Bristol Review Notes PDF

**[BRISTOL - A case study of a major city in the UK to illustrate:]** ** the (a)location and importance of the city in the (b)UK and the (c)wider world** a. Largest city in the SW of England b. Has two universities, is the eighth most popular for foreign visitors and is home to high-tech i...

**[BRISTOL - A case study of a major city in the UK to illustrate:]** ** the (a)location and importance of the city in the (b)UK and the (c)wider world** a. Largest city in the SW of England b. Has two universities, is the eighth most popular for foreign visitors and is home to high-tech industries -- silicon chip manufacturers. c. Good road and rail links with two major docks and airport links to Europe and USA, global industries located here e.g. aerospace, lots of investment from abroad and attracts international students. ** impacts of national and international migration on the (a + b)growth and (c + d)character of the city** a. About half of the growth comes from migration. b. Large number of migrants from the EU. c. Hard-working workforce, enriches cultural life of the city and mainly young migrants balancing ageing population. d. Housing hasn't kept pace with growth so Bristol is expensive for housing and rental, some problems of integration of migrants into the wider community. **how urban change has created opportunities:** ** social and economic: (a)cultural mix, (b)recreation and entertainment, (c)employment, (d)integrated transport systems** a. Fifty countries represented in the population -- contribute to cultural life of the city -- music, art, literature and food. African and Afro-Caribbean population has had significant impact -- created strong community spirit - St Paul's Carnival attracts 40 000 people each year -- improves relations between the different ethnic minority groups. b. 4 professional sports teams in the city -- all provide a range of leisure and conference facilities. Shopping improvements made -- city centre -- Cabot Circus opened in 2008, £500 million investment -- shops and leisure facilities e.g. cinema and a hotel. Also nightclubs, bars and vibrant underground music scene -- theatres, and harbourside development. c. High-tech businesses attracted to Bristol -- well-educated workforce (universities) and a clean, non-polluted environment -- e.g. aerospace industry -- 14/15 main global aircraft companies located here including Airbus and Rolls Royce -- supply chains have grown to supply these high-tech companies. d. ITS connects different methods of transport -- encourages switch from cars to public transport -- 3 bus routes linked to railway station and park and ride -- electrification of railway to London and aims to double number of cyclists by 2020. **environmental: urban greening** a. The process of increasing and preserving open space in urban areas. More than 1/3 of Bristol is open space. 8 nature reserves and 300 parks in the city. Queen Square was once a dual carriageway but is now open space with cycle routes. **how urban change has created challenges:** ** social and economic: urban deprivation, inequalities in housing, education, health and employment** a. Inequality is evident in Bristol due to lack of investment in some areas -- Filwood has high levels of urban deprivation, Stoke Bishop is a more affluent area. b. Filwood -- Homes are mainly rented from the city council, many homes are poorly insulated. In 2013 only 36% of students got top GCSE grades. Life expectancy is below the city average with deaths from cancer above UK average, lowest participation rates in active sports in Bristol. 1/3 of people between 16-24 are unemployed and over half of the children live in low income households. c. Stoke Bishop -- 81% are owner occupied, including Sneyd Green, home to many millionaires. Nearly 50% of people have a degree or equivalent qualification with 94% of school students getting the highest grades in 5 or more GCSE's. Life expectancy is above the city average with death rates better than city and UK averages. Only 3% of people are unemployed with fewer than 4% of children living in poverty. **environmental: (a)dereliction, (b)building on brownfield and greenfield sites, (c)waste disposal** a. Many industrial buildings are now derelict -- e.g. Stokes Croft -- inner city area with housing once used by industrial workers -- now derelict -- problems with squatters, riots and anti-social behaviour. Lottery grants have been used to improve the area. Local artists and community groups involved in improvements e.g. use of graffiti art. b. Growth in population has led to increased demand for housing that is being met by both brownfield and greenfield development. Greenfield -- Harry Stoke -- new development north of the city of 1200 homes, with 2000 more planned. Locals objected because of concerns about traffic congestion, noise and poor air quality, loss of animal habitats and the effect on the local flood risk. Brownfield sites -- 94% of new housing between 2006-2013 -- growing need for student accommodation. Harbourside development -- old port and associated industries around the docks closed -- empty industrial buildings regenerated for housing and cultural facilities. It has vastly improved a run-down part of the city and meant people live in the city centre, but not everyone likes the new building designs and the improvements were costly so flats are expensive. c. Amount of waste produced in Bristol is 23% lower than the UK average, but is produces a lot of food waste. Avonmouth waste treatment plant treats 200 000 tonnes of waste per year. Non-recyclable waste is used to generate electricity - enough energy for 25 000 homes. Aim to increase recycling to 50% and the amount of waste generated per household to 15% **the impact of urban sprawl on the rural--urban fringe, and the growth of commuter settlements.** a. Nearby towns such as Wotton-under-Edge and Clevedon have expanded to become commuter towns. This has increased the amount of traffic congestion in the area. The green belt was set up to try to prevent sprawl on the rural-urban fringe. b. Example of Greenfield/rural-urban fringe developemt -- Harry Stoke -- new development north of the city of 1200 homes, with 2000 more planned. Locals objected because of concerns about traffic congestion, noise and poor air quality, loss of animal habitats and the effect on the local flood risk **An example of an urban regeneration project to show:** ** reasons why the area needed regeneration** a. Temple Quarter - The area was very run down, it gave a bad impression to visitors to the city from the south or arriving via the train station, lot of old derelict industrial buildings in the area, poor transport links and difficult to access. **the main features of the project.** a. Improved access -- Temple Meads station improved, road layout improved and linked to the ITS and cycle paths and new bridge built across the River Avon to give access to the newly built Bristol Arena. b. Enterprise Zone status -- offered incentives to businesses to set up in the area such as low rents. c. Lots of new developments e.g. Brunel's Engine Shed -- renovated historical building will be home to high-tech, creative and low-carbon sector companies, Glass Wharf a new office development etc...