Botany practical 1 (1).pdf

B.STUDY/OBSERVATION - SPOTTING Study of specimens andidentification with reasons Aim : Study of specimens and identification with reasons. Date : Sailent features of Kingdom - Moneta 1: These are unicellular organisms with Prokaryotic cel...

B.STUDY/OBSERVATION - SPOTTING Study of specimens andidentification with reasons Aim : Study of specimens and identification with reasons. Date : Sailent features of Kingdom - Moneta 1: These are unicellular organisms with Prokaryotic cellular organization. 2. The organisms dont here well defined nucleus. 3. They are found in all types of environment. 4. Their mode of nutrition may be Heterotrophic or Autotrophic. 5. InAutotrophic mode of nutrition they shoud Photoautotrophs and Chernoautotrophs. 6. DNA exists as a simple double stranded circular single chromosomes called nucleoid. 7. Membrane, endoplasmic recticulum are absent. 8. Mode of reproduction in asexual, binary fission or budding and very rarely sexual reproduction is by conjugation method. 9. On the basis of evolution bacteria can be classified as Archaebacteria and Eubacteria. e.g. bacteria. e.g. cynobacteria - Nostoc and Oscillatoria Activity:Observe the given specimen and write its characters. Examples : e.g. Oscillatoria : Apical cell Mucilagenous sheath Separation Disk Fig. Oscillatoria 1) It is an unbranched filamentous blue green alga. 2) The trichome has many cylindrical cells and covered by mucilaginous sheath. except the apical cell (dome-shaped) 3) The trichome shows a number of biconcave gelatinous discs at intervals called separation discs. 4) The trichome breaks up into small pieces at the hormogonia, which give rise to new trichomes. separation disc called Paye - 53 Sailent features of Kingdom - Protista 1. Most ofthe organisms are unicellular ancd eukaryotic. 2. The organisms have well defined nucleus. 3. The organi_ths are Plaht like - Diatoms. Animal like - Paramoecium, Fungi like - Gonyoaulax. 4. Cell organelles like Plastids and Mitochondria are present. S. Mode of nutrition is Autotrophic and heterotraphic. 6. Most of the organisms reproduces asexually. While in few sexual reproduction is present. e.g. Diatoms Fig. Diatoms 1) Unicellular golden brown autotrophic protists of fresh and marine water. 2) The body is covered by a bivalved siliceous shell - epitheca and hypotheca. 3) Symmetry - bilateral or radial. 4) Siliceous shells of diatoms do not decay, pile up and form heaps caled diatomaceous earth. e.g. Paramoecium Cytoplasm Radiating canals Macronucleus Food vacuoles Contractile Pellicle vacuole Micronucleus Oral Groove Cilia 1) It is a free living fresh water ciliate which is popularly called slipper organism (shape- sole of a slipper). 2) The protoplasm is differentiated into outer ectoplasm and inner endoplasm. 3) The endoplasm contains one macronucleus and one micronucleus. 4) It has two star-shaped contractile vacuoles placed at two ends. 5) Oral groove occurs on one side which has special groups of cilia for pushing the food. page-54  Salient features of Kingdom - Fungi 1. These are eukaryotic heterotrophs showing cxtracellular digestion. Z. They may be unicellular or multicellular showinglong thread like 3. Largefungi - such as structures called hyphac. mushrooms have compact mass of cells. 4. They exhibit heterotrophic mode of nutrition mostlythey are saprophytic some are parasiuc or predators. 5. They reproduce asexualy as well as 6. Some fungi are symbioticeither live sexually. with algae as lichens or as mycorrhiza in association win roots of higher plants. 7. They some edible fungal organisms like mushrooms are consumed as a fOod. e.g. Agaricus Pileus Gills Annulus Stipe Fig.Agaricus 1) Agaricus is a fleshy saprophytic mushroom which trunks, and soil ich in organic matter. grows on damp wood, tree 2) Thallus consists of a much branched mass of fruiting body called basidiocarp. The hyphae which produce a basidiocarp called stipe and umbrella like head called consists of fleshy stalk 3) At the junction of stipe and pileus, pileus. annulus is present. On innerside of pileus gills are present which produce basidiospores. e.g. Fruticous Lichens : e.g. Usnea Fig. Lichens Pge- Ss 1) Usnea is fruticose lichen. 2) It shows a number of cvlindrical branched structures attached to the substratum by their basal ends. 3) The tips of thebranches bear saucer-shaped apothecia (Singular apothecium). 4) Usnea forms symbiotic association of two dissimilar organisms a fungus and an alga for mutual benefit. Sañent features of Kingdom - Plantae 1. This kingdom is dominated by autotrops. 2. Most of the members are multicellular having eukaryotic cellular organisation. 3. Cells have cellulosic cell wall. Kingdom- Plantae Cryptogams Phanerogams Non-Vascular Plants Vascular Plants Vascular Plants Thallophyta Bryophyta Pteridophyta Gymnosperms Angiosperms Dicotyledonae Monocotyledonae Classification of KingdomPlantae CRYPTOGAMS i. Thallophyta -Flagellum e.g. Chlamydomonas : Contractile vacuoles -Vacuole Eyespot (stigma) Mitochondrion Nucleus Golgi Cell wall Chloroplast (cup-shaped) Thylakoid Pyrenoid membranes -Starch grains Fig, Chlamydomonas 1) It is a free living aquatic unicellular and flagellate green alga, that occurs in ammonium rich fresh water and few species occurs in Sea. 2) The alga is pyriform (pear shaped) surrounded by a sheath of mucilage. 3) Two equal flagella of whipleee type are produced through the cell wall. Page-SG  4) Internally it contains a single nucleus, two contractile vacuoles for OSmoregulation and excretion, a cup-shaped chloroplast with a red eye spot or stigmàand a pyrenoid for storage of starch. e.g. Sargassum : Top stipe Apical meristenm Top blades Holdfast Bottom stipe Fig. Sargassum 1) It is a free floating brown alga, commonly found in Oceans, some arefound in Sargasso temperate and Sea (a region of North Atlantictropical 2) It may grow to a ocean). 3) It consists of a length several meters. of 4) Oogonia and holdfast, stipe and a frond. a special branch. antheridia occur in conceptacles embedded in 5) Some species have receptacles on berrylike promote photosynthesis. gas-filled bladders that help the frond float to e.g. Batrachospermum : Carposporangia Laterals Axis Fig. Batrachospermum 1) It is a fresh water alga found in 2) The plant body is cool, shady and well aerated places. gelatinous appearing as chain of delicate beads (known as frog spawn). 3) The primary axis is multi-axial and consists of a large cylindrical cells placed ernd to end in a single row. number of elongated page - 57  4) Lateral branches arise in whorls from the upper ends of the cells just below the septa, differentiating main axis into nodes and internodes. ii. Bryophyta Capsule e.g. Funaria : Sporophyte Seta Foot 1) Funaria (Moss) grows during rainy season on damp walls, tree moist soil. trunks and 2) Gametophyte has root like rhizoids, stem like cauloid and leaf like phyloids. 3) Antheridia are at the apex of cauloid and archegonia at the apex of lateral Rhizoids branch. 4) Sexual reproduction gives rise to Sporophyte which is partially garmetophyte. Sporophyte consists of foot, seta and capsule. parasitic on Fig. Funaria Reproduction: 1) Asexual - by spores. 2) Sexual - by gametes. ii. Pteridophyta e.g. Nephrolepis Pinnae Frond Stolon Stipe Caudex Adventitious roots Fig. Nephrolepis Page - S8  Sporophyte of Nephrolepis is diploid,dominant and differentiated into root, stem and leaves. 1) Roots are adventitious. 2) Stem called Caudex which produces stolons meant for vegetátive propagation. 3) Leaves are large, pinnately compound with stipe and frond. Leaflet or pinna shows hydathodes on adaxial surface and sporangia on abaxial surface. Reproduction: 1) Vegetative - by stolons. 2) Asexual - by spores. 3) Sexual - by gametes. PHANEROGAMS I. Gymnosperms e.g. Cyacs : Female cone Male cone Fig. Cycas Sporophyte of Cycas: is diploid, dominant and differentiated into root, and leaves. stem 1) Roots: tap root system. Negatively geotropic, dichotomously branched, coral like coralloid roots containing blue root. Function- Nitrogen fixation. green algae are produced by branches of 2) Stem is stout, thick with 2 types of leaves. 3) Leaves - (1) Scale leaves. (2) Foliage leaves. Reproduction: Vegetative by bulbils. Male Cycas plant produces stem. microsporophylls forming male cone at the apex of Female Cycas plant produces megasporophylls which bear naked ovules. paye - S9  Morphological and diagnostic features: Root: Adventitious root system. Stem: Branched rhizome. aves: Large, foliaceous and differentiated into sheath, petiole and blade with parallel venation (not typical of monocot). Flower: Bisexual, asymmnetrical having velow, orange, red or pink colour. Perianth: 6 tepals in two whorls of 3 each, outer- 3. free, sepaloid and inner- 3, free, petalloid. Fruit: Encloses Seed, persistent calyx, Seed: Embryo with one cotyledon. Multiple Choice Questions 1. Prokaryotic cellular organisms are found in a. Protista kingdom b. Monera c. Fungi d. Plantae 2. Diatoms shown various types of ornomentations on their wall due to deposition of mineral a. Silica b. Carbonate c. Bicarbonate d. Carbon 3. Cup shaped chloroplast is present in a. Chlamydomonas b. Diatoms c. Batrachospermum d. Sargassum 4. Sargassum belongs to class a. Pheophyceae b. Rhodophyceae c. Chlorophyceae d. Achlorophyceae 5. Fruticase lihen showes association between a. Algae and Fungi b. Algae and Bacteria c. Algae and Bryphyte d. Algae and Pteridophyte 6. Nephrolepis belongs to division a. Bryphyta b. Pteridophyta c. Thalophyta d. Gymnosperms page-6/  7. Reproductionis moss - Funaria iswith the help of a. Spores b. Seeds C. Bulbils d. Rhizoides 8. Branched stem is charateristic feature of plant. a. Monocot b.Dicot c. Sugar cane d. Jowar 9. Canna showh tupe of venation in leaves. a: Parallel b. Reticulate c. Reticulate unicostate d. Reticulate multicostate 10. Trimnerous flowers are absent in a. Monocot b. Dicot C. Canna d. Onion Activity :Discribe Kingdom Plantae in detail with examples. 1) The kingdom incudes photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms. 2) Theorganisms are multicellular except for some lower ones. 3) They are photosynthetic. Only a few forms have adopted heterotrophic nutrition (Cuscuta). 4) Cells contain plastids. The photosynthetic plastids are called chloroplast. 5 The cells are covered by cell wall. Cell wall contains cellulose. 6) A central vacuole is usually present in cell. 7) Locomotion is absent except in some lower forms. 8) Body forms are irregular. 9) Food reserve in starch and fat. 10) Reproduction occurs trough both asexual and sexual methods. Examples: Algae: Chlamydomonas, Spirogyra, Laminariaetc Bryophyta : Riccia, Marchantia, Funaria etc. Pteridophyta: Lycopodum, Nephrolepis, Selaginella etc. Gymnosperims: Gnetum, Cycas, Zamia etc. Angiosperms: Eucalyptus, Dalbergia, Maize etc. Remark and Signature of Teacher page -62 B. Test of sugar Principle: Benedict's reagent contaiñs alkaline CuSo4. Sugar when present acts as reducing agent and changes Cu,0. Hence the colour change. Procedure : Take a drop of sugarcane jüice in a test tube, add Iml of distilled water and a drop of ben edicts reagent/ solution. Heat the test tube for 2 minutes. Observation : Orange or brick red precipitates are observed in the test tube. Result : Sugarcane juice contains sugar which reduces copper sulphate (CuSo4) to cuprous oxide (Cuz0). C. Test for fat: Procedure : Cutthin section of the ground nut seed and keep it in Sudan - II for 10 minutes. Now wash the section with 50%alcohol and then with water. Mount the section in glycerine and observ under microscope. Observation : Sudan-III stains fat cells red. Result : Fats are present in groundnut seed. D. Tests for protein: Principle: The test is used to detect peptide bonds of proteins. In presence of peptides copper ions form complexes in alkaline solution. Hence the colour change. Procedure: Make a suspension of tur dal powder in water. i. Biuret test - take 2ml of sample solution in test tube, add 1mlof 20% NaOH followed by few drops of 1% CuSO4 soln. Observation : Bluecolour of the solution changes to pink, red or violet. Pege- | Result : Confirms presencc of proteins. In presence of peptides copper ions form complexes in alkaline solution. Questions Group A Group B 1.Rice a. The starch grains are simple and eccentric i.e hilum at one side. 2. Jowar b. The starch grains are small, polygonal, simple or compound and concentric. (hilum at the center ) 3. Wheat c. the starch grains are simple or compound 4. Maize |d. Thestarch grains are simple. Spherical or slightly angular. 5. Potato e. The starch grains are simple or compound, polygonal concentric with elongated hila ( hilum)and concentric. 0.2 Give reasons a. Starch grains turn blue after staining in iodine solution. Ans.: Starch grains after staining with iodine solution form intense blue black coloured starch iodine complex (inter molecular charge transfer)... b. In sugar test greenish or brownish precipitate appears. Ans.: Sugar is a reducing agent which reduces copper sulphate to cuprous oxide. c. Inprotein test of acetic acid white precipitate appears. Ans.: Acetic acid precipitates proteins as proteins coagulate in presence of acids. Q.3 Are different biochemical tests useful in checking of food adulteration? write one example. Ans.: Yes, different biochemical tests are useful in checking adulteration. For example- Milk adulterated with starch cane be tested using iodine test. 2 ml milk + few drops of iodine > Blue black colour starch is present. Pge- 12  Q.4Obscrve the following structures and write the details of types of starh gtains. Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which reagent gives blue colour with starch? a. Safranin b. Iodin c. Methylene blue d. Eosine 2 reagent is used for testing presence of glucose. a. Wrinklers b. Bendict's c. Millers d. Iodine 3. Which food sample you will select to test the presence of starch? a. Mango b. Coconut c. Potato d. Sugarcane juice 4. Fat storing cells of vertebrates are called a. Adip0se b. Melanocyte c. WBCs d. RBCs 5. Which of the following is rich source of protein in diet. a. leaf b. Stem c. Germinating seeds d. Seed coat Activity : Collect the information about different biochemical tests for testing of food adulteration and perform any two in laboratory under the guidance of teacher. Remark and Signature of Teacher Pase- 73