BSc Nursing Notes - Introduction to Health and Illness (PDF)

Click on Subject/Paper under Semester to enter. Communicative English Applied Biochemistry Pharmacology II...

Click on Subject/Paper under Semester to enter. Communicative English Applied Biochemistry Pharmacology II Applied Microbiology Applied Anatomy and Infection Control 3rd Semester 4th Semester 2nd Semester Pathology II and 1st Semester Applied Nutrition and Genetics Applied Physiology Pharmacology I Dietetics Adult Health Nursing II Applied Sociology Pathology I Nursing Foundation II Professionalism, Applied Psychology Health/Nursing Adult Health Nursing I Professional Values Informatics & and Ethics Technology Nursing Foundation I Child Health Nursing I Community Health Child Health Nursing Nursing - Internship Mental Health Nursing II Community Health I Nursing II 5th Semester 8th Semester 6th Semester 7th Semester Adult Health Nursing - Mental Health Nursing Internship Community Health II Nursing I Nursing Research & Statistics Child Health Nursing - Nursing Management & Internship Educational Leadership Technology/Nursing Midwifery/Obstetrics Education Mental Health Nursing - Midwifery/Obstetrics and Gynaecology (OBG) Nursing II Internship and Gynaecology (OBG) Introduction to Nursing I Forensic Nursing and Indian laws Midwifery - Internship  All Nursing Subjects- [ BSc., MSc., ] (Click on Subjects to enter) Nutrition & Diet Therapy Psychology Medical Surgical Nursing Psychiatric Mental Health Maternal and Child Health Obstetric and Gynecological Nursing Nursing Nursing Surgical Pathology Anatomy and Physiology 1 Anatomy and Physiology 2 Dissection Sociology of Health Medicine Study Notes Organic Chemistry Introduction to Human Case Study in Obstetrics & Medicine and surgery: Principles Nutrition Gynaecology and practice Obstetrics and Gynecology Modern Pharmacology with Biology laboratory Practicals Clinical Applications Physiology Zoology Medical Microbiology Clinical Cases in Anesthesia Essential Anesthesia From The Massage Connection ANATOMY Science to Practice AND PHYSIOLOGY Microbiology Pathology Microbiology and Immunology Pharmacology Biochemical Pharmacology Biotechnology Radiology Ophthalmology Pharmacology Clinical Dermatology Basic Biochemistry Anesthesiology Biochemistry Orthopaedics Paediatrics Genetics and Molecular Biology of Disease Modern Analytical Chemistry Biology Psychiatry Forensic Medicine Pharmaceutical Drug Analysis Modern Medical Toxicology Human Nervous System and Basic Concept of Biotechnology Sensory Organs Genetics and Molecular Biotechnology Applying the Pharmaceutical Biotechnology: Biology Genetic Revolution Fundamentals and Applications Medical Immunology Essential Microbiology Essential Clinical Immunology Environmental Human Neuroanatomy Diseases of The Brain and Nervous Biotechnology System www.BrainKart.com CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Health and Illness Page 1 of 47  www.BrainKart.com ❑ Describe concept of health. ❑ Explain causes and risk ❑ Define health. factors for developing ❑ Discuss the Maslow’s illness. hierarchy of needs. ❑ Illustrate the types of ❑ Explain health illness illness and illness behavior. Learning continuum. ❑ Describe the impact of Objectives ❑ Discuss factors influencing illness on health. health. Page 2 of 47  www.BrainKart.com ❑ Concept of Health: ❑ Causes and Risk Definition (WHO) Factors for ❑ Maslow’s Hierarchy of Developing Needs Illness CHAPTER ❑ Health- Illness ❑ Types of Illness OUTLINES Continuum and Illness ❑ Factors influencing Behavior Health ❑ Impact of Illness on Patient and Family Page 3 of 47  www.BrainKart.com MEANING OF HEALTH Health is more than just the absence of illness; it is an active process in which a person moves toward his or her maximum potential. Page 4 of 47  www.BrainKart.com Definition of Health Page 5 of 47  www.BrainKart.com Concept of Health Biomedical Concept: Based on the “germ theory of the disease”. Health means “absence of disease”. The human body is a machine and disease is an outcome of the breakdown of the machine. Developments led to the conclusion that the biomedical concept of health was inadequate. Page 6 of 47  www.BrainKart.com Continue…. Ecological Concept Health is a dynamic equilibrium between man and his environment. Disease is a maladjustment of the human organism to environment. Psychosocial Concept Health is also influenced by social, psychological, cultural, economic and political factors of the people concerned. These factors must be taken into consideration in defining and measuring health. Holistic Concept Holistic model is a synthesis of all the above concepts. Health is multidimensional process involving the wellbeing of the person as a whole. Emphasis is on the promotion and protection of health. Page 7 of 47  www.BrainKart.com MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS Page 8 of 47  www.BrainKart.com Physiological Needs Physiological needs are the physical requirements for human survival. If these requirements are not met, the human body cannot function properly and will ultimately fail. Physiological needs are thought to be the most important and they should be met first. They are the basic needs such as air, water and food which are metabolic requirements for survival in all animals, including humans. Page 9 of 47  www.BrainKart.com Safety and Security Once a person’s physical safety needs are relatively satisfied, their safety needs take precedence and dominate behavior. In the absence of physical safety due to war, natural disaster, family violence, childhood abuse etc. – people may (re)experience post-traumatic stress disorder or transgenerational trauma. Page 10 of 47  www.BrainKart.com Love and Belongingness After physiological and safety needs are fulfilled, the third level of human need is interpersonal and involve seelings of belongingness. This need is especially strong in childhood and can override the need for safety as witnessed in children who cling to abusive parents. Page 11 of 47  www.BrainKart.com Self-esteem All humans have a need to feel respected; this includes the need to have self-esteem and self-respect. Esteem presents the typical human desire to be accepted and valued by others. People often engage in a profession or hobby to gain recognition. Page 12 of 47  www.BrainKart.com Self-actualization “What a man can be, he must be”. This quotation forms the basis of the perceived need for self-actualization. This level of need refers to what a person’s full potential is and the realization of that potential. Maslow describes this level as the desire to accomplish everything that one can, to become the most that one can be. Individuals may perceive or focus on this need very specifically. Page 13 of 47  www.BrainKart.com HEALTH- ILLNESS CONTINUUM The health–illness continuum is one way to conceptualize a person’s level of health. This model views health as a constantly changing state, with high-level wellness and death at opposite ends (ranging from extremely good health to death). This continuum illustrates the ever-changing state of health as a person adapts to changes in internal and external environments to maintain a state of well-being. Page 14 of 47  www.BrainKart.com Continue… Composed of two arrows pointing in opposite direction and joined at a neutral point. Movement to the right arrow (toward the wellness) has increasing level of health and well-being. Movement to the left arrows (towards premature death) equates a progressively decreasing state of health. Achieved in three steps Page 15 of 47  www.BrainKart.com Movement towards right arrow Achieved in three steps: Awareness: Person should be aware towards his health status and doesn’t neglect any warning signs of illness e.g., indulgence in physical exercise to prevent any disease or identifying signs of obesity and then starting the physical workout. Education: Person should be educated about the general health issues of day to day life. Growth: It includes overall aspect for growth of individual such as intellectual, mental, physical and spiritual. Page 16 of 47  www.BrainKart.com Movements towards left arrow Achieved in three steps: Signs: They are objective in nature which can ruled out only by physician or other health care worker. Symptoms: They are subjective signs which means patient can see or feel them but other person cannot measure or quantify it, for example back pain or fatigue. Disability: It is the condition of the body or mind impairment that makes it more difficult for the person with the condition to do certain activities (activity limitation). Page 17 of 47  www.BrainKart.com FACTORS INFLUENCING HEALTH Income and social status: Higher income and social status are linked to better health. Greater the gap between the richest and poorest people, the greater the difference in health. Education: Lower education levels are linked with poor health, more stress and lower self-confidence. Physical Environment: Safe water and clean air, healthy workplaces, safe houses, communities and roads all contribute to good health. Page 18 of 47  www.BrainKart.com Continue…. Social Support Networks: Greater support from families, friends and communities is linked to better health. Culture: Customs, traditions and beliefs of the family and community all affect health. Genetics: The inheritance plays a part in determining lifespan, healthiness and the likelihood of developing certain illnesses. Health services: The access and use of services that prevent and treat disease influences health of an individual. Gender: Men and women suffer from different types of diseases at different ages of their life. Page 19 of 47  www.BrainKart.com ILLNESS An illness is the response of a person to a disease; it is a process in which the person’s level of functioning is changed when compared with the previous level. Illness is not synonymous with diseases. Page 20 of 47  www.BrainKart.com Type of Illness Acute illness: An acute illness usually has a rapid onset of symptoms and lasts only a relatively short time. Although some acute illnesses are life threatening, simple acute illnesses, such as common cold or diarrhea, do not usually require medical treatment. Chronic Illness: Chronic illness the one which persists, usually longer than 6 months. It is a broad term that encompasses a number of different physical and mental alterations in health, each having one or more of the following characteristics: Page 21 of 47  www.BrainKart.com Causes and Risk Factors for Developing Illness A risk factor is any situation or habit that affects social, environmental, physiological or psychological conditions. Risk factors are the factors or reasons that increase the probability to contract a disease or infection. Risk factors are also refereed as predisposing factor. Page 22 of 47  www.BrainKart.com Continue.. Age: The age plays an important role in influencing the health of the person. For example, the school-aged children are at higher risk for communicable diseases. Lifestyle: The lifestyle behaviors can have positive and negative impacts on health. Some habits are risk factors for specific disease. Environment: The physical environment in which a person lives or works can increase a certain illness. Genetic and physiological factors: Inheritance plays an important role in development of certain diseases. Some biological and genetic factors affect specific populations more than others. Page 23 of 47  www.BrainKart.com EPIDEMIOLOGICAL TRIAD Agent: It refers to an infectious microorganism or pathogen i.e., a virus, bacterium, parasite or any other microbe. Host: It refers to the human who can get the disease. A variety of risk factors, can influence an individual’s exposure, susceptibility or response to a causative agent. Environment: It refers to external factors that affect the agent. These factors include physical factors such as climate, biologic factors such as insects that transmit the agent and socio- economic factors such as crowding, sanitation and the availability of health services. Page 24 of 47  www.BrainKart.com ILLNESS BEHAVIOR Stage 1: Experiencing Symptoms (Fig. 4) The first indication of an illness is recognizing one or more symptoms that are incompatible with one’s personal definition of health. Stage 2: Assuming the Sick Role (Fig. 5) The individual now self-defines as being sick, seeks validation of this experience from others, gives up normal activities, and assumes a “sick role.” Stage 3: Assuming Dependent Role (Fig. 6) This stage is characterized by the patient’s decision to accept the diagnosis and follow the prescribed treatment plan. Stage 4: Achieving Recovery and Rehabilitation Recovery and rehabilitation might begin in the hospital and conclude at home or may be totally concluded at a rehabilitation center or at home. Page 25 of 47  www.BrainKart.com IMPACT OF ILLNESS ON PATIENT AND FAMILY Impact on behavior Individual reacts differently to illness or threat of illness. An individual’s behavioral and emotional response is influenced by duration and nature of illness. Short term illness leads to behavioral changes. Impact on body image Illness may result in the loss of body part or change in physical appearance. Every individual responds to the changes differently. Page 26 of 47  www.BrainKart.com Continue… Impact on family roles Every individual has varied roles and responsibilities to play. These roles and responsibilities change with illness. Page 27 of 47  www.BrainKart.com Definition of Immunity The term ‘Immunity’ traditionally refers to the resistance exhibited by the host towards injury caused by microorganisms and their product. “Immunity is a condition of being able to resist a particular disease especially through preventing development of a pathogenic microorganism or by counteracting the effects of its products”. Merriam Webster Page 28 of 47  www.BrainKart.com Types and Classification of Immunity Innate/native immunity: Innate immunity is the inborn immunity that is already present at the time of birth. It is genetic in origin and also depends upon the constitutional makeup of an individual. Acquired immunity: The resistance that an individual acquires during life is known as acquired immunity. Page 29 of 47  www.BrainKart.com Types of Innate Immunity Species Immunity: It refers to the total or relative refractoriness to a pathogen, shown by all members of a species. For instance, all human beings are totally insusceptible to plant pathogens. Racial Immunity: Within a species, different races may show differences in susceptibility to infarctions. This is known as racial immunity, the classic example of which is the high resistance of Algerian sheep to anthrax. Individual Immunity: The differences in immunity exhibited by different individuals in a race is known as individual immunity. For example, homozygous twins exhibit similar degree of resistance or susceptibility to lepromatous leprosy and tuberculosis. Page 30 of 47  www.BrainKart.com Mechanisms of Innate Immunity Epithelial surfaces: This type of innate immunity resists the incoming intruder that is considered as non-self by the host body as well as eradicates the infection non-specifically by acting against these all non-self antigens both at the external level as well as the internal level of the host. Antibacterial substances in blood and tissues: The complement system possesses bactericidal activity and plays an important role in the destruction of pathogenic bacteria that invade the blood and tissues. Page 31 of 47  www.BrainKart.com Continue… Microbial antagonisms: The skin and mucous surface have resident bacterial flora which prevent colonization by pathogens. Cellular factors in innate immunity: Natural defense against the invasion of blood and tissues by microorganisms and other foreign particles is mediated to a large extent by phagocytic cells which ingest and destroy them. Page 32 of 47  www.BrainKart.com Continue… Inflammation: Tissue injury or irritation, irritation by the entry of pathogens or other irritants, leads to inflammation, which is an important, non-specific defense mechanism. Fever: A rise of temperature following infection is a natural defense mechanism. It not only helps to accelerate physiological process but may in some cases, actually destroy the infecting pathogens. Page 33 of 47  www.BrainKart.com Factors affecting the innate immunity of an individual Age: The young and the old are more susceptible to infections unlike the adults who show less susceptibility comparatively owing to well developed immunity. Hygiene: Maintaining the hand hygiene especially is one of the most important factors affecting the immunity of a person. Circadian rhythm: The circadian rhythms inducing the sleep-wake cycles also affect the immunity of a person. Page 34 of 47  www.BrainKart.com Continue… Nutrition: The vitamins C, A, B6, B12, E and the minerals including iron, zinc play a significant role in sufficing the immunity. Psychological factors: The stress hormone released during stress in an individual influences the immunity of the individual negatively. Genetic factors: The immunity is also influenced by the genetic makeup of a person. Some individuals have strong immunity while the others have weak immunity. Page 35 of 47  www.BrainKart.com Types of Acquired Immunity Active Acquired Immunity It is the resistance developed by an individual as a result of an antigen stimulus. It is also known as adaptive immunity. Page 36 of 47  www.BrainKart.com Types (Classification) of Active Immunity Natural active acquired immunity: The natural active immunity is the acquired immunity in which the immune system gets activated naturally by a clinical or sub-clinical natural microbial infection. Artificial active acquired immunity: It is induced artificially by injecting the functionally modified forms of the pathogen (live or killed vaccines) into an individual so as to activate the individual’s immune system in order to generate the immunity against the injected pathogen that protects the individual from any number of natural infections from the same pathogen in future and thus prevents the manifestation of disease. Page 37 of 47  www.BrainKart.com Passive Acquired Immunity It is the form of immunity in which the immune system of an individual does not play any role in the generation of the immunity during any infection that has manifested into the disease form or during other particular cases. Page 38 of 47  www.BrainKart.com Types of Passive Acquired Immunity Natural passive acquired immunity: It is the type of acquired immunity which is received by an individual in the readymade form naturally in the womb of his/her mother during the prenatal period of one’s life. Artificial passive acquired immunity: It is the type of acquired immunity, provided especially in the form of antibodies, which is administered into an individual artificially, especially in case of emergencies like during any disease manifestation or during visits to highly disease prone areas etc. Page 39 of 47  www.BrainKart.com IMMUNIZATION Immunization is the protective process by which the body produces antibodies against the vaccine preventable disease through administration of specific vaccine. Page 40 of 47  www.BrainKart.com Importance of Immunization To protect children against specific preventable diseases like polio, diphtheria, pertussis, measles, rubella, hepatitis B, tetanus etc. The immunization against the diseases stimulate the host body to produce immunity against specific infection. Immunoglobulins: There are 5 major classes: IgM, IgA, IgG, IgE, IgD. Two types of immunoglobulin preparations are available for passive immunization: Normal human immunoglobulin. Specific (hyper-immune) human immunoglobulin. Page 41 of 47  www.BrainKart.com Continue…… Antisera: These are materials prepared in animals or non-human sources such as horses. Vaccines: A vaccine is an immuno-biological substance designed to produce specific protection against a given disease. A vaccine is “antigenic” but not “pathogenic”. Page 42 of 47  www.BrainKart.com TYPES OF VACCINES Live/attenuated Vaccines: Live vaccines are made from live infectious agents without any amendment e.g. OPV, BCG Inactivated (Killed vaccines): Organisms are killed or inactivated by heat or chemicals but remain antigenic. They are usually safe but less effective than live attenuated vaccines. Page 43 of 47  www.BrainKart.com Continue.. Toxoids: They are prepared by detoxifying the exotoxins of some bacteria rendering them antigenic but not pathogenic. Adjuvant (e.g. alum precipitation) is used to increase the potency of vaccine e.g., diphtheria, tetanus. Polysaccharide and polypeptide (cellular fraction) vaccines: These are prepared from cellular fractions of organisms e.g. meningococcal, hepatitis b Combination vaccines: DPT, DT. Page 44 of 47 www.BrainKart.com Page 45 of 47  Click on Subject/Paper under Semester to enter. Communicative English Applied Biochemistry Pharmacology II Applied Microbiology Applied Anatomy and Infection Control 3rd Semester 4th Semester 2nd Semester Pathology II and 1st Semester Applied Nutrition and Genetics Applied Physiology Pharmacology I Dietetics Adult Health Nursing II Applied Sociology Pathology I Nursing Foundation II Professionalism, Applied Psychology Health/Nursing Adult Health Nursing I Professional Values Informatics & and Ethics Technology Nursing Foundation I Child Health Nursing I Community Health Child Health Nursing Nursing - Internship Mental Health Nursing II Community Health I Nursing II 5th Semester 8th Semester 6th Semester 7th Semester Adult Health Nursing - Mental Health Nursing Internship Community Health II Nursing I Nursing Research & Statistics Child Health Nursing - Nursing Management & Internship Educational Leadership Technology/Nursing Midwifery/Obstetrics Education Mental Health Nursing - Midwifery/Obstetrics and Gynaecology (OBG) Nursing II Internship and Gynaecology (OBG) Introduction to Nursing I Forensic Nursing and Indian laws Midwifery - Internship  All Nursing Subjects- [ BSc., MSc., ] (Click on Subjects to enter) Nutrition & Diet Therapy Psychology Medical Surgical Nursing Psychiatric Mental Health Maternal and Child Health Obstetric and Gynecological Nursing Nursing Nursing Surgical Pathology Anatomy and Physiology 1 Anatomy and Physiology 2 Dissection Sociology of Health Medicine Study Notes Organic Chemistry Introduction to Human Case Study in Obstetrics & Medicine and surgery: Principles Nutrition Gynaecology and practice Obstetrics and Gynecology Modern Pharmacology with Biology laboratory Practicals Clinical Applications Physiology Zoology Medical Microbiology Clinical Cases in Anesthesia Essential Anesthesia From The Massage Connection ANATOMY Science to Practice AND PHYSIOLOGY Microbiology Pathology Microbiology and Immunology Pharmacology Biochemical Pharmacology Biotechnology Radiology Ophthalmology Pharmacology Clinical Dermatology Basic Biochemistry Anesthesiology Biochemistry Orthopaedics Paediatrics Genetics and Molecular Biology of Disease Modern Analytical Chemistry Biology Psychiatry Forensic Medicine Pharmaceutical Drug Analysis Modern Medical Toxicology Human Nervous System and Basic Concept of Biotechnology Sensory Organs Genetics and Molecular Biotechnology Applying the Pharmaceutical Biotechnology: Biology Genetic Revolution Fundamentals and Applications Medical Immunology Essential Microbiology Essential Clinical Immunology Environmental Human Neuroanatomy Diseases of The Brain and Nervous Biotechnology System