Ce 409: Building System Design PDF

CE 409: BUILDING SYSTEM DESIGN Building Envelope, Building Materials, and Building Services BUILDING MATERIALS be determined in the fabrication or finishing process. Material...

CE 409: BUILDING SYSTEM DESIGN Building Envelope, Building Materials, and Building Services BUILDING MATERIALS be determined in the fabrication or finishing process. Materials -​ All the physical substances that are assembled 1.​ Strength to create the interior and exterior of a building. -​ Material strength quantifies resistance to compression, tension, and other types of loading CONSIDERED ISSUES IN BUILDING MATERIALS on a given material. 2.​ Mass and Thickness A. SYMBOLISM -​ After an initial material selection is made, the -​ Particular materials carry specific connotations dimensional thickness of each material must be within cultures and regions. Terms such as based on requirements for durability, strength, natural or artificial, eternal or ephemeral, austere and aesthetic considerations. or opulent, describe a few such associations. 3.​ Physical and Visual Density We often refer to the enduring qualities of stone, -​ Often a particular tactile density is desired, or the ephemeral nature of glass or paper. ranging from heaviness to lightness in degrees of opacity, translucency, or transparency. B. APPROPRIATENESS 4.​ Texture -​ Many materials may be finished to different -​ There are three primary areas that must be textures, either during off-site production or while evaluated in selecting appropriate materials and finishing materials on-site. assemblies. TYPES OF CONCRETE FINISHES 1.​ Material Compatibility with Climatic, Cultural, and Aesthetic Conditions 1.​ Troweled Finish -​ Climate - one of the most important factors to -​ most common and popular finish of concrete consider in material and assembly selection. used for major types of applications. -​ Materials also must be compatible with specific -​ After the concrete is laid in the formwork and regional and local cultural and aesthetic leveled, the trowel is used to smooth and conditions. fine-level the surface of concrete. a.​ Manual Trowel - consists of a flat steel blade 2.​ Applicability of Material to Occupancy and Size with an attached handle that is pushed and of the Building, Including Durability, Structural, pulled across the concrete surface. and Fire Protection Requirements b.​ Mechanized Trowel - used for large commercial -​ Material choices are often legally limited by the projects which resemble large fans with the building type and size, in order to protect public blades sitting directly against the concrete. health, safety, and welfare. 2.​ Broom Finish -​ Buildings with large occupancy numbers -​ rough textured finish obtained by dragging a (especially assembly occupancy such as broom on the trowelled surface of the concrete theaters, lecture halls, and restaurants) and while the concrete is still fresh. greater enclosed square footage require more -​ Dragging of brooms on the fresh concrete fire-resistant construction and more complex surfaces creates small ridges that provide for fire protection systems. traction control and slip-resistant. -​ Another concern is the added wear and tear on a densely inhabited and intensely used building, 3.​ Stamped Concrete Finish such as a public school or hospital, where -​ obtained by pressing the required patterns on material durability is a major concern. the freshly leveled concrete. -​ after completion of their construction , it looks 3.​ Environmental impact of obtaining raw materials, similar to stones such as slates or flagstones, processing and fabricating building materials, brick, tile or with proper skill, they can look transportation impact, and recycling issues. similar to wood -​ Where did this material come from? -​ How was it processed or fabricated? 4.​ Salt Finish -​ How did it arrive on site? -​ The salt finish concrete surface is obtained by -​ How long will it last? How will it eventually be inserting coarse rock salt crystals using disposed of? rollers on the freshly placed concrete surface -​ How will this material impact the environment and washing it off with streams of water after the while in place? concrete is set. -​ How can the use of a particular material -​ This finish gives a decorative, rough subtle minimize construction waste? texture and skid resistance to plain or colored concrete. C. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES -​ A number of physical properties must be taken 5.​ Exposed Aggregate Finish into account in the material selection process. -​ The construction of exposed concrete finish is to -​ While certain properties are inherent to the have leveled concrete floor surface, distribute material and unchangeable, other qualities can aggregate evenly, and keep air voids to as minimum as possible. CE 409: BUILDING SYSTEM DESIGN Building Envelope, Building Materials, and Building Services -​ Power Floater or Diamond Polisher is used to -​ Selection of a building color palette must polish the top surface of the partially cured consider the surrounding context, as well as concrete. The equipment removes a concrete interior and exterior light qualities under which layer whose thickness does not exceed a few the colors will be viewed. millimeters at the top of the concrete. A fine -​ Colors may be light absorptive or light grade protection layer is applied to provide the reflective, warm or cool, favored polished finish. -​ Palette may be monochromatic or polychromatic. 6.​ Swirl Finish Temperature -​ Swirl finish is one of the most exceptional -​ The tactile qualities of architecture are of types of concrete finish that is generated by utmost importance, especially those surfaces smearing the concrete surface in a uniformly that building inhabitants touch on a regular overlapping circular pattern. basis, such as door hardware, work surfaces, -​ provides an aesthetically pleasing appearance and floor materials. to the concrete surface which is favored for -​ Metal surfaces quickly register temperature outdoor applications because not only does it change, while stone more slowly absorbs add beauty to the surface, but it also provides a ambient temperatures and retains safer walk and stand in comparison with temperature much longer smooth surface finish, specifically during the wet Pattern season -​ Material patterning must be designed at two scales: the individual elements themselves, 7.​ Polished Finish such as bricks or glass panes, and the -​ achieved by a mechanical process of grinding composition of these elements into larger and polishing with the help of a penetrant assemblies chemical to provide different texture with the -​ The creation of larger patterns occurs when the help of specialized tools and equipment material is assembled into building facades 8.​ Colored Finish Technique -​ accomplished through mix added pigments or -​ The methods of material fabrication and post-cure staining to provide a pleasing look to assembly are a complex aspect of the match the surrounding environment construction process -​ colored finish on a concrete surface can be -​ includes the fabrication process, the detailing of carried out by either pigment or strains how materials and systems are joined and -​ pigmented colored concrete can be erected, and the craft employed to execute the accomplished by adding the pigments directly work to the concrete mix prior to pouring. ​ Fabrication -​ The strained colored concrete can be -​ refers to how a material was created, obtained by applying stains to concrete of processed, and assembled any age to obtain a more vibrant colored finish. -​ Fabrication techniques range from -​ The application of stain is typically followed up handcrafted to mass produced to with the installation of a seal over the concrete prefabricated to protect the surface -​ Materials carry traces of their making and assembly that can be used to THE OTHER FINISHES OF THE CONCRETE create surface modulation and richness -​ Color chips Finish ​ Detail -​ Dyed Finish -​ Construction details determine how -​ Engraved Finish individual material elements or -​ Etched Finish systems are joined -​ Flashed Finish -​ Common methods of joinery include -​ Marbleized Finish various types of mechanical fastening -​ Micro Topping or Overlay Finish (nails, bolts, rivets...), welding, adhering, -​ Sand Blasted Finish and so on -​ Construction details should relate to TYPE OF FINISH PREFERRED FOR DIFFERENT the overall architectural intentions of CONSTRUCTION APPLICATIONS a building. -​ Roof Slab - Trowel Finish ​ Craft -​ Swimming pools - Salt Finish -​ The quality of design and construction -​ Commercial and Industrial flooring - Trowel workmanship is crucial to the success Finish and longevity of a project. -​ Porticos, driveways, and sidewalks - Stamped -​ The employment of well trained and Finish experienced tradespeople is the best -​ Museums, Auditorium, and Galleries - Polished way to assure a high level of building Finish craft. -​ Parks and Play areas - Colored Finish ------- Color CE 409: BUILDING SYSTEM DESIGN Building Envelope, Building Materials, and Building Services ​ Weathering maintenance, without significant increase in cost. This -​ The passing of time has an immense GB Code is a set of regulations setting minimum impact on the appearance and life span standards for compliance and not intended to rate of building materials. buildings. -​ Thus, future weathering must be carefully considered during material BUILDING ENVELOPE selection, building detailing, and ​ The building envelope is the physical barrier construction between the exterior and interior environments enclosing a structure. BUILDING ENVELOPE ​ Generally, the building envelope consists of a ​ Buildings account for 36% of the national energy series of components and systems that protect consumption. the interior space from the effects of the ​ 53-70% of a building’s energy consumption is environment like precipitation, wind, due to cooling. temperature, humidity and ultraviolet radiation. ​ The internal environment consists of the occupants, furnishings, building materials, WHY GO GREEN? lighting, machinery, equipment, and the HVAC (heating, ventilation and air conditioning) system. ​ Improving the building envelope of houses is one of the best ways to get better energy efficiency. A building envelope serves many functions. These functions can be divided into 3 categories: ​ SUPPORT: to ensure strength and rigidity; Green building provides a window of opportunity to providing structural support against internal and prevent being locked in a high carbon economy. external loads and forces. ​ CONTROL: to control the exchange of water, air, REPUBLIC ACT 9729, SECTION 2 condensation and heat between the interior and This Act shall be known as the “Climate exterior of the building. Change Act of 2009”. ​ FINISH: this is for aesthetic purposes. To make An act mainstreaming Climate Change into the building look attractive while still performing Government Policy Formulations, Establishing the support and control functions. Framework and Strategy Program on Climate Change, Creating for this the Purpose the Climate Change BUILDING TIGHTNESS Commission, and for either Purposes. ​ Building envelopes are often characterized as either “tight” or “loose” CLIMATE CHANGE COMMISION The state has adopted the Philippine Agenda 21 LOOSE BUILDING ENVELOPE framework which espouses sustainable development, ​ allows more of a natural air transfer to occur, to fulfill human needs while maintaining the quality of the which improves indoor air quality which can natural environment for current and future generations. remove the need for mechanical ventilation. ​ These types of building envelopes make the GREEN BUILDINGS building more drafty and uncomfortable, it also ​ Practice of increasing efficiency with which makes the building harder to regulate buildings use resources such as energy, water temperature levels. and materials. While also reducing the buildings’ ​ This creates a higher chance of mold or mildew, impact on human health and the environment. and higher quantities of heated or cooled air are able to escape through leaks in the loose PHILIPPINE GREEN BUILDING CODE building envelope Section 3. Objectives ​ This will increase energy bills along with The GB Code seeks to improve the efficiency of negatively impacting the environment by building performance through a framework of acceptable releasing more greenhouse gasses. set of standards that will enhance sound environmental and resource management that will counter the harmful TIGHT BUILDING ENVELOPE gasses responsible for the adverse effects of climate ​ allows for a high level of control over indoor air change, throughout the building's life-cycle including quality, temperature, humidity levels, and energy efficient use of resources, site selection, planning, consumption design, construction, use, occupancy, operation and CE 409: BUILDING SYSTEM DESIGN Building Envelope, Building Materials, and Building Services ​ This requires more insulation, caulk, adhesive 1.​ Sustainability tape, sealants, and energy- efficient windows to (are the materials environmentally acquire a tight shell for the building. friendly? How much energy is used to heat/cool ​ This leads to fewer drafts and a more the building? How well does the building fabric comfortable building for its occupants, which retain heat (linked to insulation levels and often results in less waste in heating and cooling glazing performance)? Is the building water costs. efficient (does it include gray-water recycling)? ​ Have a lower chance of producing mold or 2.​ Comfort mildew from moisture infiltration, this can help Can air temperatures, humidity and prolong the life of the building components ventilation achieve a healthy environment? ​ The downside to a tighter building envelope is it 3.​ Ecology requires more extensive mechanical ventilation systems because it limits how much natural Is there a negative or positive impact on ventilation can occur. habitats? 4.​ Acoustics ENERGY EFFICIENCY Does noise generated by activities in the building adversely affect neighboring buildings or 1.​ Air Tightness and Moisture Protection spaces and vice versa? -​ Reducing air infiltration and exfiltration 5.​ Running costs -​ Preventing outside air moisture infiltration How much does it cost to run the building 2.​ Window-to-Wall Ratio (WWR) 6.​ Water tightness -​ Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) and WWR Are roofs and openings capable of -​ Windows without sunbreakers or keeping out rain and other sources of moisture overhangs 7.​ Layout -​ Windows with sunbreakers Does the building optimize privacy, 3.​ Natural Ventilation sunlight, views, occupant circulation and so on? -​ Use of operable windows 8.​ Occupant Satisfaction 4.​ Building Envelope Color Are the occupants satisfied with the -​ High solar reflectance of building overall resolution of the design? envelope surface 9.​ Accessibility 5.​ Roof Insulation Is the building easy to use by people -​ Reduction of heat transfer through the with disabilities? Is it safe and secure? roof 10.​ Society Does the building integrate with and BUILDING PERMIT PROCESS contribute to the local community? Air Tightness & Moisture Protection PERFORMANCE GAP ​ Unwanted air infiltration and humidity ingress into the spaces can cause additional load on the -​ The difference between anticipated and actual air conditioning system and a detrimental impact performance on air quality ​ Buildings must be planned, designed, specified BUILDING PERFORMANCE: AESTHETIC and constructed with enough detail and quality The aesthetics of a building is one of the to ensure air tightness is maximized principal aspects considered in architecture. The appeal ​ Vapor barrier prevents the entry of moisture of a building covers the combined effects of a buildings through the walls shape, size, texture, color, balance, unit, movement, emphasis, contrast, symmetry, proportion, space, BUILDING PERFORMANCE (EFFICIENCY) alignment, pattern, decoration, culture, and context. -​ a measure of how well it functions in relation to A building should be designed in order to satisfy designated criteria such as physical, social or requirements regarding safety, serviceability, environmental considerations. durability, but also, aesthetics, assuring proper -​ For example, a building's physical efficiency structural performance through the entire service life. might be evaluated by assessing parameters Change in the appearance of material can differ such as heat loss, energy use, water use, water due to kinetics of the responses related to the material tightness, structural performance, fire resistance as well as due to intensity of the degrading performance and so on. It can also measure factors. hatdog whether the resources necessary to Weathering is predominantly related to the design and construct a building have been used superficial level deterioration and its intensity effectively. depends on micro-climatic conditions. Decay is a biotic degradation process affecting both a materials functionality and aesthetics. EVALUATING BUILDING PERFORMANCE Waterlogging is a slow deterioration Today building performance might be assessed against process in anaerobic conditions due to the activity criteria including: of bacteria. CE 409: BUILDING SYSTEM DESIGN Building Envelope, Building Materials, and Building Services components not installed per the manufacturing BUILDING PERFORMANCE: DURABILITY specifications. Durability is the resistance to degradation of Putting the right people in the right job goes products, materials, buildings and other built assets a long way toward proper installation and overall over time. profitability. A building as a complete entity may also be said to be durable (or non-durable). Buildings 4. Acts of nature. Even with flawless constructed for temporary purposes, such as installations, bad things can happen to good work when demountable site cabins and exhibition pavilions, do not environmental conditions exceed those that were tend to stand the test of time because they are not anticipated during design. The effects of designed to. hurricane-force wind loads, driving rain, and A building will be subjected not only to daily extreme temperature fluctuations can overload a wear and tear from users but also to the constant properly designed and constructed building envelope, influence of climate - in particular rain, frost, sun, causing damage to the system and making it vulnerable and heat- forces collectively referred to as to further deterioration or failure. wheatherring. While failures of this type cannot be stopped, As well as diminishing durability, weathering many can be prevented through routine inspection forces can also result in a change of appearance – and maintenance to identify small problems before usually a CHANGE FOR THE WORSE – however some they become big ones. materials can be affected beneficially: some stones and brick types for example, as well as some metals such as BUILDING SERVICES copper which develop a patina. BUILDING WHY DO BUILDING ENVELOPE SYSTEMS FAIL? A structure that has a roof and walls and stands When the building envelope system is designed permanently in one place. The primary function of and constructed properly, very few occupants pay buildings is to provide shelter to its occupants. attention. But when the building envelope fails (and even the best-built projects do in time), everyone BUILDING SERVICES notices. Those failures can include aesthetic loss, ​ Building function cannot be limited to corrosion, poor indoor air quality, energy provide shelter only. Basically “Building inefficiencies, and, in some cases, life-threatening Services” is what makes the building structural failure and eventual litigation—a builder’s come to life. worst nightmare. ​ Building should be designed in such a way to provide an environment where people 1. Design deficiencies. Architects occasionally can feel comfortable, work, live and specify materials or design systems that are achieve. inappropriate for their intended use. Common ​ So, everything inside a building which mistakes include specifying materials that are makes it safe and comfortable, comes incompatible with materials with which they come into contact or have inadequate performance criteria for under “Building Services” thermal movement, structural capacity, or water ​ A building must do what it was designed to penetration resistance. do - not just provide shelter but also Issues also arise when subcontractors try to provide a safe, comfortable and livable reduce the weight, size, or amount of building environment. envelope components (aluminum, glass, sealants, ​ Building services contribute largely to the flashing, etc.) required on a project. This can lead to sustainability and functioning of the building. inadequate performance or capacity of the materials ​ Building services systems are essential specified. provisions for a building, accounting for 20% to 40% of the total construction cost 2. Material failure. It’s also common for properly specified materials to fail to meet the published ​ Building service is one of the important performance levels. This could be a result of errors in parts for a building because it will make a the manufacturing, handling, or storing of the product or building function well. components within the product. ​ Building service is responsible for the Common examples include degrading sealant design, installation, and operation and adhesion, laminated glass delamination, and metal monitoring of the mechanical, electrical and fatigue. While the anticipated performance levels are public health systems required for the safe, often based upon measured statistical performance, the comfortable and environmentally friendly strength of materials varies. operation of modern buildings. 3. Poor workmanship. During construction booms, the problem of poor workmanship is exasperated as a result of having many inexperienced, unsupervised, and untrained personnel working on projects. It is common to find building envelope CE 409: BUILDING SYSTEM DESIGN Building Envelope, Building Materials, and Building Services ​ Some building services engineers are mainly office-based as they specialize in design work. They work closely with the architect, the customer and other members of the design team to prepare a design for a building project. This includes all drawings and detailed specifications for use by the contractor. They often use computer-aided design (CAD) packages for this work. ​ Designs must meet environmental needs, use energy efficiently and meet the budget BUILDING SERVICES INCLUDE: set by the customer. -​ HVAC ​ Engineers need overall knowledge of the full -​ Water supply range of building services, although they -​ Drainage and Plumbing usually specialize in either mechanical -​ Lighting-Day and Artificial services or lighting/electrical services. -​ Communications, Telephones and IT ​ Building services engineers maintain close Networks links with other professionals such as the -​ Energy Supply- Gas, Electricity and construction manager and the surveyor to renewable resources decide how many staff are needed and to -​ Automation work out costs. They supervise the -​ Kitchen installation of the building services and -​ Acoustics inspect the quality of the work, dealing with -​ Fire Detection and Protection any problems that arise. -​ Security and Alarm Systems ​ BSE career opportunities also arise in the -​ Escalators and Lifts fields of Construction Project Management -​ Ventilation and Refrigeration and Facilities Management particularly in -​ Harnessing Solar, Wind and Biomass the area of modern industrial facilities energy involving clean room manufacturing, such -​ Facade Engineering as in pharmaceutical and electronics production IMPORTANCE OF BUILDING SERVICES ​ As an example certain types of building TYPICAL WORKS OF BUILDING SERVICES such as department stores or industrial CONSULTING FIRMS buildings are almost 100% dependent on -​ Feasibility, inspection, technical reports, electrical lighting, ventilating and space estimating heating. -​ Design, specification, drawings, tender ​ High rise buildings rely on vertical procurement transportation and high speed pressure for -​ Contract management, site supervision, water supply cost control ​ Although those services are indispensable for modern buildings, they also have an ACTIVITIES VARY ACCORDING TO THE SPECIALIST impact. In fact the implementation of those AREA AND EMPLOYER services demands a considerable amount of Tasks involve: floor and ceiling so proper planning is -​ negotiating and developing project contracts necessary for their allocation and agreeing these with clients, if working in consultancy, and putting out tenders; OBJECTIVES OF BUILDING SERVICES -​ commissioning, organizing and assessing ENGINEERING DESIGN the work of contractors; -​ Hygiene (prevent disease & ensure health) -​ working with detailed diagrams, plans and -​ Safety (protect against risks) drawings; -​ Comfort (physio- & psycho- well-beings) -​ using specialist computer-aided design -​ Convenience (efficiency & productivity) (CAD) software and other resources to design the systems required for the project; WORK ACTIVITIES -​ managing and forecasting spend, using ​ Building services engineers design whole life cycle costing techniques, building services systems. They also ensuring that work is kept to budget; supervise their installation and operation. -​ designing site-specific equipment as Certain types of buildings need complex required; building services. CE 409: BUILDING SYSTEM DESIGN Building Envelope, Building Materials, and Building Services -​ overseeing and supervising the installation WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS of building systems and specifying ​ The water distributed for fire protection, maintenance and operating procedures domestic, commercial, agricultural, and -​ monitoring building systems and processes; industrial uses is treated. -​ making decisions about expired systems ​ The general guidelines for treated water equipment and the appropriate location of are: The water must be clean, colorless, new equipment; odorless, free from suspension and -​ facilities management; harmful bacteria. -​ liaising closely with other professionals, ​ Water supply systems are set up in urban including structural engineers, builders, and suburban areas, as well as most of the architects and surveyors, and in-house rural areas. project teams; ​ The purpose of the distribution system is to -​ attending a range of project group and deliver water to consumers with appropriate technical meetings; quality, quantity and pressure. -​ ensuring that the design and maintenance of building systems meets legislative and 3 TYPES OF WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS health and safety requirements; -​ Gravity system -​ advising clients and architects on energy -​ Direct pumped system use and conservation in a range of buildings -​ Gravity and pumped combination and sites, aiming to minimize the environmental impact and reduce the GRAVITY AND PUMPED COMBINATION carbon footprint; DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM -​ working on a variety of projects within a short period of time CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDING SERVICES ​ Building services are mainly divided into mechanical, electrical and building operation systems. ​ They are all very important and should be put into consideration during planning, designing and construction of a building. MECHANICAL SYSTEMS -​ HVAC Systems: heating, ventilation and air conditioning. -​ Site drainage: water, drainage, sanitary disposal. COLD WATER STORAGE AND DISTRIBUTION -​ Plumbing: water distribution, water treatment, sanitary facilities. -​ Fire protection: water supply, stand pipe, fire and smoke detection, annunciation. -​ Gas supply ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS -​ Electrical power: normal, distribution. standby, emergency power supply and -​ Lighting: interior, exterior, emergency light. -​ Auxiliary: telephone, data, audio and video sound BUILDING OPERATION SYSTEMS -​ Transportation: elevators, escalators, PIPING SIZING AND PLUMBING moving walkways. ​ The selection of pipes and sizing varies -​ Processing: product, food, services. according to different functions and -​ Automation: environmental control and purposes. management. ​ Oversizing of pipes will result in high cost and it may be unnecessary. It will also cause delay in receiving water at outlets. CE 409: BUILDING SYSTEM DESIGN Building Envelope, Building Materials, and Building Services ​ However, undersizing of pipes may result EMERGENCY POWER SYSTEM in slow or even no water during peak ​ An emergency power system is an demand period. It will also create noise as independent source of electrical power that the water pressure is too high to flow supports important electrical systems on through such a narrow pipe. loss of normal power supply. ​ A standby power system may include a standby generator, batteries and other apparatus. ​ Emergency power systems are installed to protect life and property from the effect of loss of primary electric power supply. ​ In modern buildings, most emergency power systems have been and are still based on generators. ​ Normally, these generators are Diesel engine driven, although smaller buildings may use a gas engine driven generator and larger ones a gas turbine. SWITCH BOARD ​ There are multiple elements that make up a switchboard. ​ Included in the list of elements are a frame, buses, overcurrent protective devices, service metering, and outer covers. ELECTRICAL SUPPLY SYSTEM ​ Electricity is the most dominant kind of energy in a modern building. Electricity supplies electrical outlets and lighting fixtures. Ventilation, heating, and cooling equipment depend upon electrical energy. Electricity provides energy for elevators and materials transporters, and energy for signal and communication equipment. DISTRIBUTION BOARD ​ Lighting is the major user of electrical ​ A distribution board is a control board or energy in most buildings. In commercial enclosure that houses the fuses, circuit buildings, motors are the second heaviest breakers, and ground leakage protection use of electrical energy, for heating, units used to distribute electrical power to ventilating, and air- conditioning (HVAC) numerous individual circuits or consumer systems, plumbing pumps, elevators and points. most industrial processes. ​ The board typically has a single incoming ​ As a designer, we have responsibility for power source and includes a main circuit seeing that power is available where and a residual current or earth leakage needed for our client’s equipment, and for protection device. making sure that the lighting and appliances are appropriate and energy efficient. GENERAL DISTRIBUTION SEWERAGE, SANITARY AND DRAINAGE ​ In order to manage human waste, industry waste and excess rainwater to keep the living area of humans clean and CE 409: BUILDING SYSTEM DESIGN Building Envelope, Building Materials, and Building Services comfortable, the drainage system, ROOF DRAIN sewerage system and sanitary appliances ​ It is used to direct rainwater from the roof to play an important role. the ground to prevent rainwater from ​ Drainage system is a system of piping to pooling at the roof. run off excess water whereas a sewage ​ This helps to prevent extra water load system is to dispose of the waste water and adding to the building. solids in a proper way. ​ Besides, roof drain allows drainage for ​ Waste water also called sewage, it can be rainwater without clogging. defined as any liquid waste that contains animal, vegetable or chemical waste in MANHOLE solution. ​ It provides access to a sewer for testing, ​ A fixture that connected to the sewer pipe is visual inspection of sewers, maintenance of sanitary appliance which allows a person flow or water quality-monitoring instruments to put in sewage or liquids into the and removing obstruction in the sewer line. sewerage system and the medium used to ​ Furthermore, it also allows joining of sewer flush the sewage into the sewer pipe is or alignment of sewer or both and help in water ventilation of sewage. It is provided when there is change in grades or sizes of sewer. SEWERAGE ​ Normally, at the junction of two or more ​ Sewerage is considered as the collection, sewers there will be a manhole provided. treatment and disposal of liquid waste. ​ Sewage is the liquid waste carried by a MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM sewer and may include domestic and ​ Mechanical transportation systems also industrial discharges as well as storm allow people who were previously unable to sewage, infiltration and inflow. climb stairs, for example the disabled and ​ Sewage which forms in the sanitary the elderly to move throughout a building. conveniences of dwellings, commercial or ​ It also enables structures to be built higher industrial facilities and institutions is as building materials can be transported sanitary sewage. easily to upper floors when constructing the ​ Storm sewage is flow derived from rainfall building. events and carried into sewers intended for ​ Vertical transportation consists of its transporting. elevators and escalators while horizontal transportation consists of travelators COMBINED SEWER AND SEPARATED SEWER ​ Elevators are the most commonly used ​ Combined sewer is designed to collect mode of vertical transportation in modern rainwater runoff, domestic sewage and buildings, namely commercial, office, and industrial wastewater in the same pipe then residential structures having more than transport to a sewage treatment plant to be three stories. They provide ease of treated and discharged to a water body. movement between floors as well as ​ Between dry and wet weather, there will be function as a transportation device for large distribution in flow which will cause the various goods. combined sewer overflows. This overflow may cause serious pollution to the TYPES OF ELEVATOR environment. ​ There are two types of elevator system ​ Separated sewer is designed to collect which are traction elevator and hydraulic stormwater and wastewater with a separate elevator. pipe. ​ Traction elevator includes geared traction, ​ The system will be split into a sanitary gearless traction, and machine-room less. sewer system and storm sewer system and ​ For hydraulic elevator, it includes they will collect and direct waste water and conventional hydraulic elevator, holeless storm water respectively. This provides hydraulic elevator and roped hydraulic more capacity and prevents flooding. elevator. Besides, it also allows stormwater to be used as water resources and prevent TRACTION ELEVATOR untreated amounts of overflow directly into ​ Traction elevators are lifted by ropes, which our waterbody. pass over a wheel attached to an electric motor above the elevator shaft. ​ They are used for mid and high-rise applications and have much higher travel speeds than hydraulic elevators. CE 409: BUILDING SYSTEM DESIGN Building Envelope, Building Materials, and Building Services ​ A counter weight makes the elevators more locked compartment in the car efficient by offsetting the weight of the car panel. These include a hand and occupants so that the motor doesn't operation switch; light, fan, and have to move as much weight power switches; and any special control such as security and HYDRAULIC ELEVATOR emergency device ​ Hydraulic elevators are supported by a ​ Car Door piston at the bottom of the elevator that ○​ All the passenger and fireman’s pushes the elevator up as an electric motor elevators use the center opening forces oil or another hydraulic fluid into the elevator car door. As for the freight piston. elevator/ cargo lift, the door used is ​ The elevator descends as a valve releases two vertical sliding doors. The two the fluid from the piston. vertical sliding doors can either be ​ They are used for low-rise applications of operated automatically or manually. 2-8 stories and travel at a maximum speed Most elevators only have a front of 200 feet per minute. opening door ​ The machine room for hydraulic elevators is ​ Car Operator located at the lowest level adjacent to the ○​ A door operator is a motor-driven elevator shaft device mounted on the elevator car that opens and closes the car doors. ELEVATOR COMPONENTS ​ Guide Shoes Elevator has two main elements which are the ○​ Elevator car doors contain guide elevator car and the elevator shaft. shoes which are devices used to guide both car and counterweight ELEVATOR CAR along the path of the guide rails. The primary components of an elevator car are: ○​ In addition they also make sure that ​ Car sling the lateral motion of the car and ○​ the framework which encloses the counterweight is kept at a bare cab minimum while it is travelling along ○​ The ropes, guides, and platform are the guide rails. attached to the sling. ○​ Roller Guides are guide shoes ○​ The width and height of the sling which use rollers that rotate on guide depends on the platform width and rails (A set of three wheels that roll cab height respectively against the guide rails) rather than ​ The elevator cabin sliding on the rails ○​ The elevator cabinet is the interior ​ Entrance-protection system of the car where passengers stand ○​ All automatic elevators, regardless while being transported. of whether or not equipped with ○​ The cabinets are completely detection beams, are required by enclosed with openings being only ANSI to have a safety edge device the car door, an emergency trap on the car doors that causes the car door as well as ventilation apertures. and hoistway doors, which operate ○​ An elevator cabinet has many in synchrony, to reopen when the choices for the finished interior safety edge meets any obstruction. materials such as stainless steel, Car doors are arranged to ‘’nudge’’ cold rolled steel, bronze and plastic when almost closed or after a laminate. specific time period ​ Car Operating Panel ○​ a device mounted inside a car, on ELEVATOR SHAFT which the items necessary for car An elevator shaft is the space enclosed by operation such as Car Buttons, Door fireproof walls and elevator doors which houses the Open/Close Buttons, Alarm Button, elevator as well as the pit. The shaft terminates at and InterCommunication System are the underside of the overhead machinery space located floor or at the underside of the roof. ○​ Some panels are provided with switches and buttons that are used The main components of an elevator shaft are: by elevator operators and others, ​ Guide rails for both the car and inside the Service Cabinet. counterweight ○​ Controls that do not concern the ○​ The guide rails of an elevator are normal passenger are grouped in a made of steel with a ‘T’ shape. CE 409: BUILDING SYSTEM DESIGN Building Envelope, Building Materials, and Building Services ○​ Guide rails are used to guide and allowing the step treads to remain direct the course of travel of an horizontal. elevator car and elevator counterweights and are usually ARRANGEMENT OF ESCALATOR mounted on the sides of the shaft. ​ Escalators are constructed in two ways ○​ Traction elevators use two sets of which are parallel arrangement and guide rails. The rails to guide the crisscross arrangement. elevator car are called main rails ​ The difference between the two while the rails to guide the arrangements is that in the crisscross counterweight are called arrangement, the upper and lower terminal counterweight rails. entrances and the exits to the up and down ​ Counterweight escalators are separated by the horizontal ○​ The counterweights consist of length of an escalator, whereas in either of individual flat plates of steel. the parallel arrangements the two ○​ The number of plates in the stack escalators face in the same direction. depends on the amount of weight -​ Parallel escalator arrangement required. -​ Crisscross escalator arrangement ○​ The counterweights are secured within the counterweight frame by ESCALATOR COMPONENTS rods that run through the weights themselves. This design prevents the plates from becoming loose and falling out ​ Suspension Cables ○​ Elevator cables are used to suspend and bear the weight of the elevator car and counterweight. ○​ They are generally made from thick steel wire ropes. ○​ They are used on traction elevators, and are usually attached to the crosshead and extending up into the motor while looping over the sheave on the motor and then down to the counterweights ​ Landing doors ○​ Landing door is installed to connect ESCALATOR TRUSS every floor of the building to the lift ​ An escalator truss is the structural frame of shaft. Landing door works an escalator consisting of the lower section, dependently in conjunction with the incline section, and upper section. elevator car door. It is opened or ​ It is made of a hollow metal structure that closed by electric motors. bridges the lower and upper landings ○​ During an emergency, the landing composed of two side sections joined door can be opened or closed together with cross braces across the manually like the elevator car door. bottom and just below the top. ○​ The difference between the car doors and the landing doors is that ESCALATOR STEPS the elevator car door travels through ​ Escalator steps are solid aluminum or steel the hoistway with the car but the linked by a continuous metal chain that landing doors are fixed doors in forms a closed loop. each landing floor. ​ The edge of each step is connected to two ​ Buffers in the pit wheels attached to the tracks, to enable the control of the orientation of the steps by the ESCALATOR SYSTEM tracks. ​ An escalator is a moving staircase generated by an electric motor. AIR-CONDITIONING AND MECHANICAL ​ Escalator is able to carry people between VENTILATION floors of a building. The device consists of a ​ Air-conditioning and mechanical motor-driven chain of individual, linked ventilation systems executes cooling for steps that move up or down on tracks, CE 409: BUILDING SYSTEM DESIGN Building Envelope, Building Materials, and Building Services commercial, residential or industry GAS DETECTOR buildings. ​ Gas detectors measure and indicate the ​ Air-conditioning systems are responsible for concentration of certain gases in the air via providing fresh outdoor air to regulate the different technologies. indoor contaminants such as smells from ​ Generally used to prevent toxic exposure occupants, volatile organic compounds and fire, gas detectors are often battery (VOC’s) emitted from interior furnishings, operated devices used for safety purposes. cleaning chemicals, etc. ​ Gas detector is manufactured as portable or ​ A properly maintained and designed system stationary unit and work by signifying high will provide a continuous flow of fresh air in levels of gases through a series of audible a building. or visible indicators, such as alarms, lights ​ Every air-conditioning system is designed to or a combination of signals carry out either for comfort or industrial purposes. Air-conditioners designed for BREAK-GLASS comfort purposes are usually found in ​ Break-glass is a manual actuating device to homes, restaurants, hospitals, vehicles and activate a fire alarm. public transports. They function to remove ​ Electrically operated alarm may be operated discomfort of allergies and help preserve from break glass call point and, once the thermal comfort of a building operated; the alarm will continue to sound automatically. FOUR TYPES OF AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEMS ​ The usual maximum travel distance to -​ The Window Air Conditioning System operate the alarm is 30m and the call points -​ Split Air Conditioning System should be fitted at a height of about 1.4m -​ Centralized Air Conditioning System above the floor, either on landings or -​ Packaged Air Conditioning System corridors. ​ The call point contains a depressed FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM plunger pressing against a glass front. ​ Buildings commonly contain three basic sources of ignition: chemical, electrical, NOTIFICATION APPLIANCES and mechanical. ALARM BELL ​ In chemical combustion, most commonly ​ Alarm bells may be used for fire alarm known as spontaneous combustion, signals where their sound is distinctive and some chemicals reach ignition at ordinary will not be confused with similar audible temperatures within buildings. signals used for other purposes. ​ Electrical heat energy is most commonly ​ Bells may be provided with 4-inch through supplied by resistance heating, a familiar 12-inch gongs (in 2-inch increments). The 6- process in many appliances and in and 10-inch sizes are the most commonly space-heating equipment. used. ​ Mechanical heat energy is produced by ​ Usually, bells with 4- inch gongs are friction, by overheating of machinery, and reserved for use as trouble signals. occasionally by the heat of compression Generally, the larger the diameter of the gongs, the lower the frequency and the ALARM INITIATION DEVICES louder the audible signal SMOKE DETECTOR ​ Two commonly used smoke detectors are SPEAKER optical smoke detector and ionization ​ Speakers are frequently used as fire alarm smoke detector. signalling appliances. ​ Smoke detectors can detect the presence of ​ Since they reproduce electronic signals, smoke in an area when it reaches the they can be made to sound like any ceiling where the detector is normally mechanical signalling device and have the located. capability of reproducing unique sounds that ​ Smoke detector is an automatic actuating are not practical on mechanical appliances. device which is a first device to detect fire In addition, they may be used to give live or and notify the occupants in the building. recorded voice instructions. ​ It normally connected to the alarm system and power by central alarm system or a fire SIREN suppression system ​ Sirens usually are limited to outdoor applications but are sometimes used in extremely noisy indoor areas. CE 409: BUILDING SYSTEM DESIGN Building Envelope, Building Materials, and Building Services ​ Sirens are motor-driven or electronic appliances and may be either alternating or SPRINKLER SYSTEM direct current operated. ​ Fire Sprinkler Systems are made up from a ​ They are not very practical for use as coded series of components including stop valve, audible signals. alarm valve, fire sprinkler, alarm test valve and motorized alarm bell. LIGHTING AND SIGNAGE ​ In addition to this there are additional EMERGENCY EXIT SIGN components that support this arrangement ​ Emergency exit sign is part of a complete including a valve monitor, pressure switch life safety and fire protection system and is and flow switch required in all public buildings. ​ Exit signs are positioned at doorways and HOSE REEL SYSTEM stairwells and are always illuminated. ​ Hose reel system is intended for the Emergency lights are usually installed occupant to use during the early stages of inside, however, exterior pathways, parades fire and comprises hose reel pumps, fire and some public venues also have water tank, hose reels, pipe work and emergency lighting. valves. ​ The right light depends on a variety of ​ The hose reel system generally serves as factors. an initial firefighting aid. ​ The system is manually operated and EMERGENCY EXIT LIGHT activated by opening a valve enabling the ​ Emergency lighting is lighting for an water to flow into the hose that is typically emergency situation when the main power 30 meters away. supply is cut and any normal illumination fails. WET RISER SYSTEM ​ The loss of mains electricity could be the ​ The wet riser system is a typical installation result of a fire or a power cut and the normal in a high-rise building. lighting supplies fail. ​ It is used to supply water from the wet riser ​ This may lead to sudden darkness and a water tank, through wet riser pipes, possible danger to the occupants, either distributed to each floor, and ending at the through physical danger or panic canvas hoses and hose reels. FIRE INDICATOR LIGHT CARBON DIOXIDE FIRE SUPPRESSION ​ Fire detectors like smoke or gas detectors SYSTEM are used to trigger the fire alarm. ​ Carbon Dioxide (CO²) is a clean and ​ They are connected in parallel with each efficient fire extinguisher agent. other but in series with the indicator lights. ​ It is colorless, non-conductive and non- Once the fire detectors are activated, the corrosive inert gas which evaporates fire indicator light will turn RED from without leaving any residue after discharge. GREEN to indicate a fire or overheat ​ CO² works by smothering the flames and condition. Fire indicator lights are often used reducing the flames and reducing the for electrical rooms, gen-set rooms, AHU oxygen content in the vapor phase of fuel or rooms, etc. both in the air to the point where the combustion stops. FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS FIRE HYDRANT SYSTEM FIRE EXTINGUISHER ​ The fire hydrant system is the backbone of ​ Fire extinguishers are extremely valuable the firefighting systems in a building or for extinguishing fires at the early stages, premises. but they cannot be used successfully to deal ​ The system is a water distribution system with large fires. consisting of water tank, suction piping, fire ​ Portable fire extinguishers are the first-aid pumps and a distributed piping system. fire fighting appliances which can be carried ​ The distributed piping system establishes by hand and from which the extinguishing connectivity throughout the building through agent can be expelled, usually under fire hydrants, hoses and nozzles. pressure. ​ The purpose of the fire hydrant system is to provide a readily available source of water FIREMAN SWITCH to any point throughout the building. ​ The fireman switch is a switch disconnector ​ This helps in controlling fire during an or isolator for special applications. emergency. CE 409: BUILDING SYSTEM DESIGN Building Envelope, Building Materials, and Building Services ​ These switches are on the outside wall of commercial buildings. ​ They are designed to by easy to spot and are used by firemen to turn off neon-lighting or other hazardous electrical equipment in case of fire FIRE STAIRCASE ​ A fire escape is an emergency exit, usually installed at the outside of a building or sometimes inside but separate from the main areas of the building. ​ It provides a method of escape in the event of a fire or other emergency that makes the stairwells inside a building inaccessible