British North America Past Paper PDF
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This document provides notes on the political figures and political deadlock in British North America, including a hierarchy of the government, jobs, democracy, and industrialization and change.
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British North America The Political Figures of British North America and Political Deadlock Notes: BNA Government Hierarchy (1=Highest) 1. Crown (inherited;king or queen) - Only 1 2. Governor (appointed by the crown) - Only 1 3. The Executive Council (appointed by the governor) -...
British North America The Political Figures of British North America and Political Deadlock Notes: BNA Government Hierarchy (1=Highest) 1. Crown (inherited;king or queen) - Only 1 2. Governor (appointed by the crown) - Only 1 3. The Executive Council (appointed by the governor) - 9-13 Men 4. The Legislative Assembly (elected by voters) - originally 84 men (now more) 5. Eligible Voters (property owning males over the age of 21) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- Jobs: - Governor: Report back to the crown - Executive Council: Pass laws - Legislative Assembly: Propose/create laws --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- Democracy: - British had most power - FNP had least representation and power --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- Canada East vs Canada West: - Canada East: French Catholic Focus on culture and religion - Canada West: English Protestant Catholic Came from GB with money Focus on trade and transportation - They had the same number of seats - This is the cause of problems --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- Industrialization and Change: - Montreal (CAN East) first to industrialize becauseit is on the river/water - Factories on or near water to power steam engines - 3 Main Industries: 1. Food (started with grains and then to goods like bread and then meat 2. Footwear (leather or wood) 3. Textiles (Clothing and fabric) Industrialization in Canada West: - Happened in the 1870's - Lacked reliable transportation - Textiles were the most important and metalwork was quickly growing (minerals in the Canadian Shield) - They were producing stoves, pots, pans, beds, and household goods faster and cheaper The Maritimes: - Newfoundland, PEI, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick - Main Industries were fish, ship building, and logging (wood) - 374 average ships a year in the 1850's - Industrial production was and still is lower than in Quebec and Ontario British Columbia (BC) Rupert's Land: - Owned by Hudson's Bay Co - Middle of BNA - BNA government had no control over it - Only interested in fur - BC imports and exports fur - Hudson's Bay stop any other forms of industrialization and other items of trade for 30 years - 1880 only industry allowed islumber ***Industrializations Impact on the Economy: - More money = Happier people = better economy ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ________ Definitions: Hierarchy:A system where people or groups are rankedone above the other according to authority Appointed:Any person who is chosen (usually by theboard or council) to fill the government position Elected:Any person elected by vote in a general orspecial election to fill any office within the government Political Deadlock:A situation within the governmentin which no side can come to an agreement on a law Economy:The system of how money is made and usedwithin a particular country or region Industrialization:A period of time that transformsa community from rural (farming) to urban (city). This involves the building of an economy through manufacturing Capitalism:An economic system where the productionof goods and services are privately owned and operate foraprofit Capitalists:People who built and owned businesses Questions on the Test: - * What was the majority population in BNA in the 1850's? British - * Cencus: Definition and Purpose - Age, Ethnicity, Gender, Job, - 2 reasons diversity in Canada grew - The Great Migration and the Underground Railroad - Definitons: Cencus, Emigration, Underground Railroad, The Great Migration, Democracy, Heirarchy, Appointed, Elected, Political Deadlock, Industrialization, Economy, Capitalism - * Was the Canadian Government a true democracy - * The Heirarchy - What were the main industries of Canada East, Islands, Canada West... ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ______ Unit 2: Factors That Drew the Colonies Together Definitions and Key Terms: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- 5 Main Reasons for Confederation: - The Economy (trade) - Transportation - Defense - Tensions in the US - Political Issues in the Canada --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- Trade in BNA(Economy): Main Issues: - Transportation - Lack of reliable goods - Population was still growing External Trade: - Business owners were the most powerful - Influence in government decisions Trade with Britain: - Declared colonial preference (def; when the colonies trade with them they don't pay tariffs) - Forces colonies to work together which leads to Intercolonial Trade (def above) Free Trade: - 1860 Britain is most productive country in the world - Introduce Free Trade - All goods are tariff and tax free - Canada's cannot compete with global industrialization Sales tank Economy crashed goods become more expensive factories shut down poor get poorer More info on assignment on GC --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- Transportation in BNA(Transportation) The Grand Trunk Railway (GTR): - Natural Problems lots of lakes mountains and bedrock forests rivers - Water Issues Rivers and waterways freeze in winter some dry up in summer - The GTR -connected Montreal and Toronto 1st purpose was to movegoods - Not a good solution Cartier and Galt: *Trains and transportation wereprivatelyowned (notthe government) - GTR owned by Cartier and Galt losing a lot of money decide to expand the railway - Wanted to build a train to connect the Maritimes through Canada East to Canada West Step 1:Go to British bank to ask for a loan (banksays no) Step 2:Look for investors across the colonies (theysay yes) 2nd purpose was to movepeople --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- Defense Issues in BNA(Defense) - In the 1850's, the British pulled their troops out of BNA because It was expensive They could get troops back fast on a steam-powered boat if BNA need be Britian was in a war with Russia and needed troops for the Thin Red Line The Crimean War (on exam): - 1854-1856 - War between Russia and Britain - A lot of casualties due to poor fighting tactics (thin red line vs - What was the Crimean War and how did it influence Confederation in BNA? (on exam) The Fenians: - An Irish organization that used armed rebellion in their attempt to gain independence from Britain -Motto was: Let every man have his own country - Founded in the US - Encouragedviolentrevolutions to overthrow Britishrule in Ireland - Brough hatred of British in the Great Migration to the BNA - In 1866,The Fenians began to organize local groups in U.S. in the north near the British/US border the U.S. Government did not try to stop theFenians - They same year. they made an attempt to invade Canada East, but no one was there to fight The British hear about this attempt and sent some trous via steam ship When the Fenians got word that soldiers were on their way to intercept them, they retreated and considered this a failed attack) - Two years later, the Fenians commit murder in the streets of Ottawa The Murder of D'Arcy McGee: - D'Arcy McGee was an important Irish Catholic politician - He believed in uniting the colonies and though of as one of the 'Fathers of Confederation' - Opposed the Fenians and violence - Fenians consider him a traitor - Killed in the streets of Ottawa late in the night onApril 7th, 1868 due to his hatred of the Fenians - Killed byPatrick Whelan Brought into custody by the police In his hotel room, they found a membership card connecting Whelan to the Fenians They also found the gun that was used - September in 1868he was found guilty - Hung by the neck publicly - Last time publicly hanging someone in Canadian history Exam question: Using the 4 lenses of history, answer whether the Fenians freedom fighters or a terrorist organization 1. Cause and Consequence - British stole Irish land - Fenians want independence from British rule - Encourage violence against BNA 2. Perspective - Just wanted their land back - Wanted their own country - McGee was a traitor - Wanted to unite colonies - Killed an innocent man in the streets - Used their motto to make it seem right 3. Significance - Caused BNA to consider confederation for defense - McGee was the reason for this 4. Continuity and Change - Still confederating - No public hanging - Still violence lead organizations --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------- The USA:(Tensions in the US) - In the mid 1860s, the US were in a fairly violentCivil War(A war between the citizens of the same country) - The country was divided into two groups The North knowns as theUnion. States in modernday New York, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and more The South known as theConfederacy. Thesewere states in modern day Alabama, Carolina's, Florida, Texas, and more - The were fighting over slavery - The North was opposed and the South were in favour - In 1864, the North were nearing victory Manifest Destiny - As the US continued to establish, they believed that they should rule all of North America - A religous belief that the US had a duty and the right to take over all of North America (on exam) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- Political Issues in the Canada's: The Question of Capital - In 1841, Britain United the colonies of Upper and Lower Canada into the Province of Canada - The Province of Canada was made up of Canada West (formely Upper Canada and Canada East (formerly Lower Canada) - Thee two regions were governed jointly until Confederation - They lacked a Capital City - There is constant debate over the city over factors like location and convenience and safety and protection - The Queen got involved in 1857 and choseOttawa(Queen Victoria) - It was centraly located in Canada and far enough from the US for safety Representation - 4 main political parties emerge now -Conservatives- John A. MacDonald (West) -Liberals- George Brown (West) -Bleus- George-Ettiene Cartier (East) -Rouges- Antoine-Aime Dorion (East) - In 1857 each colony and the same number of seats in government (65 each) - This is called equal representation -Representation by Population: The number of elected representatives is determined by the size of the population in the region being represented Political Leaders: John A MacDonald -Born in Glasgow, Scotland, January 10/11, 1815 - Died on June 6. 1891 - Studied Greek, Latin, English, Math, Geography - First Prime Minister of Canada - 1856 become the leader of CanadaWest - Leader of the Conservative party for 9 years - The party focused on colonies joining together based on representation by poplation - Pushed for representation by population George Brown https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1GP7ZTq8DZLHw7MNsr SSwnqW8mp1ezMBbE0EC17k9k30/edit#slide=id.g31ad5718385 _2_0 (George Brown slideshow) George Ettiene Cartier - Former Minister of Militia and Defence of Canada - September 6, 1814- May 20, 1873 - Born in a municipality in Quebec - Represented the Bleus political party - Focused on bringing French Canada, Manitoba, and BC into Dominion - Represented CanadaEast -Cartier was always looking for a political middleground -Opposed the Rougesand Ultramontains (power must be subordinated to the Catholic clergy) Antoine-Aime Dorion - Lead of the Rouges - Born January 17, 1818 - Died May 31, 1891 - Represented CanadaEast -Member of the House of Commons from 1867-1872 - 1858 - Declared himself the "leader" of Canada - Party was ran by radical French - Canadians inspired by Louis-Joseph Papineau - Supported Manifest Destiny (US taking over) and opposed confederation of Canada The Great Coalition of 1864: - The Great Coalition was an alliance between John A Macdonald, George Brown, and George Ettiene Cartier - Main goal was to unify Canada (Confederation) - Had to compromise in order to represent their own people - Cartier still looked to protect the rights of French Canadians - Macdonald still focused for a centralized government with Brown - Brown was a middle ground as Liberal - The coalition helped to improve British-French relations ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ _______________ Unit 3: Confederation The Conferences The Charlottetown Conference #1: -Who: The Maratime colonies (PEI, New Brunswick,and Nova Scotia) -Where: Charlottetown, PEI -When: September, 1864 - The Maritime colonies wanted to join together exclusively without the Canada's - Newfoundland was not invited because they were too far - Canada's politicians were not invited, but they still went to the conference, and convinced them to join the Canada's as it was smarter (Macdonald and Cartier) - The Maratimes agreed to join but this was aVERBAL agreement The Quebec Conference (#2): -Who:All of the colonies (Maritimes, Canadas) -Where:Quebec -When:October, 1864 (1 month after Charlottetown) - Wanted to make it right after so Maritimes would not back out - Main conference to form Canada - 1 month after Charlottetown, representatives from the colonies met in Quebec City - Needed to work out the details on how to function - 3 week conference - These details became part of what was called the "Quebec Resolutions"(on exam)which later and still has amajor impact on our government Resolutions:(there are way more) Federal Constitution:This means that there wouldbe a government for the whole country, as well as for each province Specific Roles:Each level of government would be responsibly for specific areas. For example, Indegenous Peoples affairs were federal, whereas education was provincial Balance in Parliament:There would be a balance between representation by population and equal representation Voting:There would be a balance of elected (headof government) and appointed (less powerful) positions in government Dorion, Laurier, and Howe were opposed Rouge, Lawyer, Halifax The London Conference (#3): Who:Canada West, Canada East, New Brunswick, andNova Scotia sent reps to London, England for Queen's approval When:December 1866 - Canada became Britain's first self-governingDominion- mostly independent but not control everything - Canada controls internal affairs (inside the country) - Britian controls external affairs (other countries) The British North America Act: ACT: A law passed by a government body (on exam)(match definitins) - Passed by British Parliament (end of conference) onMarch 29, 1867 -Officially created the Dominion of Canada - Came into effect onJuly 1, 1867(Canada becomesofficial Dominion) - The act takes the Quebec Resolutions and makes them official law ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ _______________ Unit 4: The Early Years of Confederation: Rise of the Metis Nation The Western Prairies: - The Prairie provinces (Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta) were not officially part of Canada yet - They were a part of Rupert's Land - At the time a group of people known as the Metis emerged in this area The Metis - Who Were They: - Not all indigenous tribes were the same - Many tribes each had their own culture, language, traditions and more - Many people of mixed first nations and European ancestry - The term comes from the French word meaning mixed Metis vs Canada: - Canadian Government saw value in the land inhabited by the First Nations community - Canada wanted to move/buy Rupert's Land from HBC - Land was full of resources and Canada wanted to work the land - Lead to many issues specifically for the Metis --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------- The Rise of Louis Riel The Purchase of Rupert's Land: - In 1869, Canada buys Rupert's Land from the HBC for $1.5 million dollars Characters: John A Macdonald - Newly elected Prime Minister of Canada - Wanted to start a small Metis settlement in Red River, Manitoba - Wanted to control Rupert's Land right away William McDougall - Sent to Red River to establish a new government - Did not play by rules - Shoot first, ask questions later - Did not like FNP Louis Riel - Born in Red River but sent to Quebec for school - Educated as French Canadian - Educated, religious, and excellent public speaker - Moved back to Red River when he heard about McDougall going to Red River The Rise of Louis Riel - Nobody asked Metis if they were okay to give up land - McDougall ordered land surveyors (people in charge of dividing up land) to go to Red River without thinking of people already being there - Metis organize a committee called The National Committee of the Metis of Red River (NCMRR) and Riel was elected as secretary - Riel had one main goal to stop the surveyors from coming to Red River - Sent letter to McDougall advising him politely not to come - McDougall shows up anyway and was met by a wall of Metis escorting him into US and then to Canada because they didn't want him coming through The Red River Resistance (RRR) -The Metis predicted this: The land would be divided into plots in a grid The government would sell the lots to settlers The settles would start farms on this land, build fences around the land to keep animals and out This would disrupt the bison hunt and would destroy lifestyle -Wanted Red River to join Canada in Confederation -Rieltried to negotiate with Canadian governmentbut kept on failing - Canadian's were not interested in listening to the Metis people - Wanted Red River to be a Metis Province in Canada - This is called a Provisional Government:Def: A temporary government put in place until a more permanent government can be elected(on exam) -Government had 2 main goals - work with Canadian government to support the Metis in Red River - Create the Metis List of Rights The Metis List of Rights: (on exam as critical thinking) - The North-West (Manitoba) will join Canada as provinces (as Metis) --French and English in all courts and public documents ---The Judge of the Supreme Court and the LieutenantGovernor of the Northwest must bebilingual --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------- CHAOS - When Louis Riel writes these rights, he is considered a traitor, villain and it is considered anact of treason Thomas Scott - Moved to Ontario in 1863 and was one of the first Canadian settlers sent to Red River - When Scott moved to Canada, he brought his protestant anti-catholic views with him - Believed that Catholics should not be part of the government and was very vocal about this - In 1869, Scott arrived in Red River - Tells people that Metis are not fit to be part of the government - Believed that Canada should ignore the Metis and set up a central government without consulting them - Riel sees Scott as a threat - Riel believes if more settlers come, they will disagree with the demands and support Scott's views - Riel's government arrested Scott and puts him on trial - Charged with insubordination and treason by a six-man council/jury Treason Def:an act of betrayal or disloyalty to one'scountry or government - During the trial, Scott was not provided a English-speaking lawyer - The ENTIRE trial was done in French against his own rights saying it should be in both languages - Could not defend himself because the court refused to listen to English - At the end, Riel tells Scott in English summarizing what happenedAFTER - In March, 1870, Scott was executed by firing squad Consequences for Riel - The Ontario government demanded that Riel demanded that Riel be arrested for Scott's murder - This makes it impossible for him to be a politician because he is viewed as a criminal - Riel flees to the US side of Red River and other US areas for the next 15 years Consequences for the Metis - With Riel in hiding, the Metis' predictions become true and their traditional ways of life was destroyed by the Settlers -ON EXAM Was Riel a hero or villain? (short answer question) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------g Westward Expansion/Expanding Canada: - After 1870, Canada's main goal was the expansion and settlement of its territory - In 1872, BC joins Canada with the condition of a railroad from Ontario to the West Coast - Macdonald offers to give land and financial support to whichever company builds this big railway - 1872 was an election and Macdonald barely won as the Conservative representative - His platform centres around the construction of the railway - After the election, the Conservatives gave the railway contract to Sir Hugh Allen - The problem was that Allen donated $360 000 ($7M today) to the conservatives - It was legal for companies to give the government money for expenses but it was illegal to bribe the government in their favour - Due to this scandal, Macdonald was pushed out of parliament by the House of Commons, and the Liberal party, represented by Alexander Mackenzie became the Prime Minister - Because of the scandal, Hugh Allen was fired and the Liberals left the railway unfinished which would cause problems - In the election of 1878, the Macdonald-led Conservatives won again, and they implemented the National policy, making manufactured imported goods more expensive with higher tariffs and raw imported materials decreased tariffs - Time was running out to finish the railway before BC pulled out of confederation - Macdonald hired the Canadian Pacific Railway to finish the job (CPR) - The contract included $25M 100 000k2 of land to use (10M hectares) Guaranteed freedom from competition for 20 years - They rushed to finish and got done in just over 4 years - Railway was finished with the last spike at 9:22 AM on Nov 7, 1885 - CPR ensured the survival of Canada - Allowed transport across Canada from Nova Scotia to BC - Allowed for settlement and industrialization of the Prairies (SK, MA) - Symbol that all land North of the US running East-West was Canadian territory ALL DEFINITIONS: Unit 1: Hierarchy:A system where people or groups are rankedone above the other according to authority Appointed:Any person who is chosen (usually by theboard or council) to fill the government position Elected:Any person elected by vote in a general orspecial election to fill any office within the government Political Deadlock:A situation within the government in which no side can come to an agreement on a law Economy:The system of how money is made and usedwithin a particular country or region Industrialization:A period of time that transformsa community from rural (farming) to urban (city). This involves the building of an economy through manufacturing Capitalism:An economic system where the productionof goods and services are privately owned and operate foraprofit Capitalists:People who built and owned businesses Unit 2: Manifest Destiny:A religous belief that the US hada duty and the right to take over all of North America Equal Representation:Each colony and the same numberof seats in government (65 each) Representation by Population: The number of elected representatives is determined by the size of the population in the region being represented Dominion- mostly independent but not control everything- Canada controls internal affairs (inside the country) and Britian controls external affairs (other countries) Exam Questions: - What was the Crimean War and how did it influence Confederation in BNA? (on exam) - ON EXAM Was Riel a hero or villain? (short answer question) - Using the 4 lenses of history, answer whether the Fenians are freedom fighters or a terrorist organization
