Singapore Basic Driving Theory PDF, 2024

 BASIC THEORY OF DRIVING THE OFFICIAL HANDBOOK CONTENTS PART A : DRIVING LICENCES Introduction...

 BASIC THEORY OF DRIVING THE OFFICIAL HANDBOOK CONTENTS PART A : DRIVING LICENCES Introduction 3 What Is A Driving Licence? 3 Fitness To Drive 3 Classes Of Driving Licences 3 Test Of Competence To Drive 4 Provisional Driving Licence (PDL) 4 Validity Of Driving Licence 4 ‘NEW’ Drivers 5 Driver Improvement Points System (DIPS) 5 Medical Examination 7 Online Portals 8 PART B (to be tested during Basic Theory Test) SIGNS AND SIGNALS Mandatory Signs 9 Prohibitory Signs 11 Warning Signs 14 Regulatory Signs 19 Information Signs 21 Pedestrian Crossing Signs 24 Traffic Signs For Tunnels 25 Signs For Pedal-Cycles 26 Directional Signs 27 Expressway Monitoring And Advisory System (EMAS) 29 Facility Signs 34 Vehicle Markings 34 Common Road Markings 35 Direction Arrows 43 Merging Arrow Markings 43 Signals (Traffic Lights) 44 Signals (On The Road) 46 Signals Given By A Police Officer 47 Basic Theory of Driving is published by © Singapore Traffic Police. Hand Signals 49 No part of this publication may be reproduced, TRAFFIC RULES AND REGULATIONS stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, The Keep-Left Rule 50 photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the Lane Discipline 50 prior permission of the publisher: Overtaking 50 Singapore Traffic Police Road-Hogging 52 10 Ubi Avenue 3 Speed Limits 52 Singapore 408865 T (65) 6547 0000 The ‘Give Way’ Rule At Road Junctions 52 F (65) 6547 4900 Roundabouts 53 Published online by Driving On Expressways 54 © Singapore Traffic Police Yellow-Box Junctions 54 U-Turns 56 Last updated on 10.10.2024 Stopping And Parking 56 Note: The information contained in this handbook Seat Belts 57 is accurate at the time of publication. Candidates are advised to log in to the TP website at Lights 57 https://www.police.gov.sg & LTA website at Alcohol 58 https://www.lta.gov.sg for the latest updates. Light Goods Vehicles 58 BASIC THEORY OF DRIVING 1 CONTENTS Height Limits 58 Use Of Mobile Communication Device While Driving 59 CODE OF CONDUCT ON THE ROAD Moving Off 60 Mirrors And Signals 60 Driving Along 60 Tailgating 60 Safe Following Distance 60 The ‘Two-Second’ Rule 61 Stopping Distance 61 Reversing 62 Safety Of Pedestrians And Cyclists 62 Emergency Vehicles 62 General Safe Driving 62 Safe Driving Technique (Defensive Driving Technique) 65 Stopping And Moving Off At Traffic Light Junctions 70 Roadworthiness 70 PARTS AND CONTROLS OF A CAR Front View/Rear View 71 The Instrument Panel (Dashboard) 72 Names Of Various Driving Controls 72 WORK ZONES Road Users At Work Zones 73 Work Zone Signs 73 DRIVING IN SPECIAL ZONES School Zone Safety 75 Driving In School Zones 75 Silver Zone Safety 75 Driving In Silver Zone 76 DRIVING IN TUNNELS Daily Driving Rules 76 AUTONOMOUS VEHICLE Introduction 77 How to recognise an Autonomous Vehicles on trial? 77 How to interact with an Autonomous Vehicle on trial? 77 ELECTRIC MOTORCYCLE Introduction 78 Features of electric motorcycle 78 Classes of Driving License for Electric Motorcycle 78 PART C (USEFUL INFORMATION) PARKING IN URA/HDB CAR PARKS 79 LANE USE AND VARIABLE MESSAGE SIGNS (LUS) 82 Emergency Facilities (Tunnels) 82 Emergency/Incident Procedures (Tunnels) 83 ECO-DRIVING: WAYS TO SAVE FUEL AND SAVE THE ENVIRONMENT Introduction 83 What is ECO-driving? 85 How to adopt ECO-driving? 85 SECURITY MEASURES TO PREVENT THEFT OF/ FROM MOTOR VEHICLES Introduction 87 Motorcycles 87 Cars 87 General 87 KEY POINTS OF THE MOTOR CLAIMS FRAMEWORK 88 (MCF) BASIC THEORY OF DRIVING 2  PART A DRIVING LICENCES INTRODUCTION The “Basic Theory of Driving” handbook is essential reading for all road users in Singapore, which comprise the pedestrians, cyclists, motorcyclists and drivers. It covers The Highway Code, which includes the traffic rules, traffic regulations, traffic signs and signals, and it aims to educate and promote road safety for the road users. Many of the rules and regulations in the Code are legal requirements, and if you disobey them, you are committing a traffic offence. You may be fined and given demerit points on your driving licence, which may lead to suspension or revocation of your driving licence, or you may be disqualified by the Courts from driving. Knowing and applying the traffic rules and regulations in The Highway Code could significantly help to reduce road accidents, casualties and fatalities on our roads. WHAT IS A DRIVING LICENCE? 1 A driving licence is a legal document issued by the Traffic Police under the Road Traffic Act, which identifies the licensee, sets out the class(es) of vehicle(s) which he/she may legally drive and states such restrictions or conditions as may apply as well as the period for which the licence is valid, where applicable. FITNESS TO DRIVE 2 In order to qualify for a driving licence to drive or ride a motor vehicle on the roads in Singapore, an applicant: (i) Must be at least 18 years old; (ii) Must have passed the test of competence to drive; (iii) Must not be suffering from mental disorder; (iv) Must not be suffering from epilepsy; (v) Must not be liable to sudden attacks of disabling giddiness or fainting; (vi) Must be able to read at a distance of 25 metres (with the aid of glasses, if worn) a series of 6 letters and figures in white on a black background of the same size and arrangement as those prescribed for the identification mark of a motor vehicle; and (vii) Must be able to distinguish the colours red, amber and green from a distance of 25 metres. CLASSES OF DRIVING LICENCES 3 The following table is a list of classes of driving licence granted by the Traffic Police under the law. DESCRIPTION ELIGIBILITY Invalid carriage of unladen weight not exceeding 250 kg and Invalids or those suffering from some physical which are specially designed and constructed, and not merely Class 1 defect or disability who are 18 years old and adapted, for the use of persons suffering from some physical above. defect or disability and are used solely by those persons. Motor cycles with an engine capacity not exceeding 200 c.c., or Class 2B motor cycles which are propelled by electric motor with a power Be at least 18 years old. output not exceeding 15kw and registered as motorcycles. Motor cycles with an engine capacity between 201 c.c and 400 Be in possession of a class 2B Qualified Licence Class 2A c.c. and motor cycles propelled by an electric motor with a for at least one year. power output between 15.1kw and 25kw. Motor cycle with an engine capacity exceeding 400 c.c. and Be in possession of a class 2A Qualified Licence Class 2 motor cycle propelled by an electric engine with a power output for at least one year. exceeding 25kw. Motor cars/ Ambulances of an unladen weight not exceeding 3000 kg with not more than 7 passengers, exclusive of the Class 3 Be at least 18 years old. driver; and motor tractors / vehicles of unladen weight not exceeding 2500 kg. Motor cars without clutch pedals (auto) of an unladen weight not exceeding 3000 kg with not more than 7 passengers, Class 3A Be at least 18 years old. exclusive of the driver; and motor tractors / vehicles without clutch pedals of unladen weight not exceeding 2500 kg. Work Permit and S-pass holders only need to Motor cars constructed solely and adapted to carry not more pass the Basic Theory Test to convert their Class 3C than 7 passengers (exclusive of the driver) and the weight of foreign driving license to be allowed to drive all which unladen does not exceed 3000 kg only. Class 3 vehicles except for light goods vehicles, mini vans and small buses. Motor cars without clutch pedals of unladen weight not The Class 3CA licence is introduced to new Class exceeding 3000 kg with not more than 7 passengers exclusive drivers who only want to drive automated Class 3CA of the driver. 3C vehicles. BASIC THEORY OF DRIVING 3  Omnibuses - For public service vehicles which are used on Be at least 21 years old and in possession of a Class 4A scheduled services and in which passengers are charged separate class 3 Qualified Licence. and distinct fares. Heavy motor cars of an unladen weight exceeding 2500 kg and Be at least 21 years old and in possession of a Class 4 constructed to carry a load or passengers; and motor tractors of class 3 Qualified Licence. an unladen weight between 2500 kg and 7250 kg. Motor vehicle of an unladen weight exceeding 7250 kg and not Be at least 21 years old and in possession of a Class 5 constructed to carry any load. class 4 Qualified Licence. TEST OF COMPETENCE TO DRIVE 4 An applicant for a new class of licence must pass the test of competence to drive, which includes the theory and/or practical driving/riding tests: (a) Basic Theory Test (BTT) The Basic Theory Test (BTT) is designed to test your knowledge of the traffic rules, traffic regulations, traffic signs and signals as well as general road safety. The testing curriculum for BTT is broadly covered in the handbook titled “The Official Handbook - Basic Theory of Driving” and all learner drivers and riders must obtain a pass for BTT before they can proceed to take the advanced theory test i.e. the Final Theory Test (FTT) or the Riding Theory Test (RTT). (b) Final Theory Test (FTT) After passing the BTT, and if you want to obtain a motorcar driving licence (Class 3 or 3A), you must pass your FTT before you can take the Practical Driving Test. The FTT aims to test your knowledge on driving safety aspects and proper techniques of driving, as well as your interaction with other road users whilst driving on the roads. After you have passed your FTT, you are required to pass the Practical Driving Test within two years, failing which, you will have to retake and pass your FTT again before you can apply for another Practical Driving Test. The testing curriculum for FTT is broadly covered in the handbook titled “The Official Handbook - Final Theory of Driving”. (c) Riding Theory Test (RTT) After passing the BTT, and if you want to obtain a motorcycle driving licence (Class 2B), you must pass your RTT before you can take the Practical Riding Test. The RTT aims to test your knowledge on riding safety aspects and proper techniques of riding, as well as your interaction with other road users whilst riding on the roads. After you have passed your RTT, you are required to pass the Practical Riding Test within one year, failing which, you have to retake and pass your RTT again before you can apply for another Practical Riding Test. (d) Practical Driving / Riding Test The Practical Driving / Riding Test will be conducted by a Driving Examiner appointed by the Traffic Police. You must provide a motor vehicle which is suitable for the test, in good mechanical condition and properly insured against third-party risks. 5 In order to book and take a theory or practical driving / riding test, an applicant must fulfil the following eligibility requirements at the date of booking or date of taking his/her test: (a) He/She has not accumulated more than 12 demerit points; (b) He/She is not under suspension or Court disqualification or is not within the period of one year from the date of revocation of his/her driving licence; (c) He/She is not under police investigation; and (d) He/She has not committed 2 or more offences of failing to display a distinguishing mark (i.e. Probation Plate) during his/her period of probation as a new driver for his/her other new class of driving licence. PROVISIONAL DRIVING LICENCE (PDL) 6 After passing your BTT, you may apply for a Provisional Driving Licence (PDL) to start learning to drive or ride on the roads with your driving instructor. A PDL is valid for 2 years from the date of grant and can be renewed subsequently for every 2 years. 7 As a PDL holder, you must display two 18 cm square ‘L’ plates, in a conspicuous position on both the front and back of your motor vehicle during your driving lessons and driving tests, as well as be insured against third-party risk, during your driving tests and driving lessons. You can only drive whilst under the supervision of your licensed driving instructor or driving school’s driving instructor. 8 To apply for a PDL, an applicant must fulfil the following eligibility requirements at the date of the application: (a) He/She has not accumulated more than 12 demerit points; (b) He/She has passed his/her BTT; (c) He/She must be able to read at a distance of 25 metres (with the aid of glasses, if worn) a series of 6 letters and figures in white on a black background of the same size and arrangement as those prescribed for the identification mark of a motor vehicle; and (d) He/She must be able to distinguish the colours red, amber and green from a distance of 25 metres. VALIDITY OF DRIVING LICENCE 9 If you are a Singapore Citizen or a Permanent Resident, your driving licence will be valid for your lifetime. However, if you are a foreigner and a holder of a work pass granted by the Ministry of Manpower (for example: Employment Pass, S-Pass, Work Permit, Dependent Pass issued with restriction as to his/her period of stay in Singapore), your driving licence will be valid for a period up to 5 years. BASIC THEORY OF DRIVING 4 PART A DRIVING LICENCES ‘NEW’ DRIVERS 10 New drivers are motorists who hold a new class of driving licence for less than one year from the date of grant of licence. They shall be under probation for one year from the date of grant of the new driving licence to them. 11 During the one year probation period, all new Class 2B, Class 3/3A and Class 3C/3CA drivers are required to display a distinguishing mark (i.e. Probation Plate) at the front and rear of their vehicles when driving. In the case of a Class 2B motor vehicle, the Probation Plate should be displayed: (a) directly above or below the headlamp; and (b) directly above or below the rear licence plate. For a Class 3, 3A, 3C & 3CA motor vehicle which is constructed with a front and a rear windscreen, the Probation Plate should be displayed; (a) at the top right portion of the front windscreen; and (b) at the top right portion of the rear windscreen, as seen from the outside of the vehicle; Probation Plate 12 Those who fail to display the Probation Plate will be fined. Repeat offenders with at least 2 offences of failing to display the Probation Plate during their one year probation period will have their licence revoked. A new driver who accumulates 13 or more demerit points during the one year probation period will also have his/her new driving licence revoked. DRIVER IMPROVEMENT POINTS SYSTEM (DIPS) 13 Singapore’s demerit points system, named the Driver Improvement Points System (DIPS), was introduced on 1 March 1983. 14 DIPS is designed to identify and rehabilitate errant drivers through a system of rewards and punishments. Errant motorists are thus encouraged to improve their driving behaviours on the roads with incentives to expunge their demerit points and previous suspension record as well as remission of suspension period. Key Features Of DIPS Suspension Of Driving Licence New or Probationary Motorists 15 For a new motorist who is under one year probation from the date of grant of his/her driving licence, his/her new driving licence will be revoked and become invalid when he/she accumulates 13 or more demerit points during his/her probation period. The licence holder will have to retake all the necessary driving tests (theory and practical) to obtain a licence to drive/ride again and can only retake the driving tests one year after the revocation is effected. Non-Probationary Motorists 16 For a motorist who has no previous suspension record with Traffic Police, if he/she has accumulated 24 or more demerit points within 24 consecutive months, his/her driving licence will become liable for the 1st suspension of a period of 12 weeks. 17 For a motorist who has previous suspension records with Traffic Police, if he/she has accumulated 12 or more demerit points within 12 consecutive months, his/her driving licence will become liable for the subsequent suspension. 18 For subsequent suspensions after the 1st suspension, the suspension periods are: (a) 2nd suspension : 24 weeks; (b) 3rd suspension : 1 year; (c) 4th suspension : 2 years; and (d) 5th suspension (onwards) : 3 years. 19 Where the suspension period is a year or longer (i.e. 3rd suspension onwards), the driving licence will be revoked and become invalid. The licence holder will have to retake all the necessary driving tests (theory and practical) to obtain a licence to drive/ride again. Traffic Police takes a firm stance against motorists who commit traffic violations or drive while under suspension or revocation. 20 Motorists who wish to appeal for their traffic offences can only do so online via TP’s e-Appeals Portal. Appeals for traffic offences will only be considered on grounds of extenuating circumstances, such as medical emergencies, and must be supported by relevant documentary proof. Repeated appeals without fresh evidence will not be considered. 21 Motorists liable for 1st and 2nd suspensions will be offered a retraining course to correct their driving behaviour. If they take and pass the retraining course, they will be given a remission on their suspension period: (a) For 1st suspension, the suspension period will be reduced from 12 weeks to 4 weeks. If none of their traffic offences leading to their 1st suspension was involved in a traffic accident, their suspension period will be further reduced to 1 week; and (b) For 2nd suspension, it will be reduced from 24 weeks to 12 weeks. 22 There is no offer of retraining course and remission for 3rd and subsequent suspensions. BASIC THEORY OF DRIVING 5 PART A DRIVING LICENCES 23 During the suspension period, the licence holder’s photocard driving licence must be surrendered to Traffic Police. For 1st and 2nd suspensions, the licence holder’s photocard driving licence will be returned to him/her upon the expiry of the suspension period. The following table summarises the suspension rules under DIPS for non-probationary motorists. Level Of Criteria for Period of Maximum Balance Period Of Suspension Suspensions Suspension Suspension Remission Allowed After Retraining 1st suspension 24 points or 12 weeks 8 weeks (after passing 4 weeks OR 1 week (If none of the more within 24 retraining) traffic offences leading to the 1st months suspension was involved in a traffic accident) 2nd suspension 12 points or 24 weeks 12 weeks (after passing 12 weeks more within 12 retraining) months 3rd suspension 12 points or 12 months 0 12 months (Licence revoked) more within 12 months 4th suspension 12 points or 24 months 0 24 months (Licence revoked) more within 12 months 5th suspension 12 points or 36 months 0 36 months (Licence revoked) and above more within 12 months Multiple Notice Of Demerit Points Accumulated 24 Motorists will be notified and updated of their demerit point status after settling every offence where demerit points are awarded. The intent of the letter is to pre-warn the licence holders to improve their driving behaviour, and encourage them to remain offence-free for 12 months for their demerit points to be expunged; otherwise they may face the consequence of becoming liable for suspension. Incentives For Good Driving Behaviour 25 A licence holder who maintains a 12-month period free of scheduled offences from the date of the last scheduled offence committed will have all his/her previous demerit points removed from his/her record. 26 A licence holder who maintains a 24-month period free of scheduled offences from the date of expiry of the last suspension will also have all his/her previous suspension(s) removed from his/her record, i.e. he/she will be treated similar to a driver with no previous suspension record. 27 Motorists with a clean driving record for a continuous period of three years will enjoy a discount over and above the usual No- Claim Bonus when they renew their insurance policy with participating insurance companies. They must also not have made any claims on their vehicles’ insurance for the past three years. 28 The public can check on a driver’s driving licence status and demerit points accumulated via Singapore Police Force e-Services at www.police.gov.sg/e-services. List Of Scheduled Offences Under DIPS 29 Under the DIPS, demerit points are given for the following list of scheduled offences under the Road Traffic (DIPS) Rules. S/No. Offences Committed Demerit Points 1 Carrying excess pillion or carrying pillion sitting not astride 3 2 Rider failing to wear, or wearing insecurely, on his/her head a protective helmet 3 3 Disobeying the traffic direction of police officer, employee of Authority or security officer engaged in 3 regulating traffic 4 Conveying a load not properly secured 3 5 Using tyres with ply or cord carcass exposed 3 6 Driver failing to wear seat belt 3 7 Parking abreast of another vehicle 3 8 Parking within a pedestrian crossing 3 9 Stopping in a zebra controlled (or more commonly known as zebra crossing) area 3 10 Driver failing to ensure that every passenger wears a seat belt 3 11 Using a motor vehicle where a person below 1.35 metres in height is a passenger and is not properly 3 secured by an approved child restraint or a body-restraining seat belt 12 Parking within a Demerit Points No Parking Zone 3 13 Stopping within a Demerit Points No Stopping Zone 3 14 Failing to fill up every passenger seat in the driver’s cabin, or any additional cabin or enclosed space 3 provided for the carriage of passengers or goods and which is adjacent to or is an extension of the cabin for the driver, before carrying any person on the floor of an open deck goods vehicle Fine : Light Vehicle: $150 ; Heavy Vehicle : $200 BASIC THEORY OF DRIVING 6 PART A DRIVING LICENCES S/No. Offences Committed Demerit Points 15 Exceeding the speed limit of a vehicle by 1 to 20 kilometres per hour 4 16 Exceeding the speed limit of a road by 1 to 20 kilometres per hour 4 17 Failing to give way to oncoming traffic at a controlled junction 4 18 Failing to give way at an uncontrolled junction 4 19 Failing to give way at a junction 4 20 Failing to give way at a roundabout 4 21 Crossing double white lines 4 22 Crossing a road divider 4 23 Obstructing the flow of traffic 4 24 Forming up incorrectly when turning left or right 4 25 Failing to give way to an ambulance, fire brigade or police vehicle 4 26 Driving while carrying a load on a motor vehicle in a dangerous manner 4 27 Stopping on the shoulder or verge of an expressway 4 28 Stopping or remaining at rest on the carriage way of an expressway 4 Fine : Light Vehicle: $150 ; Heavy Vehicle : $200 29 Exceeding the speed limit of a vehicle by 21 to 30 kilometre per hour 6 30 Exceeding the speed limit of a road by 21 to 30 kilometres per hour 6 31 Driving on the shoulder of an expressway 6 32 Failing to securely tie or attach goods to a goods vehicle to prevent them from falling off the vehicle 6 33 Offences committed by motorists at a pedestrian crossing 6 34 Driving or riding against the flow of traffic as indicated by traffic signs 6 35 Careless driving 6 36 Carrying passengers on a motor vehicle or trailer in a dangerous manner 6 37 Reversing unnecessarily along an expressway 6 38 Failing to obey the 1.1 metre height restriction for persons carried on an open deck goods vehicle 6 39 Carrying passengers when the clear floor space of the open deck of a goods vehicle available for each 6 passenger is insufficient Fine : Light Vehicle: $200 ; Heavy Vehicle : $250 40 Exceeding the speed limit of a vehicle by 31 to 40 kilometres per hour 8 41 Exceeding the speed limit of a road by 31 to 40 kilometres per hour 8 Fine : Light Vehicle: $300 ; Heavy Vehicle : $400 42 Driving without due care or reasonable consideration for other road users 9 43 Carrying passengers on a goods vehicle in a dangerous manner 9 Fine : Light Vehicle: $300 ; Heavy Vehicle : $400 44 Exceeding the speed limit of a vehicle by 41 to 50 kilometres per hour 12 45 Exceeding the speed limit of a road by 41 to 50 kilometres per hour 12 Offender will be prosecuted in court 46 Failing to conform to traffic light signals 12 Fine : Light Vehicle: $400 ; Heavy Vehicle : $500 47 Use of mobile telephone while driving 12 1st offence: Fine not exceeding $1000 or jail up to 6 months or both 2nd and subsequent offence: Fine not exceeding $2000 or jail up to 12 months or both 48 Exceeding the speed limit of a vehicle by 51 to 60 kilometres per hour 18 49 Exceeding the speed limit of a road by 51 to 60 kilometres per hour 18 Offender will be prosecuted in court 50 Exceeding the speed limit of a vehicle by more than 60 kilometres per hour 24 51 Exceeding the speed limit of a road by more than 60 kilometres per hour 24 52 Reckless or dangerous driving 24 Offender will be prosecuted in court MEDICAL EXAMINATION 30 Upon reaching the stipulated age limits, all licence holders are required by law to undergo a medical examination to certify their fitness to drive in order to validate their driving licence to continue to drive: (a) Class 2B, 2A, 2, 3, 3A, 3C and 3CA Driving Licence A Class 2B, 2A, 2, 3, 3A, 3C and 3CA licence (whichever applicable) shall cease to be valid upon the holder reaching the age of 65 years, unless the holder is certified physically and mentally fit to drive by a Singapore registered medical practitioner every 3 years from age of 65 (i.e. 65, 68, 71, 74 etc). (b) Class 4A, 4 and 5 Driving Licence A Class 4A, 4 and 5 driving licence shall cease to be valid upon the holder reaching the age of 65 years, unless: (i) the holder is certified physically and mentally fit to drive by a Singapore registered medical practitioner every year from age of 65 till age of 74; and (ii) the holder has passed a Proficiency Driving Test at the driving test centre. BASIC THEORY OF DRIVING 7 PART A DRIVING LICENCES ONLINE PORTALS 31 For more information on driving in Singapore and general road safety, you are encouraged to refer to the following relevant websites: (a) Singapore Police Force https://www.police.gov.sg/Advisories/Traffic/Traffic-Matters (b) Singapore Road Safety Council https://srsc.org.sg (c) Electronics Driver Data Information & Enquiry System (EDDIES) https://www.police.gov.sg/e-services (d) One.Motoring https://onemotoring.lta.gov.sg 32 For information on driving in overseas and application of International Driving Permit (IDP), you may refer to the following website: (a) Automobile Association of Singapore (AAS) https://www.aas.com.sg BASIC THEORY OF DRIVING 8  PART B SIGNS & SIGNALS (To be tested during Basic Theory Test) SIGNS & SIGNALS 33 Traffic signs are erected for 2 main purposes: (a) To regulate traffic movements. (b) To warn and inform road users of hazards or give useful information. MANDATORY SIGNS 34 These are compulsory signs. It is an offence to disobey them. Turn right only Turn left only Ahead only Turn right ahead Turn left ahead Keep left Split traffic (Vehicles may pass on either side) BASIC THEORY OF DRIVING 9 PART B SIGNS & SIGNALS Mandatory Signs Stop (Stop before the white line. Give way to traffic from the right and left) Stop for children to Left Turn on Red cross the road Stop at the red light Give way to pedestrians crossing at the junction Give way to traffic approaching from the right Proceed only when the way is clear and it is safe to do so Give Way (Slow down. Stop if necessary. Give way to traffic on major road) BASIC THEORY OF DRIVING 10 PART B SIGNS & SIGNALS Prohibitory Signs PROHIBITORY SIGNS 35 Failure to comply with these signs constitutes an offence. No entry for No stopping all vehicles No waiting (Vehicles may stop to allow boarding or alighting only) No waiting and No loading/unloading during stated hours No right turn No left turn BASIC THEORY OF DRIVING 11 PART B SIGNS & SIGNALS Prohibitory Signs Width limit (This sign prohibits the entry of vehicles with width in excess of 2.3m. The numerals on the sign may be altered to indicate different width restriction) Height limit (This sign prohibits the entry of vehicles with an overall height in excess of 4.5m. The numerals on the sign may be altered to indicate different height restriction. Anyone who drives a vehicle with overall height exceeding 4.5m without police escort is committing an offence) Weight limit (This sign prohibits the entry of vehicles with weight laden or unladen in excess of 10 tonnes. The numerals on the sign may be altered to indicate different weight restriction. Anyone who drives a vehicle with laden or unladen weight exceeding 10 tonnes without police escort is committing an offence) BASIC THEORY OF DRIVING 12 PART B SIGNS & SIGNALS Prohibitory Signs Speed limit Speed limit Speed limit (Do not exceed 40 km/h) (Do not exceed 50 km/h) (Do not exceed 60 km/h) Speed limit Speed limit Speed limit (Do not exceed 70 km/h) (Do not exceed 80 km/h) (Do not exceed 90 km/h) No sounding of horn No overtaking No entry for lorries (Except to prevent accident) No entry for No entry for motorcycles No entry for motorcycles and pedal vehicles with 3 cycles or more axles BASIC THEORY OF DRIVING 13 PART B SIGNS & SIGNALS Warning Signs WARNING SIGNS 36 Take extra care, slow down as you approach these signs. Right bend Left bend (Slow down. Keep left. Do not (Slow down. Keep left. Do overtake, make a U-turn or not overtake, make a U-turn park your vehicle) or park your vehicle) Series of bends (Slow down. Keep left. Do not overtake, make a U-turn or park your vehicle) Cross junction T junction Side road (Slow down. Beware of traffic (Slow down. Give (Slow down. Beware of approaching junction) way to traffic from vehicles from the right) the right and left) BASIC THEORY OF DRIVING 14 PART B SIGNS & SIGNALS Warning Signs Side road ‘Y’ junction ‘Y’ junction (Slow down. Beware of (Slow down. Beware of (Slow down. Beware vehicles from the left) traffic joining from the of traffic joining from right and left) the right) ‘Y’ junction Merging traffic Staggered junction (Slow down. Beware (Slow down. Beware (Slow down. Beware of traffic joining from of traffic joining from of vehicles from the the left) the left) right and left) Two-way traffic ahead Two-way traffic across a one-way Lanes merging (Slow down. Keep left. carriageway (Slow down. Beware Beware of oncoming (Slow down. Beware of of traffic merging from traffic) traffic from the right right or left) and left) BASIC THEORY OF DRIVING 15 PART B SIGNS & SIGNALS Warning Signs Road narrows on one side Road narrows on (Slow down. Do not overtake, make a both sides U-turn or park your vehicle) (Slow down. Do not overtake, make a U-turn or park your vehicle) Dual-carriageway ends Roundabout Light signals ahead (Slow down. Keep left. (Slow down. Stop if (Slow down. Beware of Beware of oncoming necessary. Give way to traffic lights changing) traffic) traffic on the right) Pedestrian crossing ahead Electronic Road Expressway ahead (Slow down. Stop for Pricing Zone ahead (Certain types of vehicles pedestrian to cross at (Pay a road user charge are prohibited from using designated crossing) when entering the zone the expressway) during restricted hours) BASIC THEORY OF DRIVING 16 PART B SIGNS & SIGNALS Warning Signs Vehicle breakdown sign Slippery road Gated level crossing (To be placed at least 20 (Slow down. (Slow down. metres from the rear of Drive carefully) Beware of gate closing) the vehicle) Ungated level crossing Uneven road Road hump ahead (Slow down. Beware of (Slow down. Keep left. (Slow down. Keep left. train approaching) Do not overtake) Do not overtake) Steep upward slope Steep downward slope Road leading to quay, (Keep left. Change to (Keep left. Change to river bank or sea a lower gear. Do not a lower gear. Do not (Slow down. Beware of overtake, make a U-turn overtake, make a U-turn road ending ahead) or park your vehicle) or park your vehicle) BASIC THEORY OF DRIVING 17 PART B SIGNS & SIGNALS Warning Signs Animals Low flying aircraft ahead (Slow down. (Beware of sudden noise Beware of animals) from low flying aircraft) Raised zebra crossing ahead (Slow down. Stop for pedestrians to cross at the raised zebra crossing) Elderly or handicapped pedestrians Children (Slow down. Beware of elderly or (Slow down. Beware of children handicapped pedestrians crossing the crossing the road) road) U-turn ahead U-turn ahead Start of school zone (U-turn ahead (From opposite direction) (Slow down and look for vehicles) (Beware of U-turning vehicles out for children walking from opposite direction) or crossing the road) School zone, 40km/h when lights Pedestrian in road ahead Start of silver zone flash (Slow down. (Slow down and look out for elderly (Do not exceed 40km/h when the Beware of pedestrians pedestrians crossing the road ahead. amber lights flash alternately) Crossing the road ahead) Vehicles shall not travel above the posted speed limit as indicated in the speed limit sign attached) PART B BASIC THEORY OF DRIVING 18 SIGNS & SIGNALS Regulatory Signs REGULATORY SIGNS 37 These signs regulate the movements of traffic. Slow down Drive within the speed limit Keep to the left side of Slow down and beware the road and leave the of obstruction ahead outermost right lane for overtaking vehicles Slow down and give way as Slow down and get traffic converges into single lane ready to detour ahead BASIC THEORY OF DRIVING 19 PART B SIGNS & SIGNALS Regulatory Signs Detour in the direction indicated One-way traffic (Vehicles may turn right or left) Sharp deviation (Slow down and drive in the direction indicated) Barrier One-way street (Slow down and drive carefully) (One-way street begins from this sign) Curve Alignment Markers (Slow down and drive carefully at bends) BASIC THEORY OF DRIVING 20 PART B SIGNS & SIGNALS Information Signs INFORMATION SIGNS 38 These signs provide useful information to motorists. No through road No through road ‘Terminus’ with ‘Terminal’ (Road on the right does (Road ends in a short distance) (For buses only) not lead to another road) Bus stop For taxis only For taxis only (No parking or stopping within 9 metres of the bus stop or within the bus bay except omnibuses) Bus lane Full-Day Bus Red light camera ahead (Vehicles other than Lane Hours Get ready to stop when buses are not allowed (Denoted by a the signals change to to use this lane during Continuous “Amber” restricted hours) Yellow-and-Red Line) Normal Bus Lane Hours (Denoted by a Continuous Yellow Line) BASIC THEORY OF DRIVING 21 PART B SIGNS & SIGNALS Information Signs U-turn facility ahead Three turning lanes ahead (Vehicles should (Signal and filter to the U-turn after the sign) correct lane) U-turn sign with vehicle weight restriction (U-turn ahead for vehicles not exceeding the weight limit as stated on the sign) Four waiting lanes ahead (Vehicles waiting to turn may take any of the four waiting lanes. Stop for pedestrians crossing the road) Bus Priority Box (Also known as Mandatory Give-Way to Buses) (Slow down at the first Give- Way Triangle road marking and watch out for buses exiting bus stop. Stop before the Give-Way lines and give way to buses which Exclusive left turn and are waiting to leave the bus stop. Give-way to buses shared left turn lane ahead Do not stay in the yellow exiting. (Usually along expressway) Give-Way Bus Box) (Slow down. (Signal and filter to the Give way to buses correct lane) exiting the bus bay) BASIC THEORY OF DRIVING 22 PART B SIGNS & SIGNALS Information Signs Start of expressway End of expressway Rain shelter for Any vehicle parked (Vehicles should comply (Vehicles should slow motorcyclists in this zone may be with the Expressway down and drive within towed away Rules after this point) the speed limit of the road) Traffic signals White walking sticks End of school zone End of silver zone operating hours (Slow down. Stop if necessary (Traffic signals not in to give way to blind people operation during crossing the road) stated hours) Any vehicle parked in this zone Speed regulating Parking Enforcement may have its wheel clamped strips ahead Camera (Slow down) BASIC THEORY OF DRIVING 23 PART B SIGNS & SIGNALS Pedestrian Crossing Signs PEDESTRIAN CROSSING SIGNS 39 Pedestrians should obey these signs when crossing the road. Pedestrian overpass Pedestrian underpass Designated pedestrian crossing Pedestrian signal Pedestrian signal ‘Green Man’ Countdown timer ‘Red Man’ (You may cross but do (Indicates the remaining time (Do not cross) not cross when the (in seconds) for pedestrians light flickers) to cross the road) Pedestrian crossing Prohibition (Within these signs, pedestrians must use the designated crossing when crossing the road) BASIC THEORY OF DRIVING 24 PART B SIGNS & SIGNALS Traffic Signs For Tunnels TRAFFIC SIGNS FOR TUNNELS 40 Traffic using the tunnel should heed and obey these signs. Tunnel Ahead Vehicles carrying Switch on headlights (The stretch of road dangerous goods are not and turn on radio ahead is in a tunnel) allowed in the tunnels (Local/BBC) The GREEN Arrow indicates that the lane is open for use The FLASHING AMBER Cross is a caution signal to indicate possible obstruction ahead although the lane is open to vehicles. Drivers must slow down and be prepared to change lane The RED Cross indicates that the lane is closed to traffic BASIC THEORY OF DRIVING 25 PART B SIGNS & SIGNALS Signs For Pedal-Cycles SIGNS FOR PEDAL-CYCLES 41 Pedal cyclists should obey these signs. No entry for bicycles Bicycle stand No entry for pedestrians and pedal-cycles No parking of bicycles This sign prohibits the riding of pedal-cycles (e.g. trishaws, tricycles and bicycles) beyond the point marked by the sign. Bicycle Crossing Cyclists Ahead Road Safety Tips for Cyclists Cycling groups on roads must not exceed the maximum length of 5 bicycles i.e. 5 cyclists in single file, or 10 cyclists when riding two abreast (where permitted to do so). Bicycles (a) Must display a front white light and rear red light or reflector when cycling during hours of darkness. (b) A properly secured seat is required for pillion riders below 12 years old. (c) Always obey traffic light signals. (d) Cycle with the flow of traffic when on the roads. (e) Protective helmets must be worn when riding on roads. (f) Do not cycle on expressways, road tunnels and selected viaducts where bicycles are prohibited. (g) Bicycles are to be equipped with at least one functioning hand brake. (h) Do not use mobile communication devices when riding. (i) Cycle in single file on single-lane roads and during bus lane operational hours. (j) Wear bright-coloured clothing to increase your visibility to other vehicles. Power-Assisted (a) You must only ride an LTA-approved power-assisted bicycle. (b) Minimum age for Power-Assisted Bicyclists, including pillion passengers, is 16 years old. (c) Protective helmets must be worn when riding Power-Assisted Bicycle. (d) Power-Assisted Bicycle must be registered and affixed with a rear number plate. (e) It is and offence to use the Mobile Communication Device while riding a Power-Assisted Bicycle or a Pedal Bicycle. BASIC THEORY OF DRIVING 26 PART B SIGNS & SIGNALS Directional Signs Crime Advisory Secure your bicycle with a strong lock (e.g. U-lock) when left unattended, even if it is only for a short while. Please refer to www.lta.gov.sg/content/ltaweb/en/walk-cycle-ride/rules-and-code-of-conduct.html for more information on the rules and code of conduct for cycling. DIRECTIONAL SIGNS 42 Directional signs are usually rectangular with a green background. There are two types: Advance and Confirmation Directional Signs. Confirmation Directional Signs have a chevron shape on one end to indicate the direction. Advance Directional Sign Confirmation Directional Sign 43 On all roads leading to destinations along expressways, the signs have either: (a) Yellow letters on green backgrounds with yellow borders, which will be phased out; Advance Directional Sign Confirmation Directional Sign OR (b) White lettering on green backgrounds, and the white text describing an expressway destination is encased in a blue background. Advance Directional Sign Confirmation Directional Sign Intermediate Sign Gantry Sign BASIC THEORY OF DRIVING 27 PART B SIGNS & SIGNALS Directional Signs Additional information on some directional signs have black letters on white backgrounds with black borders. The sign provides information on the road that you are approaching. 44 On all roads leading to destinations along roads other than expressways, the signs have white letters on green backgrounds with white borders. Advance Directional Sign Confirmation Directional Sign BASIC THEORY OF DRIVING 28 PART B SIGNS & SIGNALS Expressway Monitoring and Advisory Systems (EMAS) EXPRESSWAY MONITORING AND ADVISORY SYSTEM (EMAS) 45 Motorists should look out for these three types of electronic signboards when travelling towards and along the expressways; and selected major arterial roads. (a) TRAVEL TIME DISPLAY (TTD) These electronic advisory signboards are placed at various entrances leading to the expressways. They provide estimated travel times to selected exits on the expressways from the point the motorist enters a particular expressway. For example, if a motorist enters CTE, he/she will notice the TTD as below. The estimated travel time to the expressway exit of Ang Mo Kio Avenue 1 is about 5 minutes from the point he/she enters CTE. The estimated travel times are displayed in colour. Green indicates the travel time displayed is up to 50% more than normal travel time, yellow indicates the travel time displayed is between 50% to 125% more than normal travel time and red indicates the travel time displayed is more than 125% of normal travel time. Messages are also displayed on this signboard pertaining to incidents on the expressway. For example, the message “ACCIDENT on CTE (SLE)” displayed on the TTD below informs motorists that there is an accident occurring on the CTE in the direction towards SLE. Accident on CTE (SLE) Estimated travel times of journeys to destinations a) To Ang Mo Kio 1 exit is normal (green colour); b) To SLE exit is 50% more than the normal travel time (yellow colour); and c) To Woodlands Ave 2 exit is 125% more than the normal travel time (red colour) Displayed destinations / expressway exits Expressway symbol to denote travel journey via expressway In the TTD below, the travel times are displayed in a single colour. The text “ACCIDENT” toggles with “ON CTE (AYE)” to inform motorists that there is accident occurrence on CTE in the direction of AYE. TTDs like these will be phased out. BASIC THEORY OF DRIVING 29 PART B SIGNS & SIGNALS Expressway Monitoring and Advisory Systems (EMAS) (b) TRAFFIC INFORMATION DISPLAY (TID) ON EXPRESSWAYS / SELECTED MAJOR ARTERIAL ROADS These large displays found along the expressways and selected major arterial roads display traffic information in text and simple graphic display up to seven colours. They inform motorists of traffic conditions ahead. A red cross indicates location with reference to the expressway exits or major road names labelled. A flashing red bar indicates road closure ahead. TIDs may also display information on incident type, lane(s) affected, congestion information, travel time information or other traffic advisory messages. For example, if there is an accident on ECP in the direction towards Airport between Bayshore and Tampines exits, the TID below will alert motorists in advance for them to react accordingly. Incident occurs between Left most lane 2 exits (e.g. Bayshore affected and Tampines exits on ECP) Current location Accident Icon The TID on the left displays traffic information in text and traffic symbols. Expressway TIDs like these will be phased out. The following are examples of some other incident scenarios and graphical representations on EMAS TIDs. (i) Road closure along expressway Flashing red bar to emphasise on the road closure ahead Expressway closure after exit reference (e.g. Bayshore exit on ECP) Accident Icon (ii) Road closure at expressway exit Flashing red bar to emphasise on the exit closure ahead Exit closure (e.g. Ang Mo Kio Ave 1 exit on CTE) Accident Icon BASIC THEORY OF DRIVING 30 PART B SIGNS & SIGNALS Expressway Monitoring and Advisory Systems (EMAS) (iii) An incident occurs on a flyover or underpass along arterial roads Name of flyover or underpass Incident on Flyover e.g. Right most lane affected Farrer Flyover Accident Icon (iv) An incident occurs on the road next to a flyover or underpass along arterial roads Incident on road next to flyover (c) TRAFFIC SIGN DISPLAY (TSD) These are smaller signs generally found on the centre divider of expressways. Traffic symbols are displayed to indicate adverse traffic conditions or to provide instructions to motorists to change lanes. BASIC THEORY OF DRIVING 31 PART B SIGNS & SIGNALS Expressway Monitoring and Advisory Systems (EMAS) EMAS SIGNS 46 Motorist should also be familiar with most of the traffic symbols used on the EMAS signboards. Some of the more commonly displayed ones are listed below. In addition, lanes are numbered in ascending order from the fast lane to the slow lane, excluding the road shoulder. Caution Congestion Accident (Slow down. Drive carefully. (Slow down. Drive carefully) (Slow down. Drive carefully. Beware of road conditions Beware of stopped vehicles such as road sweeping, tree and motorists) pruning, plant watering, spillage, debris or no lane marking on the road) Vehicle Breakdown Roadworks Recommended Speed (Slow down. Drive carefully. (Slow down. Drive (Drive at recommended Beware of breakdown carefully. Beware of speed) vehicles and motorists) roadwork activities) Must Exit Exit Closed Ahead Lane Reduction (Expressway closed (Expressway exit closed (Obstruction at lane 3. ahead. Exit from ahead. Use alternative exits) Slow down. Drive carefully. expressway) Get ready to change lane if necessary) Lane Reduction Ambulance Fire Engine (Obstruction at lane 4. (Look out and give (Look out and give Slow down. Drive carefully. way to ambulance) way to fire engine) Get ready to change lane if necessary) BASIC THEORY OF DRIVING 32 PART B SIGNS & SIGNALS Expressway Monitoring and Advisory Systems (EMAS) Acronyms Meanings AFT After BEF Before LN Lane SH Shoulder VEH Vehicle Common EMAS Acronyms Event Running Event Cycling Event (Drive with (Drive with care. (Drive with care. Care. Beware of Beware of running Beware of cycling event on road. event on road. event on road. Expect delays) Expect delays) Expect delays) Right & Left No Left Turn Turns Only (Arterial Road – (Arterial Road – Left turn Through lanes lane(s) closed closed ahead) ahead) BASIC THEORY OF DRIVING 33 PART B SIGNS & SIGNALS Facilities Signs / Vehicle Markings FACILITY SIGNS 47 Facility signs give motorists information of facilities and the direction to take to get to them. These signs have black letters on white backgrounds with black borders. 48 Directions leading to places of interest for tourists have white multi-lingual text on a brown background with white borders, white arrows and pictures. VEHICLE MARKINGS 49 Vehicles carrying dangerous goods are required to display hazard information signs, e.g. DANGER- HIGHLY FLAMMABLE. 50 Long vehicles are required to display at least 3 yellow reflective markings on each side of the vehicle and at least 1 red reflective marking at the rear of the vehicle. This is to make them more conspicuous to other road users, especially at night. Long vehicles comprise: (a) Goods vehicles with length exceeding 10 metres; (b) Trailers with length exceeding 5 metres; and (c) Mobile cranes with length exceeding 10 metres (Note: Mobile cranes require fitting of rear markings only). 51 Vehicle speed limit Buses, goods vehicles and trailers are required to display a marking showing the maximum speed in kilometres per hour at which the vehicle may be driven or, in the case of a trailer, drawn on a road. Such vehicles must not travel faster than their vehicle speed limit or the posted road speed limit, whichever is lower. BASIC THEORY OF DRIVING 34 PART B SIGNS & SIGNALS Common Road Markings COMMON ROAD MARKINGS 52 Common road markings ACROSS the road. (a) Parallel Broken White Lines (b) Single White Line Parallel broken white lines indicate that traffic approaching these Horizontal white line indicates that traffic is required to stop lines must give way to traffic on a major road. and must stop close to and before this line. (c) Parallel Dashed / Solid White Lines (d) Zebra Crossing Parallel dashed or solid white lines (will be phased out) Slow down and stop if there are pedestrians or cyclists crossing accompanied by pedestrian signals (Green Man/Red Man) indicate or about to cross. a designated crossing. Turning vehicles must give way to pedestrians when the ‘Green Man’ is lighted. BASIC THEORY OF DRIVING 35 PART B SIGNS & SIGNALS Common Road Markings (e) Raised Zebra Crossing (f) Hump Slow down and stop if there are pedestrians or cyclists crossing or Slow down. about to cross. Beware of raised hump. (g) Bus-Friendly Hump Slow down. BASIC THEORY OF DRIVING 36 PART B SIGNS & SIGNALS Common Road Markings 53 Common road markings ALONG the road. (a) Broken White Line (b) Continuous White Line A broken white line is the centre line of a two-way road. Vehicles A continuous white line is the centre line of a two-way road. should keep to the left of this line. Vehicles should keep to the left of this line. Parking is not allowed on either side of the road at all times. Motorists can only cross a single continuous or broken white line when they can see that the road ahead is clear & it is safe to do so. (c) Unbroken Double White Lines Parallel continuous white lines in the centre of a two-way road indicate no parking on either side of the road at all times. Vehicles are also not allowed to cross these lines. Where continuous double white lines are painted on a road to separate traffic flowing in opposite directions, you may not overtake at the double white lines unless you keep entirely to the left of such lines. Never cross double white lines. Making a U-turn or a right turn is not allowed on a road where such lines are painted. BASIC THEORY OF DRIVING 37 PART B SIGNS & SIGNALS Common Road Markings (d) Unbroken Yellow Line (e) Unbroken Double Yellow Lines An unbroken yellow line indicates no parking between 7.00am and Unbroken double yellow lines indicate no parking at all times 7.00pm on that side of the road where the line is drawn, except on on that side of the road where these lines are drawn, except for Sundays and public holidays. the immediate picking up and letting down of passengers. (f) A Single Yellow Zig-Zag Line (g) Double Yellow Zig-Zag Lines A single yellow zig-zag line indicates No Parking at all times on Double yellow zig-zag lines indicate No Stopping at all times that side of the road where the line is drawn, except for the on that side of the road where the lines are drawn. Violation of immediate picking up and letting down of passengers. Violation of this rule attracts demerit points and a fine. this rule attracts demerit points and a fine. (h) Broken White Line at Accelerating Lane (i) Broken White Line at Decelerating Lane A broken white line indicates the edge of a road adjacent to an A broken white line indicates the edge of a road adjacent to a accelerating lane. turning or decelerating lane. BASIC THEORY OF DRIVING 38 PART B SIGNS & SIGNALS Common Road Markings (j) School Zone The sections in brick red indicate a school zone. Slow down and look out for children on the road. (k) Yellow Box (l) Chevron Areas Do not drive into the yellow box when traffic has come to a standstill Chevron markings are used to channel traffic. The white at the left lane. Give way to vehicles from the side road entering the lines indicate the chevron area. No driving or parking of main road. vehicles in the chevron area. BASIC THEORY OF DRIVING 39 PART B SIGNS & SIGNALS Common Road Markings Bus Lanes 54 Vehicles other than omnibuses, bicycles, emergency service and police vehicles must avoid using the bus lanes during restricted hours. Non-scheduled buses such as school and factory buses may use the bus lane. However, they are not allowed to stop, pick up or let their passengers alight along bus lanes. (a) Normal Bus Lane A continuous yellow line and a short horizontal line at intervals indicate a normal bus lane. No driving or parking of vehicles in the bus lane during the bus lane operational hours - Mondays to Fridays: 7.30am to 9.30am and 5.00pm to 8.00pm, except on Saturdays, Sundays & Public Holidays. Vehicles can use the bus lane where there is a broken yellow line to turn into a side road or turn from a side road into the bus lane road. (b) Full-Day Bus Lane An additional red line marked parallel to the yellow line indicates a full-day bus lane. No driving or parking of vehicles in bus lane during the full-day bus lane operational hours - Mondays to Saturdays: 7.30am to 11.00pm, except on Sundays & Public Holidays. BASIC THEORY OF DRIVING 40 PART B SIGNS & SIGNALS Common Road Markings (c) Bus Priority Box (also known as Mandatory Give-Way to Buses) The section in yellow indicates a mandatory give-way to buses area. Slow down and watch out for buses pulling out of the bus bay. Stop before the give way line and give way to buses exiting the bus bay at the location. (d) Enhanced Chevron Zone at Bus-Stop Separator Bus-stop separator areas are painted red to alert motorists of the presence of merging vehicles from bus-stops. No driving or parking of vehicles in the enhanced chevron zone. BASIC THEORY OF DRIVING 41 PART B SIGNS & SIGNALS Common Road Markings 55 Common road markings ON the road. (b) Right-Turn Pocket (a) Zig-Zag Lines by Side of the Road Vehicles turning right at road junctions should stay within Zig-zag lines by the side of the road give advance the pocket until it is clear to complete the turn. warning of the presence of a Pedestrian Crossing. The white zig-zag lines indicate no stopping at all times on this road. Vehicles should not overtake, or wait in the vicinity. Pedestrians are also prohibited from crossing at the zig-zag areas. (c) Traffic Calming Markings A series of triangular markings of the side of the road to create a visually narrowed road to encourage motorists to slow down. (d) Dashed Pedestrian Crossing Lines These lines provide better contrast of the pedestrian crossing lines with the stop line to better demarcate the crossing area for pedestrians. Motorists should comply with the stop line for pedestrians to cross. (e) Pedestrian Crossing Ahead Markings These markings warn motorists of Zebra Crossing ahead. Motorists should watch out and give way to pedestrians. BASIC THEORY OF DRIVING 42 PART B SIGNS & SIGNALS Direction Arrows / Merging Arrow Markings DIRECTION ARROWS 56 You should only proceed in the directions shown by the arrows. MERGING ARROW MARKINGS 57 Merging arrows are drawn on the road to give motorists advance warning that two traffic lanes are merging into one traffic lane. Alternate vehicles from the two lanes have the right-of-way into the single lane. BASIC THEORY OF DRIVING 43 PART B SIGNS & SIGNALS Signals (Traffic Lights) SIGNALS (TRAFFIC LIGHTS) 58 Traffic Lights RED Means “STOP”. ALL RED Some junctions have an ALL RED period for safety or for pedestrians to cross. This means that all the approaches are simultaneously showing the red signals. Do not start to move until the green light appears in your favour. AMBER Means “STOP” unless you are so close to the stop-line when the lights turn AMBER that you cannot stop safely. FLASHING AMBER Means that the traffic light signals are out of order. Proceed with caution. Give way to traffic on the right. GREEN Means “GO”. Look to the right and left to ensure it is safe before you proceed. GREEN ARROW Means “GO” but only in the direction indicated after ensuring that oncoming traffic is clear. FLICKERING GREEN ARROW Means signal is about to be cancelled. Do not proceed if you have not crossed the stop-line. BASIC THEORY OF DRIVING 44 PART B SIGNS & SIGNALS Signals (Traffic Lights) GREEN ‘B’ Means “GO” for all buses only. This is to allow them to move out of a bus-bay or a side lane and proceed ahead of other vehicles. ADVANCED WARNING LIGHTS A signal with two “flashing amber” lights, “light signals ahead” sign and a blue “prepare to stop” sign. It is erected before bends where visibility of the traffic light ahead is unsatisfactory. Vehicles should slow down and be prepared to stop. GREEN ARROW AMBER ARROW RED ARROW Means “GO” in the Means “READY TO Means “STOP” behind the direction indicated. STOP” behind the stop-line in the direction (Turn right) stop-line in the indicated. (Do not turn right direction indicated. even when there is no traffic from the opposite direction) BASIC THEORY OF DRIVING 45 PART B SIGNS & SIGNALS Signals (Traffic Lights) / Signals (On the Road) EXAMPLES Means “GO” for Means “GO” for straight Means “GO” for straight straight ahead ahead vehicles only. ahead vehicles only. vehicles and “GO” Vehicles turning right Vehicles turning right must for right turn must get ready to stop behind the stop line. vehicles. “STOP”. SIGNALS (ON THE ROAD) Road Studs in the Day Road Studs at Night 59 Intelligent Road Studs Blinking devices that are activated when the green man signal comes on. Turning vehicles should watch out and give way to pedestrians crossing the road. BASIC THEORY OF DRIVING 46 PART B SIGNS & SIGNALS Signals Given By A Police Officer SIGNALS GIVEN BY A POLICE OFFICER 60 Signals given by Police Officers directing traffic take precedence over those conveyed by road signs, traffic light signals, road markings and traffic regulations. (a) Vehicles approaching Police Officer from all directions to stop. (b) (i) Vehicles approaching Police Officer from front and behind to stop. (ii) Vehicles approaching from his/her right and left may proceed. (c) (i) Vehicles approaching Police Officer from his/her right, front and behind to stop. (ii) Vehicles approaching from his/her left may proceed. BASIC THEORY OF DRIVING 47 PART B SIGNS & SIGNALS Signals Given By A Police Officer (d) (i) Vehicles approaching Police Officer from front and behind to stop. (ii) Vehicles approaching from his/her right may proceed. Vehicles approaching from his/her left be ready to stop - signal is