Brain Cancer PDF

Brain Cancer Treatment Diagnostic criteria Clinical manifestations Pathophysiology  Brain Cancer Pathophysiology Brain cancer affect...

Brain Cancer Treatment Diagnostic criteria Clinical manifestations Pathophysiology  Brain Cancer Pathophysiology Brain cancer affects adults and children. The disease manifests very differently in adults as opposed to children. Children generally have better outcomes than adults. (74% 5-year survival vs 21% for people >40 years) Brain tumours may be malignant or benign, both can kill. Brain cancer affect men more than women Race and ethnicity. In the United States, white people are more likely to develop gliomas but less likely to develop meningioma than black people. Also, people from northern Europe are more than twice as likely to develop a brain tumor as people in Japan. Cause is unknown Exposure to ionizing radiation during treatment increase risk  Brain Cancer Pathophysiology https://www.cancer.org.au/assets/pdf/understanding-brain-tumour-booklet  Brain Cancer Pathophysiology PrimaryTumor Glial cells origin: glioma Specific astrocyte origin: Astrocytoma Most common malignant tumor originating in brain Benign or malignant As glioma enlarge Impinge on vital brain structures Become fatal Rare metastases development Kumar, Robbins & Cotran: Pathophysiological basis of disease. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders;2010  Brain Cancer Pathophysiology PrimaryTumor Meninges: meningioma Most common brain tumour Emerge middle-late adulthood Slow growing Erode the cranium Kumar, Robbins & Cotran: Pathophysiological basis of disease. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders;2010 https://www.cancer.org.au/assets/pdf/understanding-brain-tumour-booklet  Brain Cancer Diagnostic Criteria History taking, physical examination Neurologic examination Testing cranial nerves Reflexes Sensory function Motor function Direct visualization Brain scan CT/MRI X-ray Cerebral angiography PET scan  Brain Cancer Diagnostic CriteriaClassification WHO Tumor Grading System Grade I (low-grade) — The tumor cells look more like normal cells under a microscope and grow and spread more slowly than grade II, III, and IV tumor cells. They rarely spread into nearby tissues. Grade I brain tumors may be cured if they are completely removed by surgery. Grade II — The tumor cells grow and spread more slowly than grade III and IV tumor cells. They may spread into nearby tissue and may recur (come back). Some tumors may become a higher- grade tumor. Grade III — The tumor cells look very different from normal cells under a microscope and grow more quickly than grade I and II tumor cells. They are likely to spread into nearby tissue. Grade IV (high-grade) — The tumor cells do not look like normal cells under a microscope and grow and spread very quickly. There may be areas of dead cells in the tumor. Grade IV tumors usually cannot be cured.  Brain Cancer Treatment Treatment depends on Location Extent Nature of neoplasm Primary tumors: Surgical resection Goal to remove it completely Preserve neurologic function Radiation Chemotherapy Spinal canal Directly in brain during surgery