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CHAPTER 2 (Pharaoh Psamtik I was allegedly What is Psychology? the first to ever perform Greek word “psyche” MIND or psychological experiments. To SOUL discover...

CHAPTER 2 (Pharaoh Psamtik I was allegedly What is Psychology? the first to ever perform Greek word “psyche” MIND or psychological experiments. To SOUL discover the origin of language, Logos: Knowledge or study he gave two newborns to a Definition: Scientific study of behaviors shepherd who could not speak to and mental processes them and was to record their first Study of behavior: study the word.) mind, one has to associate the Ebers Papyrus (oldest medical way of thinking of an individual to knowledge documents) his behavior. - First known mentions of - Overt behavior - CAN be psychological conditions directly observed like dementia and - Covert behavior - depression. CANNOT be directly - Brain as being enclosed in observed a membrane with - Mental Processes - forms convolutions in its of cognition or ways of hemispheres knowing, man's - Polyschism: Soul had perception, attention and many parts, which capability to remember, to combined to overall “soul” reason and solve the called Akh problems - Dreams were supernatural Why psychology is science? - Focus upon the study and GREECE investigation of certain behaviors - Plato believe in the existence of with the application of one or a eternal soul and knowledge is combination of scientific methods innate - Labels as empirical an dependent - Aristotle emphasized empirical upon measurement observation and argued that - Gathers factual information to knowledge comes from prove certain phenomenon experience Ancient Psychology - Hippocrates proposed the ideas Earliest History: Egypt, Greece, China, of four temperaments linked Persia, India personality to bodily fluids or EGYPT “humors” - Transpersonal Psychology - Rene Descartes, introduced the (interact with their Gods during idea of dualism difficult times) - First psychological experiment  mind and body are two Description of Behaviors: Naming and entities that interact to classifying various observable, form human experience measurable behaviors Notable Pioneers of Psychology Understanding behavior: Being able to John Locke (1632-1704) - At birth the state the causes of a behavior, human mind is “tabula rasa” or a blank organization of facts about behavior. slate, on which experiences “writes” Prediction of behavior: Predicting knowledge. behavior accurately, anticipate any Charles Darwin (1809-1882) - natural future actions of an individual selection: inspired the Psychological Control or Influence behavior: school of thought, Functionalism. alteration of behavior, change a certain Francis Galton (1822-1911) - trait, idea and beliefs of the individual. Concerned with the study of individual Control/Change Behavior: Altering differences. Considered as the “Father conditions that influence behaviors. of Mental Tests” - Positive use: Control unwanted Wilhelm Wundt behaviors (smoking, tantrums, - “Father of Modern Psychology” etc.) established the first experimental - Negative use: Control people's laboratory for the study of behavior without their knowledge Psychology in Leipzig, Germany, (manipulation) 1879. - Created a machine that Pseudo psychology measured the time lag between Pseudo means “false” any unfounded people’s hearing a ball hit the system that resembles psychology and platform and NOT based on scientific testing. their pressing a telegraph key. - Palmistry - lines on your hands - Seeking to measure the “atoms predict future and reveals of the mind” the fastest and personality simplest mental process - Phrenology - personality traits Sigmund Freud revealed by shape of skull. was - Psychoanalysis: behavior is an attempt to assess personality governed by unconscious characteristics by examining motive and primitive biological various areas of the skull. instincts. It considered all humans basically would like to Barnum Effect gain pleasure and avoid - Tendency to consider personal pain. descriptions accurated if stated in general terms What are the goals of Psychology - Always have a little something for everyone Separating from Fact to Fiction > Educational Psychology: deals with - Be sure to distinguish between the evaluation of learning and emotional observation and problems of individual in school inference (e.g., Robert is crying, but do we know why he is crying? Flavors of Psychology - Beware of oversimplifications, Psychologist - Have masters or especially those motivated by doctorate degree; trained in methods, monetary gain knowledge, theories of psychology. Psychiatrist - MD; usually use Branches of Psychology medications to treat problems; do not > Developmental Psychology: study of have extensive training in providing human development; factors that shape “talk” therapy. behavior from birth to old age. Psychoanalyst - Additional training > Clinical Psychology: diagnosis and post-PhD or MD of an institute for treatment of emotional and behavioral psychoanalysis. problems. > Social Psychology: how people think Areas of Specialization about, influence, relate with one Psychometrician: another, ways of interaction with other - Measurement and evaluation of people influences attitude and behavior. individual as well as group > Abnormal Psychology: studies behavior. unusual patterns of behavior, emotion, - Application of mathematical and thought; could possibly be procedures to psychological understood as a mental disorder. problems. > Cognitive Psychology: study of - Quantitative and measurement higher mental processes. psychologist > Industrial and Organizational Clinical Psychology: Psychology: selection of people - Diagnosis and treatment suitable for most jobs, development of emotional and behavioral training programs in organization, disorders identification of determinants of - Treat more severe or do research consumer behavior. on mental disorders > Experimental Psychology: employs Counseling Psychologist: the behavioral and cognitive perspective - Dedicated to helping people with as well as the experimental method in educational, job, career, social studying how people react to sensory adjustments stimuli, perceive the world, learn, - Treat minor problems (school or remember, respond. work troubles) Developmental or Genetic > Community Psychology: Psychology: - Promoting mental health at the - Study of human behavior in all community level aspects of growth and > Industrial Organizational development (learning, Psychology: sensation, perception, language, - Methods of selecting, training, emotion) counseling,supervising personnel - Childhood, adolescence, old age in business and industry Consumer Psychologist: > Forensic Psychology: - Relationship between buyer and - Relate to legal system seller - Improve reliability of witnesses - Investigation of the varied facets and jury decisions of marketing & buying behavior, - Work in court; both psychology effects of advertising, mass and law media. > Experimental and Physiological Social Psychologist: Psychology: - How a person's mental life and - Basic psychological processes behavior are shaped by (sensation, perception, learning, interactions with other people, memory, cognition, motivation, influences from group or emotion) individual, improve interactions > Engineering Psychology: - Business and government - conduct researches on how agencies people work best with machines. - Academic institutions as Work in industry and known as researcher or instructor human factors specialist. - Advertising agencies > Evolutionary Psychology: Cognitive Psychology: - how evolutionary principles such - Mental processes involved in mutation, adaptation, and acquiring and using knowledge selective fitness influence human > Educational Psychologist thought, feeling and behavior. - Effectiveness on how teaching > Health Psychologist: and learning takes place - how patients handle illness, why > School Psychologist some people don’t follow medical - Private and public schools advice, to control pain or to - Assess and counsel students, change poor health habits. consult with parent and school > Neuropsychologist: staffs - explore the relationships between - Conduct behavioral interventions the brain system and behavior. when needed They use new imaging  techniques to the normal brain Chromosomes – thread-like or functions. rope-like bodies that contain the genes, > Rehabilitation Psychology: either classified as - Help client adapt and deal with ✔ autosomes or trait chromosomes issues of personal adjustment, ✔ gonosomes or sex chromosomes interpersonal relations. Biologists sorted out the 23 pairs of - work with stroke and accident chromosomes, victims, people with mental ✔ 22 pairs are autosome retardation, developmental ✔ 1 pair is gonosomes or sex disabilities caused by cerebral chromosomes (either XX or XY). ,epilepsy and autism. Genes – bearers of hereditary traits. > Sports Psychology: - Dominant genes are strong - help athletes refine their focus on genes; the trait that dominant competition goals, be more genes carry will be manifested in motivated and deal with anxiety the offspring and fear of failure. - Recessive genes are weak genes; the traits can only be CHAPTER 2 manifested if it is paired with another recessive gene of its 3 Major Paths of Human Development kind. Physical Development changes in Principles of Heredity bodily appearance and structures, bodily Principle of Reproduction – “Like activities like motor skills. begets like”,where human individuals Psychosocial Development changes will reproduce their own kind. in social and emotional aspects of Variation - “No” 2 individuals of any kind personality. are exactly “alike” even identical twins Cognitive Development changes in the have mild differences. thought processes that could affect Dominance and Recessive - language, learning activities, and similarities and differences among family memory. members. Chance – the hereditary endowments Heredity VS Environment and the number of births and the HEREDITY – a process whereby traits millions of sperm which fertilize the of parents are handed down to their ripened egg is played and attributed by offspring via the genes. chance alone. ENVIRONMENT – forces that affect Sex-Linked Characteristics – man, like physical forces, natural forces, sex-linked traits are carried by the same and social forces. genes that determine sex which are carried by women but, usually suffered by most men (ex. Baldness, Most of Freud’s ideas have not found color blindness, hemophilia). support in modern Physical traits – the appearance in research but his ideas about the general like importance of childhood facial features, complexion, height, and experiences have had a lasting body built. influence - physical defects are characteristics like harelip, cleft-plate, and stub-finger. - physical diseases are predisposition to tuberculosis, asthma, and hypertension Mental traits – examples are I.Q. level, some cases of mental retardation, and predisposition to mental disorder. Special talents/abilities – like artistic, literary, athletic, musical, and numerical talents. Multiple Births Identical or monozygotic twins - arise when one egg cell/ovum further divides into two after being fertilized by one sperm, have same sex and looks Fraternal or dizygotic twins - arise from two eggs/ova which are fertilized by two different sperm cells, the same or different sexes Freudian Psychosexual Development Children’s pleasure-seeking urges are focused on a different area of the body, called an erogenous zone, at each of the five stages of development: ◻Oral ◻Anal ◻Phallic ◻Latency ◻Genital Stages of Development Birth Prenatal Stages Natural or Spontaneous Birth fetus’ - Stage 1: Zygotic/Germinal head emerges first through the birth Stage From fertilization to 2 canal followed by one shoulder then the weeks; rapid cell division. other, next by the arms one at a time - Stage 2: Embroyic Stage 2nd and finally the legs. week to 8th weeks or 2 months. Instrument Birth employed with the aid Umbilical cord connect the of surgical instruments if the fetus is too embryo to the placenta. large or if its position does not allow Major organ development normal birth process. (Respiratory, nervous system) Breech Birth fetal buttocks appear first, Vulnerable to teratogens followed by the legs, arms and Sexual detention eventually the head. - Stage 3: Fetal Stage 8th weeks Transverse Presentation Birth the to birth fetus lies crosswise in the mother’s Appearance of the first bone cells uterus. Resembles human/alien Cessarian-section Birth fetus is Sleep/wake cycles delivered surgically by means of a slit created in the maternal abdominal wall. Teratogens substances that are damaging and causing Post Natal Stages birth defects. - Infancy Period from birth to two weeks and is subdivided into: 1. Period of partunate: first 15 to 20 minutes after birth, upon cutting umbilical cord; the infant separate and independent being. 2. Period of Neonate: the rest of the infancy period. almost two weeks after birth. 3. Babyhood period: extends from 2nd week of infancy up to the 2nd year of life, known as the “Age of helplessness”  Emotional Expressions - done through facial and bodily changes, if they are happy, muscles are relax and if angry, muscles are tensed. Temperaments of Children Easy babies – get hungry and sleepy at predictable times, react cheerfully and seldom fuss. Difficult babies – irregular and irritable (develop attention and aggression Infant Motor Development problems in childhood) We loose these reflexes through Slow-to-warm up babies – fuss at the maturation beginning but eventually come to enjoy Cephalocaudal principle - ability to their activities. (tend to become shy move the head first, then the arms and preschoolers and somewhat anxious finally the legs and begin to walk. teens) Proximodistal Principle - the ability of an infant to move its arms and legs Infant Social Development before being able to produce fine motor Infants must “synchronize” emotional movement with its fingers. behaviors with a primary caregiver. Brain growth - Attachment - strong, intimate - Number of synaptic connection emotional connection that increases persists over time and across - Influenced by diet and circumstances between an environment infant and a caregiver. - Contact comfort - is critical, it is Four speech of communication the pleasure of being touched Crying - begins at birth to indicate and held. distress and it serves as a rudimentary Influence of child means of communication. temperament Cooing or Babbling - simple sounds Effect of good vs poor like yawning, sneezing, coughing, attachment sighing and other sounds which are Parenting type influence attachment known as cooing - Authoritarian parents - set strict Gestures and Non-verbal rules and expectations. Communication – appeared at 3rd - Authoritative parents - rules to 16th month of age. and expectations used as “life guidelines”.  - Permissive parents - few rules Adulthood Stage with no “real” punishment - Middle Adulthood Stage - - Indifferent parents - Nearly (40-60) Spouses are dependent neglect child (abusive (?)) to each other. From family centered to partner centered Childhood Stages relationship. The fullest and most - Early Childhood Stage - 2-6 creative season in the life span. years, “Age of Curiosity”, - Menopause - for women, loss of aggression and negativism. reproductive capacity. - Late Childhood Stage - 6 years - Climacteric (Andropause) - for up to onset of puberty between men, decline active functioning of 11 to 12 years, “Smart Age” and sex organ. “Gang Stage”, desire for - Late Adulthood stage or old acceptance and belongingness. age - (60 onwards) Puberty Stages Age of senescence - physical End of childhood and early part of and psychological deterioration adolescence. Age of senility - an individual Rapid changes in height and skeletal turns eccentric, absentminded structures , and also changes in weight and careless and sexual maturation. “Age of sensory acuity declines, hearing, Confusion” visual, - health problems are - Pre-pubescence - primary common sexual characteristics occur, reproductive apparatus 2 theories of successful - Post-pubescence - completion adjustment to physical and of pubic hair growth, completion social changes of aging in the primary and secondary 1. Disengagement Theory - sexual characteristics. it is more desirable for Adolescence Stage people to withdraw from Period of storm and stress. society as they Endocrine glands produced hormones age. which lead to impulsive behavior. 2. Activity Theory - - Teenager or the young assumes that people who adolescent - 13 to 17 years, remain active physically, unpredictable, unstable, mentally, and socially will unsociable at times. adjust better to aging. - Youth or the older adolescent - 18 to 24 years, display uncontrolled impulse for sexual behavior CHAPTER 3 Conductivity - Transmit nerve impulses through nerve fibers. What is nervous system? - Controls bodily activities and Laws Governing Neurons behavioral responses. All or Nothing Law: Neurons either - Composed of 100 billion neurons. react fully or not at all. Divided into: Law of Dynamic Polarity: Nerve 1. Central Nervous System impulses only travel in one direction (CNS): Brain andspinal between neurons. cord. 2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Nerve 3. fibers connecting the CNS to receptors and effectors. Neuron The basic structural and functional unit of the nervous system. - Parts of a neuron: Nerve Impulses 1. Cell Body (Cyton): Nerve Impulse: Electrical signals Central portion with a created by stimuli, known as action nucleus. potentials. 2. Dendrites: Receive nerve Synapse: Juncture between impulses and carry them neurons where neurotransmitters to the cell body. are released, allowing nerve 3. Axon: Sends messages impulse transmission. away from the cell body; covered by a myelin sheath. Types of neurons - Sensory Neurons: Carry messages from sense organs to the CNS. - Motor Neurons: Carry messages from the brain to muscles/glands. - Inter-Neurons: Carry messages Central Nervous System within the CNS. Brain: Controls and directs all nervous Characteristics system activities. Irritability - React to external stimulation. Spinal Cord: Pathway for transmitting Spinal Cord messages to and from the brain, Located in the vertebral column, it controlling reflexes. transmits messages between the brain and body. Divisions of the brain Functions: 1. Forebrain - Connector for reflexes. - Cerebrum - Transmits sensory information - Thalamus and motor impulses. - Hypothalamus 2. Midbrain Peripheral Nervous System 3. Hindbrain - Somatic System: Controls - Cerebellum voluntary skeletal movements. - Pons and Medulla - Autonomic System: Controls Oblangta involuntary actions, divided into: Forebrain Sympathetic: Prepares - Cerebrum - Seat of body for "fight or flight.” consciousness; responsible for Parasympathetic: Calms higher mental activities. the body down, restores - Thalamus - Relay center for energy. impulses. - Hypothalamus - Regulates body systems and emotions; works with the endocrine system. Midbrain & Hindbrain - Midbrain - Links sensory and motor pathways; involved in auditory and visual activities. Hindbrain: - Cerebellum - Maintains balance, Endocrine System posture, and voluntary motor - Works with the nervous system to activities. maintain homeostasis—state of - Pons and Medulla Oblangta - balance among all the body Regulate involuntary functions systems needed for the body to (heartbeat, breathing). survive and function correctly. - Hormones are secreted by ductless glands and regulate behavior by maintaining biochemical balance.  - Overactivity: None - Underactivity: Leads to premature appearance of secondary sexual characteristics 3. Thyroid Gland: Butterfly shaped gland secretes thyroxine and idothyroxine, which affect growth and metabolism. - Overactivity: Glands Increased body heat 1. Pituary Gland: production Master gland - Underactivity: secretes a number of Cretinism (to be retarded hormones that affect the in physical and mental activities of almost all the development during endocrine glands. childhood). - Overactivity: Myxedema (characterized Gigantism Acromegaly by gain in weight, (overgrowth of certain thickening of lips. Slowing parts of the bones) motor movements, and Hyponatremia and Fluid yellowing of the skin overload (excessive fluid during adulthood). in the blood). 4. Parathyroid Gland - Underactivity: secretes parathormone Dwarfism which controls the calcium Diabetes Insipidus (large level in the blood. urine volume excretion) - Overactivity: 2. Pineal Gland: Lethargy (muscular Gland of childhood weakness and decreased controls the activity of the in nerve cell activity) reproductive organs - Underactivity: secretes the hormone, Tetany or lockjaw (spasms melatonin of muscles of the lower responds to the light and jaw leading to convulsions dark cycle which governs or muscular rigidity) the time of the day during which reproduction takes place. 5. Thymus Gland: of the skin and generalized Gland of “babyhood” physiological keeps an individual breakdown). “childish’ secretes Delayed puberty , may hormone, thymosin which result due to underactivity inhibits the sexuality of the adrenal cortex. during childhood years it also helps in building up the immune system - Overactivity: None - Underactivity: None 6. Adrenal Gland: Has two divisions: Adrenal Cortex - Secretes cortin, which influences adult sexual characteristics. Adrenal Medulla - Secretes adrenaline, boosting strength in emergencies, and noradrenaline, which constricts blood vessels to reduce blood loss. - Overactivity: Cushing’s disease (round or moon-shaped face, cessation of menstruation, appearance of beard, change of voice) Adrenogenital syndrome (virilism, an increased masculine features among young girls) - Underactivity: Addison’s disease (bronze-like discoloration