British North America Past Paper PDF

‭British North America‬ ‭The Political Figures of British North‬ ‭America and Political Deadlock‬ ‭Notes:‬ ‭BNA Government Hierarchy (1=Highest)‬ ‭1. Crown (inherited;king or queen) - Only 1‬ ‭2. Governor (appointed by the crown) - Only 1‬ ‭3. The Executive Council (appointed by the governor) -...

‭British North America‬ ‭The Political Figures of British North‬ ‭America and Political Deadlock‬ ‭Notes:‬ ‭BNA Government Hierarchy (1=Highest)‬ ‭1. Crown (inherited;king or queen) - Only 1‬ ‭2. Governor (appointed by the crown) - Only 1‬ ‭3. The Executive Council (appointed by the governor) - 9-13 Men‬ ‭4. The Legislative Assembly (elected by voters) - originally 84‬ ‭men (now more)‬ ‭5. Eligible Voters (property owning males over the age of 21)‬ ‭---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬ ‭-----------------------------------‬ ‭Jobs:‬ ‭- Governor: Report back to the crown‬ ‭- Executive Council: Pass laws‬ ‭- Legislative Assembly: Propose/create laws‬ ‭---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬ ‭-----------------------------------‬ ‭Democracy:‬ ‭- British had most power‬ ‭- FNP had least representation and power‬ ‭---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬ ‭-----------------------------------‬ ‭Canada East vs Canada West:‬ ‭- Canada East:‬ ‭ French‬ ‭ Catholic‬ ‭ Focus on culture and religion‬ ‭- Canada West:‬ ‭ English‬ ‭ Protestant Catholic‬ ‭ Came from GB with money‬ ‭ Focus on trade and transportation‬ ‭- They had the same number of seats‬ ‭- This is the cause of problems‬ ‭---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬ ‭-----------------------------------‬ ‭Industrialization and Change:‬ ‭- Montreal (‬‭CAN East‬‭) first to industrialize because‬‭it is on the‬ ‭river/water‬ ‭- Factories on or near water to power steam engines‬ ‭- 3 Main Industries:‬ ‭1. Food (started with grains and then to goods like bread and then‬ ‭meat‬ ‭2. Footwear (leather or wood)‬ ‭3. Textiles (Clothing and fabric)‬ ‭Industrialization in Canada West:‬ ‭- Happened in the 1870's‬ ‭- Lacked reliable transportation‬ ‭- Textiles were the most important and metalwork was quickly‬ ‭growing (minerals in the Canadian Shield)‬ ‭- They were producing stoves, pots, pans, beds, and household‬ ‭goods faster and cheaper‬ ‭The Maritimes:‬ ‭- Newfoundland, PEI, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick‬ ‭- Main Industries were fish, ship building, and logging (wood)‬ ‭- 374 average ships a year in the 1850's‬ ‭- Industrial production was and still is lower than in Quebec and‬ ‭Ontario‬ ‭British Columbia (BC)‬ ‭Rupert's Land:‬ ‭- Owned by Hudson's Bay Co‬ ‭- Middle of BNA‬ ‭- BNA government had no control over it‬ ‭- Only interested in fur‬ ‭- BC imports and exports fur‬ ‭- Hudson's Bay stop any other forms of industrialization and other‬ ‭items of trade for 30 years‬ ‭- 1880 only industry allowed is‬‭lumber‬ ‭***Industrializations Impact on the Economy:‬ ‭- More money = Happier people = better economy‬ ‭___________________________________‬ ‭___________________________________‬ ‭________‬ ‭Definitions:‬ ‭Hierarchy:‬‭A system where people or groups are ranked‬‭one‬ ‭above the other according to authority‬ ‭Appointed:‬‭Any person who is chosen (usually by the‬‭board or‬ ‭council) to fill the government position‬ ‭Elected:‬‭Any person elected by vote in a general or‬‭special‬ ‭election to fill any office within the government‬ ‭Political Deadlock:‬‭A situation within the government‬‭in which no‬ ‭side can come to an agreement on a law‬ ‭Economy:‬‭The system of how money is made and used‬‭within a‬ ‭particular country or region‬ ‭Industrialization:‬‭A period of time that transforms‬‭a community‬ ‭from rural (farming) to urban (city). This involves the building of an‬ ‭economy through manufacturing‬ ‭Capitalism:‬‭An economic system where the production‬‭of goods‬ ‭and services are privately owned and operate for‬‭a‬‭profit‬ ‭Capitalists:‬‭People who built and owned businesses‬ ‭Questions on the Test:‬ ‭- * What was the majority population in BNA in the 1850's? British‬ ‭- * Cencus: Definition and Purpose - Age, Ethnicity, Gender, Job,‬ ‭- 2 reasons diversity in Canada grew - The Great Migration and‬ ‭the Underground Railroad‬ ‭- Definitons: Cencus, Emigration, Underground Railroad, The‬ ‭Great Migration, Democracy, Heirarchy, Appointed, Elected,‬ ‭Political Deadlock, Industrialization, Economy, Capitalism‬ ‭- * Was the Canadian Government a true democracy‬ ‭- * The Heirarchy‬ ‭- What were the main industries of Canada East, Islands,‬ ‭Canada West...‬ ‭____________________________________________________‬ ‭____________________________________________________‬ ‭____________________________________________________‬ ‭____________________________________________________‬ ‭____________________________________________________‬ ‭____________________________________________________‬ ‭____________________________________________________‬ ‭____________________________________________________‬ ‭______‬ ‭Unit 2: Factors That Drew the Colonies‬ ‭Together‬ ‭Definitions and Key Terms:‬ ‭---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬ ‭--------------------------------------‬ ‭5 Main Reasons for Confederation:‬ ‭- The Economy (trade)‬ ‭- Transportation‬ ‭- Defense‬ ‭- Tensions in the US‬ ‭- Political Issues in the Canada‬ ‭---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬ ‭----------------------------------------‬ ‭Trade in BNA‬‭(Economy):‬ ‭Main Issues:‬ ‭- Transportation‬ ‭- Lack of reliable goods‬ ‭- Population was still growing‬ ‭External Trade:‬ ‭- Business owners were the most powerful‬ ‭- Influence in government decisions‬ ‭Trade with Britain:‬ ‭- Declared colonial preference (def; when the colonies trade with‬ ‭them they don't pay tariffs)‬ ‭- Forces colonies to work together which leads to Intercolonial‬ ‭Trade (def above)‬ ‭Free Trade:‬ ‭- 1860 Britain is most productive country in the world‬ ‭- Introduce Free Trade‬ ‭- All goods are tariff and tax free‬ ‭- Canada's cannot compete with global industrialization‬ ‭ Sales tank‬ ‭ Economy crashed‬ ‭ goods become more expensive‬ ‭ factories shut down‬ ‭ poor get poorer‬ ‭More info on assignment on GC‬ ‭---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬ ‭-------------------------------------‬ ‭Transportation in BNA‬‭(Transportation)‬ ‭The Grand Trunk Railway (GTR):‬ ‭- Natural Problems‬ ‭ lots of lakes‬ ‭ mountains and bedrock‬  ‭ forests‬ ‭ rivers‬ ‭- Water Issues‬ ‭ Rivers and waterways freeze in winter‬ ‭ some dry up in summer‬ ‭- The GTR‬ ‭-‬‭connected Montreal and Toronto‬ ‭ 1st purpose was to move‬‭goods‬ ‭- Not a good solution‬ ‭Cartier and Galt:‬ ‭*Trains and transportation were‬‭privately‬‭owned (not‬‭the‬ ‭government)‬ ‭- GTR owned by Cartier and Galt‬ ‭ losing a lot of money‬ ‭ decide to expand the railway‬ ‭- Wanted to build a train to connect the Maritimes through Canada‬ ‭East to Canada West‬ ‭Step 1:‬‭Go to British bank to ask for a loan (bank‬‭says no)‬ ‭Step 2:‬‭Look for investors across the colonies (they‬‭say yes)‬ ‭ 2nd purpose was to move‬‭people‬ ‭---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬ ‭-------------------------------------‬ ‭Defense Issues in BNA‬‭(Defense)‬ ‭- In the 1850's, the British pulled their troops out of BNA‬ ‭because‬ ‭ It was expensive‬ ‭ They could get troops back fast on a steam-powered boat if‬ ‭BNA need be‬ ‭ Britian was in a war with Russia and needed troops for the‬ ‭Thin Red Line‬ ‭The Crimean War (on exam):‬ ‭- 1854-1856‬ ‭- War between Russia and Britain‬ ‭- A lot of casualties due to poor fighting tactics (thin red line vs‬ ‭- What was the Crimean War and how did it influence‬ ‭Confederation in BNA? (on exam)‬ ‭The Fenians:‬ ‭- An Irish organization that used armed rebellion in their‬ ‭attempt to gain independence from Britain‬ ‭-‬‭Motto was: Let every man have his own country‬ ‭- Founded in the US‬ ‭- Encouraged‬‭violent‬‭revolutions to overthrow British‬‭rule in‬ ‭Ireland‬ ‭- Brough hatred of British in the Great Migration to the BNA‬ ‭- In 1866,‬‭The Fenians began to organize local groups in U.S.‬ ‭in the north near the British/US border‬ ‭ the U.S. Government did not try to stop the‬‭Fenians‬ ‭- They same year. they made an attempt to invade Canada East,‬ ‭but no one was there to fight‬ ‭ The British hear about this attempt and sent some trous via‬ ‭steam ship‬ ‭ When the Fenians got word that soldiers were on their way to‬ ‭intercept them, they retreated and considered this a failed attack)‬ ‭- Two years later, the Fenians commit murder in the streets of‬ ‭Ottawa‬ ‭The Murder of D'Arcy McGee:‬ ‭- D'Arcy McGee was an important Irish Catholic politician‬ ‭- He believed in uniting the colonies and though of as one of the‬ ‭'Fathers of Confederation'‬ ‭- Opposed the Fenians and violence‬ ‭- Fenians consider him a traitor‬ ‭- Killed in the streets of Ottawa late in the night on‬‭April 7th, 1868‬ ‭due to his hatred of the Fenians‬ ‭- Killed by‬‭Patrick Whelan‬ ‭ Brought into custody by the police‬ ‭ In his hotel room, they found a membership card connecting‬ ‭Whelan to the Fenians‬ ‭ They also found the gun that was used‬ ‭- September in 1868‬‭he was found guilty‬ ‭- Hung by the neck publicly‬ ‭- Last time publicly hanging someone in Canadian history‬ ‭Exam question: Using the 4 lenses of history, answer‬ ‭whether the Fenians freedom fighters or a terrorist‬ ‭organization‬ ‭1. Cause and Consequence‬ ‭- British stole Irish land‬ ‭- Fenians want independence from British rule‬ ‭- Encourage violence against BNA‬ ‭2. Perspective‬ ‭- Just wanted their land back‬ ‭- Wanted their own country‬ ‭- McGee was a traitor‬ ‭- Wanted to unite colonies‬ ‭- Killed an innocent man in the streets‬ ‭- Used their motto to make it seem right‬ ‭3. Significance‬ ‭- Caused BNA to consider confederation for defense‬ ‭- McGee was the reason for this‬ ‭4. Continuity and Change‬ ‭- Still confederating‬ ‭- No public hanging‬ ‭- Still violence lead organizations‬ ‭---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬ ‭--------------------------------------------‬ ‭The USA:‬‭(Tensions in the US)‬ ‭- In the mid 1860s, the US were in a fairly violent‬‭Civil War‬‭(A war‬ ‭between the citizens of the same country)‬ ‭- The country was divided into two groups‬ ‭ The North knowns as the‬‭Union‬‭. States in modern‬‭day New‬ ‭York, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and more‬ ‭ The South known as the‬‭Confederacy‬‭. These‬‭were states in‬ ‭modern day Alabama, Carolina's, Florida, Texas, and more‬ ‭- The were fighting over slavery‬ ‭- The North was opposed and the South were in favour‬ ‭- In 1864, the North were nearing victory‬ ‭Manifest Destiny‬ ‭- As the US continued to establish, they believed that they should‬ ‭rule all of North America‬ ‭- A religous belief that the US had a duty and the right to take‬ ‭over all of North America (on exam)‬ ‭---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬ ‭-------------------------------------------------‬ ‭Political Issues in the Canada's:‬ ‭The Question of Capital‬ ‭- In 1841, Britain United the colonies of Upper and Lower Canada‬ ‭into the Province of Canada‬ ‭- The Province of Canada was made up of Canada West (formely‬ ‭Upper Canada and Canada East (formerly Lower Canada)‬ ‭- Thee two regions were governed jointly until Confederation‬ ‭- They lacked a Capital City‬ ‭- There is constant debate over the city over factors like location‬ ‭and convenience and safety and protection‬ ‭- The Queen got involved in 1857 and chose‬‭Ottawa‬‭(Queen‬ ‭Victoria)‬ ‭- It was centraly located in Canada and far enough from the US‬ ‭for safety‬ ‭Representation‬ ‭- 4 main political parties emerge now‬ ‭-‬‭Conservatives‬‭- John A. MacDonald (West)‬ ‭-‬‭Liberals‬‭- George Brown (West)‬ ‭-‬‭Bleus‬‭- George-Ettiene Cartier (East)‬ ‭-‬‭Rouges‬‭- Antoine-Aime Dorion (East)‬ ‭- In 1857 each colony and the same number of seats in‬ ‭government (65 each)‬ ‭- This is called equal representation‬ ‭-‬‭Representation by Population‬‭: The number of elected‬ ‭representatives is determined by the size of the population in the‬ ‭region being represented‬ ‭Political Leaders:‬ ‭John A MacDonald‬ ‭-‬‭Born in Glasgow, Scotland, January 10/11, 1815‬ ‭- Died on June 6. 1891‬ ‭- Studied Greek, Latin, English, Math, Geography‬ ‭- First Prime Minister of Canada‬ ‭- 1856 become the leader of Canada‬‭West‬ ‭- Leader of the Conservative party for 9 years‬ ‭- The party focused on colonies joining together based on‬ ‭representation by poplation‬ ‭- Pushed for representation by population‬ ‭George Brown‬ ‭https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1GP7ZTq8DZLHw7MNsr‬ ‭SSwnqW8mp1ezMBbE0EC17k9k30/edit#slide=id.g31ad5718385‬ ‭_2_0‬ ‭(George Brown slideshow)‬ ‭George Ettiene Cartier‬ ‭- Former Minister of Militia and Defence of Canada‬ ‭- September 6, 1814- May 20, 1873‬ ‭- Born in a municipality in Quebec‬ ‭- Represented the Bleus political party‬ ‭- Focused on bringing French Canada, Manitoba, and BC into‬ ‭Dominion‬ ‭- Represented Canada‬‭East‬ ‭-‬‭Cartier was always looking for a political middle‬‭ground‬ ‭-‬‭Opposed the Rouges‬‭and Ultramontains (power must be‬ ‭subordinated to the Catholic clergy)‬ ‭Antoine-Aime Dorion‬ ‭- Lead of the Rouges‬ ‭- Born January 17, 1818‬ ‭- Died May 31, 1891‬ ‭- Represented Canada‬‭East‬ ‭-‬‭Member of the House of Commons from 1867-1872‬ ‭- 1858 - Declared himself the "leader" of Canada‬ ‭- Party was ran by radical French - Canadians inspired by‬ ‭Louis-Joseph Papineau‬ ‭- Supported Manifest Destiny (US taking over) and opposed‬ ‭confederation of Canada‬ ‭The Great Coalition of 1864:‬ ‭- The Great Coalition was an alliance between John A‬ ‭Macdonald, George Brown, and George Ettiene Cartier‬ ‭- Main goal was to unify Canada (Confederation)‬ ‭- Had to compromise in order to represent their own people‬ ‭- Cartier still looked to protect the rights of French Canadians‬ ‭- Macdonald still focused for a centralized government with Brown‬ ‭- Brown was a middle ground as Liberal‬ ‭- The coalition helped to improve British-French relations‬ ‭____________________________________________________‬ ‭____________________________________________________‬ ‭____________________________________________________‬ ‭____________________________________________________‬ ‭____________________________________________________‬ ‭____________________________________________________‬ ‭____________________________________________________‬ ‭____________________________________________________‬ ‭____________________________________________________‬ ‭_______________‬ ‭Unit 3: Confederation‬ ‭The Conferences‬ ‭The Charlottetown Conference #1:‬ ‭-‬‭Who‬‭: The Maratime colonies (PEI, New Brunswick,‬‭and Nova‬ ‭Scotia)‬ ‭-‬‭Where‬‭: Charlottetown, PEI‬ ‭-‬‭When‬‭: September, 1864‬ ‭- The Maritime colonies wanted to join together exclusively‬ ‭without the Canada's‬ ‭- Newfoundland was not invited because they were too far‬ ‭- Canada's politicians were not invited, but they still went to the‬ ‭conference, and convinced them to join the Canada's as it was‬ ‭smarter (Macdonald and Cartier)‬ ‭- The Maratimes agreed to join but this was a‬‭VERBAL‬ ‭agreement‬ ‭The Quebec Conference (#2):‬ ‭-‬‭Who:‬‭All of the colonies (Maritimes, Canadas)‬ ‭-‬‭Where:‬‭Quebec‬ ‭-‬‭When:‬‭October, 1864 (1 month after Charlottetown)‬ ‭- Wanted to make it right after so Maritimes would not back out‬ ‭- Main conference to form Canada‬ ‭- 1 month after Charlottetown, representatives from the colonies‬ ‭met in Quebec City‬ ‭- Needed to work out the details on how to function‬ ‭- 3 week conference‬ ‭- These details became part of what was called the "‬‭Quebec‬ ‭Resolutions‬‭"‬‭(on exam)‬‭which later and still has a‬‭major impact‬ ‭on our government‬ ‭Resolutions:‬‭(there are way more)‬ ‭Federal Constitution:‬‭This means that there would‬‭be a‬ ‭government for the whole country, as well as for each province‬ ‭Specific Roles:‬‭Each level of government would be responsibly‬ ‭for specific areas. For example, Indegenous Peoples affairs were‬ ‭federal, whereas education was provincial‬ ‭Balance in Parliament:‬‭There would be a balance between‬ ‭representation by population and equal representation‬ ‭Voting:‬‭There would be a balance of elected (head‬‭of‬ ‭government) and appointed (less powerful) positions in‬ ‭government‬ ‭Dorion, Laurier, and Howe were opposed‬ ‭Rouge, Lawyer, Halifax‬ ‭The London Conference (#3):‬ ‭Who:‬‭Canada West, Canada East, New Brunswick, and‬‭Nova‬ ‭Scotia sent reps to London, England for Queen's approval‬ ‭When:‬‭December 1866‬ ‭- Canada became Britain's first self-governing‬‭Dominion‬‭- mostly‬ ‭independent but not control everything‬ ‭- Canada controls internal affairs (inside the country)‬ ‭- Britian controls external affairs (other countries)‬ ‭The British North America Act:‬ ‭ACT‬‭: A law passed by a government body (‬‭on exam‬‭)(match‬ ‭definitins)‬ ‭- Passed by British Parliament (end of conference) on‬‭March 29,‬ ‭1867‬ ‭-‬‭Officially created the Dominion of Canada‬ ‭- Came into effect on‬‭July 1, 1867‬‭(Canada becomes‬‭official‬ ‭Dominion)‬ ‭- The act takes the Quebec Resolutions and makes them official‬ ‭law‬ ‭____________________________________________________‬ ‭____________________________________________________‬ ‭____________________________________________________‬ ‭____________________________________________________‬ ‭____________________________________________________‬ ‭____________________________________________________‬ ‭____________________________________________________‬ ‭____________________________________________________‬ ‭____________________________________________________‬ ‭_______________‬ ‭Unit 4: The Early Years of Confederation:‬ ‭Rise of the Metis Nation‬ ‭The Western Prairies:‬ ‭- The Prairie provinces (Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta) were‬ ‭not officially part of Canada yet‬ ‭- They were a part of Rupert's Land‬ ‭- At the time a group of people known as the Metis emerged in‬ ‭this area‬ ‭The Metis - Who Were They:‬ ‭- Not all indigenous tribes were the same‬ ‭- Many tribes each had their own culture, language, traditions and‬ ‭more‬ ‭- Many people of mixed first nations and European ancestry‬ ‭- The term comes from the French word meaning mixed‬ ‭Metis vs Canada:‬ ‭- Canadian Government saw value in the land inhabited by the‬ ‭First Nations community‬ ‭- Canada wanted to move/buy Rupert's Land from HBC‬ ‭- Land was full of resources and Canada wanted to work the land‬ ‭- Lead to many issues specifically for the Metis‬ ‭---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬ ‭---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬ ‭----------‬ ‭The Rise of Louis Riel‬ ‭The Purchase of Rupert's Land:‬ ‭- In 1869, Canada buys Rupert's Land from the HBC for $1.5‬ ‭million dollars‬ ‭Characters:‬ ‭John A Macdonald‬ ‭- Newly elected Prime Minister of Canada‬ ‭- Wanted to start a small Metis settlement in Red River, Manitoba‬ ‭- Wanted to control Rupert's Land right away‬ ‭William McDougall‬ ‭- Sent to Red River to establish a new government‬ ‭- Did not play by rules‬ ‭- Shoot first, ask questions later‬ ‭- Did not like FNP‬ ‭Louis Riel‬ ‭- Born in Red River but sent to Quebec for school‬ ‭- Educated as French Canadian‬ ‭- Educated, religious, and excellent public speaker‬ ‭- Moved back to Red River when he heard about McDougall going‬ ‭to Red River‬ ‭The Rise of Louis Riel‬ ‭- Nobody asked Metis if they were okay to give up land‬ ‭- McDougall ordered land surveyors (people in charge of dividing‬ ‭up land) to go to Red River without thinking of people already‬ ‭being there‬ ‭- Metis organize a committee called The National Committee of‬ ‭the Metis of Red River (NCMRR) and Riel was elected as‬ ‭secretary‬ ‭- Riel had one main goal to stop the surveyors from coming to‬ ‭Red River‬ ‭- Sent letter to McDougall advising him politely not to come‬ ‭- McDougall shows up anyway and was met by a wall of Metis‬ ‭escorting him into US and then to Canada because they didn't‬ ‭want him coming through‬ ‭The Red River Resistance (RRR)‬ ‭-‬‭The Metis predicted this:‬ ‭ The land would be divided into plots in a grid‬ ‭ The government would sell the lots to settlers‬ ‭ The settles would start farms on this land, build fences‬ ‭around the land to keep animals and out‬ ‭ This would disrupt the bison hunt and would destroy lifestyle‬ ‭-‬‭Wanted Red River to join Canada in Confederation‬ ‭-‬‭Riel‬‭tried to negotiate with Canadian government‬‭but kept on‬ ‭failing‬ ‭- Canadian's were not interested in listening to the Metis people‬ ‭- Wanted Red River to be a Metis Province in Canada‬ ‭- This is called a Provisional Government:‬‭Def‬‭: A temporary‬ ‭government put in place until a more permanent government can‬ ‭be elected‬‭(on exam)‬ ‭-‬‭Government had 2 main goals‬ ‭- work with Canadian government to support the Metis in Red‬ ‭River‬ ‭- Create the Metis List of Rights‬ ‭The Metis List of Rights: (‬‭on exam as critical‬ ‭thinking)‬ ‭- The North-West (Manitoba) will join Canada as provinces (as‬ ‭Metis)‬ ‭--‬‭French and English in all courts and public documents‬ ‭---‬‭The Judge of the Supreme Court and the Lieutenant‬‭Governor‬ ‭of the Northwest must be‬‭bilingual‬ ‭---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬ ‭---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬ ‭----------‬ ‭CHAOS‬ ‭- When Louis Riel writes these rights, he is considered a traitor,‬ ‭villain and it is considered an‬‭act of treason‬ ‭Thomas Scott‬ ‭- Moved to Ontario in 1863 and was one of the first Canadian‬ ‭settlers sent to Red River‬ ‭- When Scott moved to Canada, he brought his protestant‬ ‭anti-catholic views with him‬ ‭- Believed that Catholics should not be part of the government‬ ‭and was very vocal about this‬ ‭- In 1869, Scott arrived in Red River‬ ‭- Tells people that Metis are not fit to be part of the government‬ ‭- Believed that Canada should ignore the Metis and set up a‬ ‭central government without consulting them‬ ‭- Riel sees Scott as a threat‬ ‭- Riel believes if more settlers come, they will disagree with the‬ ‭demands and support Scott's views‬ ‭- Riel's government arrested Scott and puts him on trial‬ ‭- Charged with insubordination and treason by a six-man‬ ‭council/jury‬ ‭Treason Def:‬‭an act of betrayal or disloyalty to one's‬‭country or‬ ‭government‬ ‭- During the trial, Scott was not provided a English-speaking‬ ‭lawyer‬ ‭- The ENTIRE trial was done in French against his own rights‬ ‭saying it should be in both languages‬ ‭- Could not defend himself because the court refused to listen to‬ ‭English‬ ‭- At the end, Riel tells Scott in English summarizing what‬ ‭happened‬‭AFTER‬ ‭- In March, 1870, Scott was executed by firing squad‬ ‭Consequences for Riel‬ ‭- The Ontario government demanded that Riel demanded that‬ ‭Riel be arrested for Scott's murder‬ ‭- This makes it impossible for him to be a politician because he is‬ ‭viewed as a criminal‬ ‭- Riel flees to the US side of Red River and other US areas for the‬ ‭next 15 years‬ ‭Consequences for the Metis‬ ‭- With Riel in hiding, the Metis' predictions become true and their‬ ‭traditional ways of life was destroyed by the Settlers‬ ‭-‬‭ON EXAM Was Riel a hero or villain? (short answer‬ ‭question)‬ ‭---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬ ‭---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬ ‭---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬ ‭---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬ ‭--------------------g‬ ‭Westward Expansion/Expanding Canada:‬ ‭- After 1870, Canada's main goal was the expansion and‬ ‭settlement of its territory‬ ‭- In 1872, BC joins Canada with the condition of a railroad from‬ ‭Ontario to the West Coast‬ ‭- Macdonald offers to give land and financial support to whichever‬ ‭company builds this big railway‬ ‭- 1872 was an election and Macdonald barely won as the‬ ‭Conservative representative‬ ‭- His platform centres around the construction of the railway‬ ‭- After the election, the Conservatives gave the railway contract to‬ ‭Sir Hugh Allen‬ ‭- The problem was that Allen donated $360 000 ($7M today) to‬ ‭the conservatives‬ ‭- It was legal for companies to give the government money for‬ ‭expenses but it was illegal to bribe the government in their favour‬ ‭- Due to this scandal, Macdonald was pushed out of parliament by‬ ‭the House of Commons, and the Liberal party, represented by‬ ‭Alexander Mackenzie became the Prime Minister‬ ‭- Because of the scandal, Hugh Allen was fired and the Liberals‬ ‭left the railway unfinished which would cause problems‬ ‭- In the election of 1878, the Macdonald-led Conservatives won‬ ‭again, and they implemented the National policy, making‬ ‭manufactured imported goods more expensive with higher tariffs‬ ‭and raw imported materials decreased tariffs‬ ‭- Time was running out to finish the railway before BC pulled out‬ ‭of confederation‬ ‭- Macdonald hired the Canadian Pacific Railway to finish the job‬ ‭(CPR)‬ ‭- The contract included‬ ‭ $25M‬ ‭ 100 000k2 of land to use (10M hectares)‬ ‭ Guaranteed freedom from competition for 20 years‬ ‭- They rushed to finish and got done in just over 4 years‬ ‭- Railway was finished with the last spike at 9:22 AM on Nov 7,‬ ‭1885‬ ‭- CPR ensured the survival of Canada‬ ‭- Allowed transport across Canada from Nova Scotia to BC‬ ‭- Allowed for settlement and industrialization of the Prairies (SK,‬ ‭MA)‬ ‭- Symbol that all land North of the US running East-West was‬ ‭Canadian territory‬ ‭ALL DEFINITIONS:‬ ‭Unit 1:‬ ‭Hierarchy:‬‭A system where people or groups are ranked‬‭one‬ ‭above the other according to authority‬ ‭Appointed:‬‭Any person who is chosen (usually by the‬‭board or‬ ‭council) to fill the government position‬ ‭Elected:‬‭Any person elected by vote in a general or‬‭special‬ ‭election to fill any office within the government‬ ‭Political Deadlock:‬‭A situation within the government in which no‬ ‭side can come to an agreement on a law‬ ‭Economy:‬‭The system of how money is made and used‬‭within a‬ ‭particular country or region‬ ‭Industrialization:‬‭A period of time that transforms‬‭a community‬ ‭from rural (farming) to urban (city). This involves the building of an‬ ‭economy through manufacturing‬ ‭Capitalism:‬‭An economic system where the production‬‭of goods‬ ‭and services are privately owned and operate for‬‭a‬‭profit‬ ‭Capitalists:‬‭People who built and owned businesses‬ ‭Unit 2:‬ ‭Manifest Destiny:‬‭A religous belief that the US had‬‭a duty and‬ ‭the right to take over all of North America‬ ‭Equal Representation:‬‭Each colony and the same number‬‭of‬ ‭seats in government (65 each)‬ ‭Representation by Population‬‭: The number of elected‬ ‭representatives is determined by the size of the population in the‬ ‭region being represented‬ ‭Dominion‬‭- mostly independent but not control everything‬‭-‬ ‭Canada controls internal affairs (inside the country) and Britian‬ ‭controls external affairs (other countries)‬ ‭Exam Questions:‬ ‭- What was the Crimean War and how did it influence‬ ‭Confederation in BNA? (on exam)‬ ‭- ON EXAM Was Riel a hero or villain? (short answer‬ ‭question)‬ ‭- Using the 4 lenses of history, answer whether the Fenians‬ ‭are freedom fighters or a terrorist organization‬