Study of Monera Kingdom Specimens

Study Notes

Unicellular organisms with prokaryotic cellular organization and lack a well-defined nucleus.
Found in diverse environments.
Nutrition can be heterotrophic or autotrophic, with autotrophs further classified as photoautotrophs and chemotrophs.
DNA is located in a nucleoid as a simple double-stranded circular chromosome.
Absence of membrane-bound organelles like endoplasmic reticulum.
Reproduction is predominantly asexual via binary fission or budding; sexual reproduction is rare and occurs through conjugation.
Two main classifications based on evolution: Archaebacteria and Eubacteria. Example includes cyanobacteria like Nostoc and Oscillatoria.

Unbranched filamentous blue-green alga.
Trichome consists of cylindrical cells covered by a mucilaginous sheath, except for the dome-shaped apical cell.
Separation discs are biconcave gelatinous structures found at intervals in the trichome.
Hormogonia formation leads to the breaking of trichomes into small pieces, which can develop into new trichomes.

Organisms are mostly unicellular and eukaryotic, possessing a well-defined nucleus.
Diverse lifestyles: plant-like (diatoms), animal-like (Paramecium), and fungi-like (Gonyaulax).
Presence of organelles such as plastids and mitochondria.
Nutrition can be autotrophic or heterotrophic.
Predominantly asexual reproduction, with some exhibiting sexual reproduction; diatoms serve as an example.

Unicellular, golden-brown autotrophic protists found in fresh and marine waters.
Body is covered by a bivalved siliceous shell composed of epitheca and hypotheca.
Exhibit bilateral or radial symmetry.
Siliceous shells do not decay, accumulating to form diatomaceous earth.

Free-living freshwater ciliate, named for its slipper-like shape.
Distinct protoplasmic organization with outer ectoplasm and inner endoplasm.
Contains a macronucleus and a micronucleus.
Two star-shaped contractile vacuoles are present at opposite ends of the organism.
Oral groove, lined with cilia, aids in feeding.

Eukaryotic heterotrophs characterized by extracellular digestion.
Can be unicellular or multicellular with long thread-like structures known as hyphae; large fungi can form a compact mass of cells.
Predominantly saprophytic, but some are parasitic or predatory.
Reproduce both asexually and sexually.
Symbiotic relationships with algae form lichens, and associations with plant roots form mycorrhizae.
Edible fungi, such as mushrooms (e.g., Agaricus), are part of human diet.