BSc Biology Notes PDF

# **Biology Notes** ## **Vaccines** - Call matte invented BCG vaccine. - BCG - Bacillus Calmette Guinee. - It protects us from T.B. It is given after 72 hours from birth. - DPT Vaccine is known as Triple Antigen, because it protects us from 3 diseases. - Diptheria - Respirator...

# **Biology Notes** ## **Vaccines** - Call matte invented BCG vaccine. - BCG - Bacillus Calmette Guinee. - It protects us from T.B. It is given after 72 hours from birth. - DPT Vaccine is known as Triple Antigen, because it protects us from 3 diseases. - Diptheria - Respiratory Tract - Pertutis/Whooping Cough - Lungs - Tetanus - Cardio Vascular System - Willium Halway - 1. Blood Transfusion - 2. Blood Circulation - Sodium Citrate use in preservation of blood in blood bank, which prevents blood from clotting. - Landsteiner discovered blood group. (Antigen base) | Antigen | Blood Group | |---|---| | d | A | | d | A^* | | b | B | | AB | AB | | αβ | O | | Nil | AB | | | B | - Rhesus Caba (Monkey) - Auliger = Rh-factor - RH tue - Absent -> Rh-ve - AB⁺ is known as Universal acceptor/recipients. - AB^- is known as universal donor. ## **Central Excise** - Science - Knowledge - Tech - Implementation - Matter - Mass + Size + 5 sense organs faculty. ### **Life Process** - The minimum activities doing by an organism for their survival. - 1. Nutrition - 2. Respiration - 3. Excretion - 4. Growth and Movement - 5. Reproduction - Respiration and excretion are life processes. - Through which living and non-living can be instantly differentiated. ### **Nutrition** - **Autotrophs** - Suff. nutrition. - Green Plants - Study Botany - **Hetrotropes** - Different nutrition.. - Animals - Study Zoology - Botany + Zoology = Biology ## **Biology** - **Aristotle** - Father of Biology and Zoology - **Theophasture** - Father of Botany - **George Mendal** - Father of Genetics - Work is based upon Pisum satirium (green pea). - Selected characters of pea, called as traits or factors. - Traits or factors are called as "gene". - The term "gene" was given by W. Jahnion. - **T.H. Morgan** - Father of Modern Genetics. - His work is based on Drosoperila (fruit fly). - **Louis Pasture** - Father of microbiology. - **Leonardo de Wincchi** - Father of PiaLaentology ### **Serendipity** - Accidental inventions and discoveries in the world of science is called Serendipity. - In other words, we can say that effortless inventions and discoveries is called Serendipity. - Eg. Dynamite - Alfered Nobel - Penicillime - Alexander Fleniung - 1st anti-biotic obtained from fungus. ## **X-Rays** - W. Rontgen (Rontger rays) - Radioactivity - Henry brecquell - Marry Curie-Raduni - Cell - Robert Hook - 1st Living Cell - Lennuen Hook (Bacteria) ## **Cell** - The smallest/basic unit of life process, and the subject of study of: - **Logy chart** - **Father chart** - **Cytology** - the study of cells. - Cell is the structural and functional unit of life. - **Protoplasm** is the physical bases of life. - **Nucleus** is absent in prokaryotic cell. - **Cell Features**: - Cell walls - Plastids - Vacuoles etc. - Cell wall is made up of **cellulose**. - Cell wall of **fungus** is made up of a special type of carbohydrate called **Chitine**. - **The outermost layer of some low-level animals (insects) is also made up of chitine** - **Reaccules** - plant's waste material - **Storage function.** - **Plastids** are the colouring material of plants. - **Lucopolast** - White colour - Away from light - Eg. geminaled seed, root. - **Chloroplast** - Chlorophyl - Max. 107% - Green - **Chromoplast** - "Ceretenoids" - Carotene - Red - Carrot - Bitonine - Red - Sugar Beat - Lucopene - Red - Tomato - Anthocyanine - Red - Apple - Xanthophyl - Yellow - **Chlorophyll** is known as the kitchen of a cell. - **Fungus** is the only species of plant which does not contain chlorophyl. - **Saprophill** - Roden Plant - **Fungus** is known as Saprophoil. - Eg. Mushroom. - **Central Dogma**  - Only transcripts from the nucleus are used to make protein. ## **Cell Theory** - (Sclidon and Sachenian) - All cells arise from preexisting cells. - Have a capacity to develop new cells. - I.e. life arises form preexisting life. - We have a capacity to generate new life. ### **Virus** - The exception of cell theory. - The connecting link between living and non-living. - **Virology** - The study of viruses. - Virus was discovered by IVANASKY. - First known virus - TMV (Tobacco Mosac Virus) - Virus is host specific. - Virus is made up of protein + nucleic acid.  - **Plant Virus** - Eg. TMV - YMU - Yellora - **Animal Virus** - **Bacteriophage** - Bacteria eating virus. - Ganga water doesn't rot due to the presence of bacteriophage. ## **Human Diseases** - **AIDS** - Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome - HIV - Human Immunodeficiency Virus - HIV-III - Single stranded RNA virus - Rebre - RNA synthesized DNA. - **Enque** - Orbo virus - **Polio** - Polio virus (Entero virus) - **Rabies** - Rebdo virus( पैरो में enter कर जाता है।). - **Mumps** - Mumps virus - - Paramyxoviria - Parotiugrand glands - Calcium and Pasepuories. - **Cold Cough** - Khino virus - **Infuenza** - Ornithomoyl virus - **Sueine Flu** - HINI - Sneere - land - 1 - Bird cells - more - Cafey - mat. - **Bird Flu** - HINS / H5NI - **Smallpox** - Verinella virus - **Chickenpox** - Varicella virus - **Measles** - Rubella virus ## **Animals** - **Egg** - **Oviporous** - Eg. Birds, Looner animal (Kangaroo) - **Baby** - **Viviperous** - Eg. Mammals - **Kangaroo** is a species of oviparous animal which is found only in Australia. - **Oology** - study of eggs. - **Ornithology** - study of birds. - **Salim Ali** - Bird Man of India. - **The Outermost layer of egg (shell)** - Made of Calcium Carbonate. - **After boiling egg, it becomes solid due to Albumine (protein)** - **Egg** is a one estruch egg. - **Smallest cell** - PPLO (Pleuro Pneumonia like organism). - **PPLO** is the smallest living organism on earth. - **It is regarded as the Joker of animal kingdom** - **Largest egg and bird** - Ostrich - **Smallest egg and bird** - Humming bird - **The only bird which can also fly in the backward direction** - Humming bird - **Birds are able to fly due to the presence of Pneumatic bones.** - **The brelling presents the bird to fly.** - Eg. - Ostrich, Penguin, Kiwi, - Emu, Dodo, - Last seen in Mauritius. - **Red Data Book** is the collection of endangered species of plants and animals. - **Published by IUCN** - International Union of conservation of Natures, Natural Rescutas. - **Longest Migratory bird** - Arctic Tern (Necith poll to south pole and south pole to north pole). - **Bird has highly developed memory about this path, due to his highly developed corpus callosum.** - **Pigeon** is known as **"Natural Radar".** - **The white part of fecal matter of bird is "URIC ACID".** - **Darwin fin and falcon** is the characteristic feature of bird. - **Archeoptarrix** - Connecting link b/ne Reptiles and Birds - **Duck billed plypu** - Reptiles and Mammals. - **Pyp Pujipus** - The only mammal which lay eggs. - But feeds milk to babies. - Known is **Spiny Ant Eater Platypus** ## **Origin of Earth** - Origin of earth was explained by the Big Bang Theory. - Proposed by **George Lemaitre**. - Earth originated approximately 5.5 billion years ago (550 crore). - Life originated on earth 4.6 billion years ago (460 crore). - **Uranium Dating Process** is used to estimate the age of Earth. (Rocks and minerals) - **Carbon Dating Process** is used to estimate the age of fossils. - **Radio Metric scale** is a device, through which estimation of age can be done. - **Primitive earth is known as **Pangia**. - In which land is surround by water. - **Life originated on earth in matters.** - **Primitive earth didn't contained oxygen**. - **It arose from plant species by breakdown of water during the process of photosynthesis.** ### **Growth of Life** - It is believed that life originated on Earth from **Chemoautotropies**. - **Chemo** - Photosynthetic. - **Exobiologist** is a group of scientists who searches for life in space. - **It is believed that blue-green algae was first life on earth.** - **Growth of Life** | | | |-----------------------|-----------------------| | **Mutation** | **Evolution** | | Hugo de Marius" | "Lemark" | | **Sudden change in DNA** | Darviniem | | 1. UV Rays | **Step by step growth of life** | | 2. Chemicals, | Eg. Monkey → Men | | **Mutagens** | **"Survival of the fittest** | | | **Lemarkism** - Use and disuse theory of life | | | Eg. **Vistigial Organ** | | | - Lurmifom Appendix - Girref (Arm) | - **Arctigana** is the connecting link b/ne plantes and animal species. - **Ramapithecus** was the species of ape from which human species evolved. - **Australopithecus** is the 1st specie of human being, who developed in South Africa. 3.5 million (352011) years ago. - **Homo sapiens** is the present specie of human beings. - **Study of racial development of human beings** is known as **Anthropology**. - **Human species arose on earth in Cenozoic era**. - **Dinosaurs arose on Earth in Mesozoic era** - **Present time is called Modern era.** - **Human is much more developed than other animals due to their developed cerebrum.** - 1. Thinking - 2. Analysing - 3. Learning ability - **Dolphin** is the most intelligent animal. ## **Dolphin & Chimpanzee** - Dolphin is regarded as the national aquatic animal of India. - Chimpanzee is the closest relative of human being, because they contain 48 numbers of chromosomes while human beings help 46 chromosomes. - The no. of chromosomes determines specie. - **Chromosome** is made up of chromatin. - Protein + Nucleic acid. - 23 pairs = 46 - **Chromosome (46)** <start_of_image>- **Autosomes (44)** - **Sex determinant chromosome (2 pairs)** - **Male** = 44 + XY - **Female** = 44 + XX - **Intersex** = 44 + XXY / XYY - **Chromosomal aberration** causes **Klinefilter syndrome**. - The determination of sex of the foetus is called **Amnes centosis**, which is done after 3 months. - It is also used for determination of health of foetus. ## **Developing Embryo** - Developing embryo is protected with a double membrane layer called **Amnion layer/sac**. - **Amniotic fluid** - Nutrition - Protection - **PLACENTA** - foetus. - **Nuontologist** - Physcian who examines newly born baby. ## **Skin** - Study of skin: **Dermatology (specialist- Dermatologist) **. - Skin is the largest organ of human body. - Human skin can tolerate 40 degree celsius directly without any pastures. - A large number of sweat glands are present on human skin, which secretes surat. - Due to evaporation of sweat, our body keeps cool. - **Maximum no. of sweat glands** - Armpit - **Minimum no. of sweat glands** - Palm and sole. - Skin is made up of **Kallogen, Lipid and Proloine (kelamine)**. - Study of beauty is called **Kallology**. - **Specialist** - Kallologesl. - The colour of hair and skin (black) is due to the presence of **melanine**, which is genetically controlled. - It protects us from **UV rays**.  - **Deficiency of melanine in hairs causes kilastness** - **Moles** are the concentrated melanine. - **Nails, hair, horns and hoops** are made up of a special type of protein called **Keratinilie**, which are insoluble in H₂O. These are dead cells. - **Brain** - **Study of brain** - Neurology. - **Specialist** - Neurologist. - The upper part of skull in which brain's protected is called "**Cranium**." - Brain is protected with a double membrane layer, "**Menanges layer**. - **Infectu and inflammation causes** - **Menangitis**. - **Volume of brain** -> 1450 cc (cm³) - **Weight of brain (human)** -> 1450 gm. ### **Brain parts and functions** 1. **The feeling of temperature, appetite, thirst, sleepy, emotion (love and hate etc.)** - Controlled by **Hypothalamus** of brain. 2. **Muscular moment, balancing of the body, walking, running, etc.** - **Cerebellum** of brain. - After drinking, alcohol cerebellum of brain is most affected, hence drinking and driving is prohibited. - Alcohol meter contains a mixture of **Potassium Dichronate and sulphuric acid.** ### **Human Brain** - **Hypothalamus** - temperature, appetite, thirst, sleep, emotion, love/hate, etc. - **Cerebellum** - Muscular moment, balancing body, walking, running, etc. - **Medulla Oblongatta** - Respiration, breathing, heartbeat, swallowing, vomiting etc. - **Smell** - Olfactory lobe - **Vision** - Optic lobe. - **Loss of sense of smell** is called **Anasnua.** - **Loss of memory** - Amnesia - **Loss of sleep** - Insomnia - **Sneezing, respiration, breathing and heartbeat** - **Medulla Oblongatta** - **Medulla Oblongatta and Hypothalamus** control involuntary action. - **Cerebellum** control reduentary action. - **Pineal body** - - A small colonial gland like structure present in human brain. - Its function is unknown in human beings. - It is also known as **Biological Clock**. - **Smallest gland in the human body - **Pituitary Gland**. - It is attached with the base of the brain. - It is also known as master gland. - Controls the secretion of other glands. - **GH and ACTH** (growth hormone and Adreno Cortico Trophic Hormone) - **Pituitary - Master Gland** (puberty) - Smells ## **Heart** - **Study of heart** - Cardiology - **Specialist** - Cardiologist. - **Open heart surgery** - Cristian Barnard (successful) - **By** - P. Venugopal (AIIMS) - Heart is protected with **a double membrane layer.** - Known as **Pericardum**. - **All mammals have a 4 chambered heart including crocodiles which have a 3 chambered heart** - **Due to presence of 4 chambered heart in mammals, double circulation of blood takes place.** - **Due to this, the pH of mammal blood is constant.** - **Hence the body temperature is also constant.** - **pH of human blood** -> 7.4 to 8.0 (Slightly basic) - **All arteries carry pure blood except pulmonary artery.** - **All veins carry impure blood except pulmonary new.** - **Pulmonary** - Lungs - **Capillaries** connect blood vessels to cells. - **Arterius > Vein > 7 capillaries** - **Thickness** - **Weight of human heart** -> 300 - 450gm - **Impure blood enters in Right auricle/atrium** - **Largest artery in human being** - Aorta - **Largest vein in human being** - Inferior vena cava - **S.A Node** (Sino auriculas/aurticular node) is commonly known as **pace maker**. - It is also known as **heart battery** because it is responsible for heartbeat. - **A normal being has a heart rate of 72 times/minute.** - **While in infants it is 110 times/minute, during running, it is 9 - 16 times/minute** - **Heart beat = 72** - **Breath Rate = 9-16** - **Heart sound** - **Lubb dubb** - There are 4 valves present in the human heart: - **ECG** - Electro Cardiogram - Graphical representation of heart beat - **Sphygmomanometer** is a device through which blood pressure can be measured. - **A normal human being has a blood pressure** - **120 mm** - Systolic pressure. - **8.0 mm** - Diastolic pressure - **Adrenaline hormone** contains controlled blood pressure which is secreted from **Adrenal gland. Adrenal gland** is presented above the kidney. - **Kidney** is called **renal**. - **Adrenaline hormone** is also known as **emergency hormone**. - It is also known as **E4 hormone** because it controls fear, flight, fight, and fantasy (sex). - **Heart attack occurs due to inadequate supply of blood in heart, and Myocardial infraction (heart attack)**. - **Pain during heart attack** is called **Angina pain**. - **Heart Murmuring** occurs due to leakage of heart valve. ## **Lungs** - A person suffering from **Rumalve heart problem** is advised to eat less salt (Ioduim). - **Sodium** is harmful for the heart while **potassium** is useful. ### **Lungs** - **Situated in Pleural cavity.** - **Lungs** are protected with a double layer membrane called **plura**. - Infection and inflammation cause **pleurites / Pertuses / Heliooping cough (Pertute bacteria).** - **The unit structure of lungs is called alveoli.** - Which increase the surface area of lungs where gaseous exchange takes place. - **Lungs diseases** - **Silicosis** - occupational disease, which occurs due to the people inhaling the rock cutting and building industry. It occurs due to deposition of rock dust, which is made up of silicon, in lungs. - **Black Lungs** - occupational disease, which occurs to workers working in coal mines due to coal dust deposited in lungs. - **Silicosis** - silica, rock dust - **Pneumonia** - Diplococus pneumonia - **Aseliama** - Alurgy - bostemuñe - **White Lungs** - Cotton and terdile. - **T.B.** - **Tuberculosis** - Mycobacterium tuberculosis. - **Bacteria** - **Pneumonia** - Diplococus pneumonia - **Asthama** - Alurgy - Histenume - **Allergy disease** which occurs due to deposition of Histenume in lungs. ## **Kidney** - **Study of the Kidney** - Nephrology - **Specialist** - Nephrologist or Wrologiel. - There are organs that are involved in a formation of urine in human beings. - **Weight of each Kidney** - 150 gm - 2 = 300 gm - 350 gm - **Unit of kidney** - Nephrone, renal filter. - **The upper part of nephrone called** - Bowman's capsule. - The main excretory product of human urine is called **urea**, which is extracted from **liver.** - **The yellow colour of urine is due to the presence of urochrony.** - The main excretory product of birds and reptiles is **uric acid**. - The main excretory product of: - Fish - Ammonia. - Frog - U amnorna. - **At the public urinal places a foul smell occurs due to conversion of urea into ammonia (in the presence of atmospheric nitrogen and bacteria).** - **If the amount of keratinine increases in human urine, it is the symbol of kidney failure.** - **In case of kidney failure, the amount of urea increases in blood.** - **Dialysis** is the artificial filtration of blood, which is based upon **reverse osmosis** process. - **Stone formation in kidney occurs due to Calcium Onalate and Calcium urrate.** ## **Physics** - **Density** - hst/meler - **Ice floats on water (1:9) submerged about ( : ) because density of water is more than ice.** - **Iron ball floats on mercury because the density of mercury is more than iron.** - **Swimming is easier in ocean than river because density of sea water is more than river water.** - **Density of sea water is due to 3.5% salinity (35g salt dissolved in 1L water** - **0.9% Nalls are present in sea water.** - **Salt obtained from sea water by the process of evaporation.** - **Magnesium and Iodine are commercially obtained from sea water needs.** - **After drinking salty or hard water, thirst increases due to decrease in osmotic pressure.** ## **Bones** - Study: Osteology. - Human bones: While in an infant, 7300 bones are present. - Bones made up of mainly: Calcium phosphate, Calcium carbonate and shine (protein). - **Joints** - Ligament joints (between two bones) - Tendon joints (between bones and muscles) - **Funny Bone** - refers to a nerve. - **Knee cap or cap is called** - Patella - **Bone contains** - Bone marrow - **Red** - White - formation of RBC - Yellow - Formation of plateletes. - **Raulic Active Phosphorus** use in the treatment of **Bone Cancer.** - **Calcium** - 8 hours - **Sodium** - 9 hours - **Potassium** - 37 hours - **Iron** - 3 days - **Vitamins** - 63 - **Fungus** - 1 ## **Eyes** - We are able to see **3D vision** (ter length, width and depth) due to the presence of two eyes in a human being. - **Human eye** is able to see **180 degrees** ahead. - **Ant and other insects** are able to see all around them due to their **compound eyes.** - **Animals eyes glow at night on falling light** due to the presence of a special type of membrane called **Taplum Lucidine** which contain **luciphraase Enzime**. Where photo chemical reactions take place and the eyes glow. - **Human eyes act as a convex lens.** - **In eye donation, donation** of **cornea** takes place. - **Different colour of eye in different people is due to the color of Iris.** - **Light enters human eye through the pupil.** - **Size of pupil is controlled by cilliary muscles.** - **Image forming in human eye on Retina (दृष्टि पटल, छोटा (दृष्टि पटल, छोटा - which always real, inverted and diminished.** - **Retina** just act as a film of **the camera.** - **Retina** is made up of two types of cells: - **Rod cells** (रॉड कोशिका) - **Cone cells** (कोन कोशिका) - **Rod cells** control the **intensity of light**, which function is controlled by **vitamin A (Retinol).** - Deficiency of **vitamin A** causes **Night Blindness** (Xeropthelemia/Nictolopia). ## **Muscles in Human body** - Approximatelly 50% of the human body weight is due to the weight of muscles. - Approximately 65% protein present in human body. - The most abundant element in human body is oxygen. - The most essential element in human body is carbon. - The most abundant mineral present in human body is calcium phosphate. - Mg helps in the formation of muscles, which is obtained from green leafy vegetables. - **Sodium and Potassium** control muscle function. - **Actine - Myosine** control contraction and relaxation of muscles. - Muscle Fatigue, Muscles Pain, Muscles Cramping etc. occur due to the presence of **lactic acid**. - **Sweat pain or knee pain** occurs due to deposition of **Uric Acid Crystal.** - **Strongest muscles** - Jaw muscle. - **Weakest muscles** - Eye musch (Cilliary Muscle) - **Longest/largest muscles** - **Gluteus Maximus** (Heapmuscle) - **Heep Muscles** - **Smallest Muscle** - Stapidus (Ear Musch) - It act as a vestigian organ in human body - **Ear (pinna)** is made up of **Cartilage** - **Study of eye** is called **Opthalmology.** ## **Eyes** - **Near Point** - 25 cm - **Far Point** - Infinity - **Astigmatism (अविन्दकता / दृष्टि वैमनस्य)** - A person suffering from this disease having difficulty in vision of horizontal and vertical simultaneously. It is corrected by the use of cylindrical glass. - **Cataract/Glucoma / मोतियाविन्दु (Approx 80% of the world's blindness)** - Occurs due to cataract. - The eye lense became opaque due to deposition of calcium. It is corrected by surgery. - **Tear** secreted from **lecrymal gland**, which is strictly anticeptie in nature, due to the presence of Lysczyme Enzime. - **Water comes in nose also from lecrymal gland.** - **Crocodile always weeping** due to the absence of **Nasoni pharangial duct**. - **After rubbing, it became red** due to redness in **conjunctivities** (नेस इलेवना). - **Conjuctivities or Eye flu** is due to virus attack on conjunctivities. - Eg. - Red - Watery - Irsetating ## **Teeth** - Study: **Odontology** (अकशेरुकी जीठ). - Teeth are absent in **non-chordate**. - **Outermost layer of teeth** is called **enamel**. - **It is the hardest substance in human body, which contain the least amount of water.** - **Cone cells** control the vision of **colour of VISION**. - There are **4 types of cone cells present in human eyes**, hence we can distinguish **40 sets of a single colour**. - **Human eye is more sensitive for yellow colour**, hence the colour of school bus, taxi, PCO and public advertisements are in yellow colour. - **Protonopia/Coluourblindness** - It is a genetic disorder in which suffering person can not distinguish blue, grey and green colours. It is not curable (लाइलाज). - **Myopia / Short sightedness** - A person suffering from this disease having difficulty in vision of farther objects. - It is due to elogation of eye ball, and corrected by: - **Convex lens** - use concave lens - **Myopia** - use convex lens - **Hypermetropia** - use concave lens - Used for **Myopia**. - **Power of lens is measured in diopters.** - **Hypermetropia/Long/Far Sightedness** - a person suffering from this disease having difficulty in vision of nearer objects. - It is because image formed behind the retina. - It is corrected by the use of **convex lens.** - **Magnify glass, low focal length convex lens is used in Hypermetropia.** - **Pressbiopia** - It is an old age eye problem, which occurs due to weakening of eye muscles. A person, suffering from this disease, having difficulty in seeing both nearer and farther objects simultaneously. It is corrected by the use of **both lenses in the same specs.** (Bifocal Lense). - **Salivary glands (3 pairs)** - Saliva - 1.5 to 2.5 liter/day. - pH = 6.8 to 6.5 (slightly acidic) - **Saliva** - **Ptyline** - **Amylase** - enzyme, enzyme - **Convert carbohydrate (Starch)** -> **Maltose** - रोटी को देर तक चबाने पर मोठा लगने लगता है। - **Pan masala (paan masala)** contains **Magnesium Carbonate**, which causes cancer. - **Livicontrolled cell division** is called **cancer.** - **Lucemia (Blood cancer)** is the most fetal disease. - **Plague** is the fastest spreading disease. It is also known as **black death. (काली मौत)**. - **Test of Plague** - Wayson Stain Test. - **Test of Cancer** - Biopsy ### **AIDS** - 1. **ELISA** (Enzyme Link Immune Sorbant Assay) - 2. **Western Blot Test** - **Test of TBC (Tuberculosis)** - Mlentose - **Test of Typhoid** - Wi dal - **Test of dengue** - NS1 - **Cholestrol** - Lipid Profili Test - **HDL (High density lipoprotein)** - Good for us. - **LDL (Low 11) (Low density lipoprotein)** - Harmful for us. - **Cholestrol** helps in the formation of **sex hormone**. - A normal human being having the amount of cholestrol - 202mg to 350 mg/100 ml of blood. - It is also known as **tooth polish.** - Human is known as **Biphodent** (two times teeth). - 1. **Milk Teeth** - 20 (2102 x2) - 2. **Adult Teeth** - 32 (2123 x2) ### **Types of Teeth** - Cutting teeth (Incisors) - 8 - In front (scissor, canme - dog - ear - head) - **Tearing Teeth (Canini)** - 4 - **Breaking Teeth (Premeli)** - 8 - **Grinding teeth (molar)** - 12 (occurs only once in human life, which includes all premolar and third molar). - **Largest teeth** - **Elephant tusk**. It is the modification of upper incisor. - **A small amount of fluoride defends dental decay**, while excess amount of fluoride causes **Flaurosis** (weakening of the bone). - **Dental decay** occurs due to the formation of **acid** to leptora. - **Tongue** - Sense organ, - Taste - **taste buds** (2002 to 1000) - **Bitter** (लौटता) - **SOLL** (रवा) - **Salty** (नमीन) - **Sour** (खट्टा) - **Sweet** ( मीठा) - **Vit E (Takesterol)** - also known as beauty vitamin, deficiency causes sterility (नपुगळता). - **Vitamin K (Filoqunese)** helps in **clotting of blood**. - **Fe (आयरन):** - **Milf of iron causes anemia,** while excess amount of iron causes **siderosis.** - **Excess amount of Cu (4) causes Wilson disease** - Eg. - **Hg (mercury)** - Minimatta disease. - **As (Arsenic)** - Black Foot disease. - **Cd (Cadmium)** - Ity Ity disease. - **Shead** - Psychic disease. - **Last 4 pages of Paramount Biology Booklet.** ## **Food** - **Ingestion** - **Mouth**, **Stomach**, **Food becomes acidic**, **(pH = 1.5 to 3.5)** - **Due to the presence of HCl.** - **Formation of HCl occurs from NaCl (salt).** - **Lining of stomach.** ### **Function of **HCl** - Prevent food from decay. - Break down of food. - Provide acidic medium for protein digestion. - **Testis** - Male sex hormone. - **Estrogen / Progesthene** - Female sex hormone. - **Pitesine / Exitosine** - Milk secreting hormone. - **Prolactine** - **Laweni** - was discovered by S. Sterling. - **Enzyme** - was discovered by Edward Buckinar. - **Vitamin** - was given by Dr. Funk. - **Hopkins** gave their name while discovering vitamin. - **Vitamins** - **Water soluble vitamins:** - **Vit. B complex (11 vitamins)** - Extra body - **Vit. C** - Unive (from body) - **Fat Soluble vitamins:** - **Vit - ADE.RK** - Deposited in body, may cause harmful effect. - **Vit B12 (Cynocobalamine)** contains cobalt. - It is only vitamin which does not obtain from vegetarian food, and only obtained from non-veg food. - **Difficiency of it causes Pernisious Anomia (भयानक एनीमिया).** - **Vitamin D (Calciferol)** only vitamin which all as Chaimong. It is synthesis in human skin in presence of sun light. - **Difficiency of it in children causes Rickets** while in adults **Destomalesia/Bestophoresis**. ## **Pancre