use of Historic Building Materials The Great Pyramid of Giza (Pyramid of Khufu or the Pyramid of Cheops) Giza, Egypt (around 2560 BC) FAR 019 TARİHİ YAPILARDA MALZEME SORUNLARI  Use of Historic Building Materials The level of craftsmanship on stone had also been dependant on the building part where it was installed. The building stones had been grouped as cut- stone, rough stone and the undressed stone was named as rubble stone. The building parts which were preferred to be emphasized like portals/ façades, gates, apses, minbars and mihrabs, have had the most elaborated stone craftsmanship.  Use of Historic Building Materials Lion Gate, Hattusa, Boğazkale, Turkey (13th c. BC) Lion Gate, Mykenai Castle, Greece (around 1250 BC)  Use of Historic Building Materials Portal, Gevher Nesibe Hatun Şifahanesi Portal, Divriği Şifahanesi (Hospital), (Hospital), Kayseri, Turkey, 1205 Kayseri, Turkey, 1228-9 Use of Historic Building Materials Notre-Dame Cathedral, Paris, Mosteiro dos Jerónimos, Lisbon, 1163-early 13th c. 1502-1552  Use of Historic Building Materials The historic buildings, that have been made of stone, mostly have been well conserved and has carried the traces of different cultures, civilizations, building technologies, art works and social life to present day, while the ones that have been built out of adobe and timber, which are easier and cheaper to provide and process and less durable to weathering conditions, are lost/ diminished. Use of Historic Building Materials In most parts of the world, stone have been preferred for the construction of public monuments, while adobe and wood was used for the houses. For this reason, we have less remains from the houses of previous periods and ‘history of architecture’ is mostly based on monuments. Use of Historic Building Materials The mere residential building examples from Anatolian Seljukid Period are very small building remains of Sultans palaces, which were built of rubble stone or rough stone, while hundreds of mosques, madrasas and caravanserais of the period was mainly built of ashlar stone.  Use of Historic Building Materials Kubadabad Palace, Beyşehir, first half of Sultan Kılıçaslan Palace (Alâeddin 13th c Keykubat Mansion), Iconium, 12th c  Use of Historic Building Materials The oldest mansion in Istanbul, the former capital of Ottoman Empire, ‘Amcazade Hüseyin Paşa’ Mansion on Bosphorus coastline is from late 17th century, is both due to lack of maintenace and also fast deterioration process of timber under lack of maintenance. Use of Historic Building Materials Köprülü Amcazade Hüseyin Paşa Mansion, İstanbul, late 17th c.  Use of Historic Building Materials This kind of difference between stone and adobe, caused most of the remains of the historic monuments to be mostly diminished, especially in the areas where stone is very rarely found like Mesopotamia, comparing the the areas like Egypt. On the other hand, it caused the discovery of the firebrick, which is much more durable, in this region. And by using the firebricks as outer shell of the monuments, they made them more resistant to weathering.  Use of Historic Building Materials The post and lintel and masonry systems, as the earliest structural systems continued to be used for thousands of years. Stone, adobe and mudbrick has been used in masonry systems, while stone and timber has been used in framework/ post and lintel systems. It is possible to find masonry systems from 10,000 BC in Mesopotamia, like in Göbeklitepe, Urfa.  Use of Historic Building Materials The stone post and lintel systems are still remaining, while wooden ones are all lost. On the other hand, it is possible to get to learn about the wooden structural system details from ancient periods, like in the rock-cut tombs of Lykia in Turkey (house type tombs), where all the details of wooden structures were transferred into stone. Use of Historic Building Materials Pınara rock-cut tombs, Lykia, 5th c BC and after Myra kaya mezarları, Lykia, 5th c BC and after  Use of Historic Building Materials The first material that was used in framework systems is timber. In this system mud brick, firebrick and stone was used as infill material. While the cladding was mostly timber laths or mud plaster. Timber framework constuction is economic and fast in process and also resistant to earthquakes. Use of Historic Building Materials A house built of timber framework system. Use of Historic Building Materials A row of houses in Istanbul built of timber framework system.  Use of Historic Building Materials In many cities where enormous fires have caused devastation (London-1666, Istanbul-1865, ) rules and regulations have changed and put forward the preference for stone masonry buildings, rather than timber framework buildings. As a result, the main reason for changing the structural systems of the houses from timber frameworks to stone masonry was the consequence of the devastating fires.  Use of Historic Building Materials The metals, which have been used to reinforce the masonry systems, for roof cladding and in architectural elements until industrialization period, have been taken to a broader use as the main load bearing material of structural systems. Iron posts and trusses have been preferred in train station buildings and world fair buildings first. The timber framework system details were transferred to metal frameworks systems during this development.  Use of Historic Building Materials Iron I-beams or profiles have been started to be used in Ottoman Empire boundaries from mid 19th century. There have been developed a mixed slab system, build of I-beams and firebrick vaults in between, and it was called ‘jack arch floor’. The use of metal have become much more widespread all around the world, after its industrial production became easier and cheper.  Use of Historic Building Materials Stone, Timber, Adobe, Metals, Plasters and Mortars the major historic building materials, have very different weathering and deterioration processes. Use of Historic Building Materials Stone, mudbrick and firebrick masonry systems are weak in tensile stresses like earthquake forces, and strong in compressive stresses. For this reason, they have been reinforced by the use of metals and timbers throughout history. FAR 019 TARİHİ YAPILARDA MALZEME SORUNLARI  Use of Historic Building Materials For increasing the strength of masonry, wooden beams have been utilized. Wooden beams, placed in two directions, increases the strength of masonry under tensile stresses. This is very similar to the reinforcement of concrete by using iron bars. FAR 019 TARİHİ YAPILARDA MALZEME SORUNLARI Use of Historic Building Materials Use of wooden beams in masonry, Akseki Traditional Houses, Antalya  Use of Historic Building Materials Iron reinforcement elements like tie bars, tie rods, hoops, rings were used to increse the strength of masonry under tensile and shear stresses. The method of using iron for the reinforcement of masonry have been used rarely in Ancient Greek and widely in Ancient Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman Periods. Use of Historic Building Materials Tie beams and iron rings used in Rabi Madrasa, iron ties from Küçük Aya Sofya Mosque, Istanbul Use of Historic Building Materials Masonry and iron elements in masonry minaret  Use of Historic Building Materials Timber framework system buildings from İstanbul Kadırga: timber has been widely used as the main material of framework system due to its cheapness, resistanse to tensile stresses, availability.  Use of Historic Building Materials Plaster has been used all around the world for preventing the direct relation of water and main building materials, which were adobe, timber and stone. Water is the main reason for the deterioration of all building materials and plaster serves the aim of protecting the buildings especially from water effects. So, for continous protection, we need continous maintenance of plaster. Paint and plaster had always been the materials to be sacrificed in the first step and repeatedly rennovated. Similary coatings for preventing the oxidation of irons, needed continous maintenance.  Use of Historic Building Materials On the other hand mortars have been the binders within the masonry walls. They should be compatible with the stones or bricks they are in use with and strengthful under various stresses. Especially, wherever the plaster on the surfaces of masonry is lost or weathered, the mortar become more open to weathering conditions. Masonry Construction ◼ Masonry is one of the most ancient construction techniques ◼ The most ancients masonry structures were found in the region of ◼Iran (Mesopotamia) and dated from 9000 to 8000 BC. ◼ Masonry fortified walls in Jericho (7000 BC) and rectangular brick houses in Çatal-Hüyük, Anatolia (6500 BC) were also found. ◼Recently temple in Göbeklitepe (10000 BC ) Main Structural Elements of Masonry ◼Stone ◼Walls ◼Foundations ◼Columns and pillars ◼Arches ◼Vaults Stone Stone WALLS Foundations Columns and Pillars Arches Vaults Example where all the structural elements are damaged!