Botany 3rd Quarter PDF

PLANT ORGAN SYSTEM ROOT SYSTEM - > System describes the organs below the soil SHOOT SYSTEM - > System describes the organ above the ground ROOT SYSTEMS - > Anchor the plant to the soil, providing mechanical stability and support > Absorb water and dissolved minerals from the soil and transport the...

PLANT ORGAN SYSTEM ROOT SYSTEM - > System describes the organs below the soil SHOOT SYSTEM - > System describes the organ above the ground ROOT SYSTEMS - > Anchor the plant to the soil, providing mechanical stability and support > Absorb water and dissolved minerals from the soil and transport them. > Store the carbohydrates produced in photosynthesis ROOT ANATOMY - > LONGITUDINAL SECTION: EXTERNAL — ROOT CAP > Protects the growing tip in plants > Zone of Cell Division: Actively dividing cells of the root meristem > Zone of Elongation: Lengthening the root > Zone of Cell Maturation: Begin to differentiate into special cell type — ROOT HAIR > Contributing to the absorption of water and minerals > CORTEX SECTION: INTERNAL — CORTEX > Transport and store nutrients and provide support — ENDODERMIS > Checkpoint for materials entering the roots vascular system — PERICYCLE > Give rise to lateral roots (roots that grow in the side) — EXODERMIS > Controls the flow of water, ions, and nutrients — PITH > Soft region comprised of parenchyma cells, transport nutrients throughout the plant and then store the nutrients TYPE OF ROOTS- — PRIMARY ROOTS > Large single root growing downward from the base of the plant > Type of propagation nakabase ang pagtubo — SECONDARY ROOTS > Side branches of the primary roots (lateral roots) > Tumutubo sa primary —TERTIARY ROOTS > Smallest root > Tumutubo sa secondary TYPE OF ROOT SYSTEMS - — TAP ROOTS > The presence of a large single root growing downward from the base of plant > Grow well in a deep and mineral enriched soil >> EXAMPLE Carrot, Radish, Parsley, & Singkamas — FIBROUS ROOTS > Look like fibers, with all the roots being of similar length and diameter also known as adventitious roots > Characteristics of monocots and grasses >> EXAMPLE Corn, Rice, Sugarcane, & Carrot >> NOTE: Carrot itself is taproot pero yung root n’ya fibrous STEM > Part if the plant that lies above the ground > Found underground and are considered to be stem modification FUNCTION OF STEM - > Support and holds leaves, flowers, and roots > Conduct water and minerals across the plant > Modified to carry out vegetative propagation which is a form of asexual reproduction PARTS OF PLANTS STEM - — NODE > Area of the stem where leaves begin to form — INTERNODE > Space between nodes — APICAL BUD > Also called terminal bud > Grow new buds at the tip of each shoots > Where new plant grow — AXILLARY BUD > Formed at the junction between a leaf and the stem > Produce new shoots to promote the growth of the plant — PETIOLE > Structure of a plant that connects the stem of the plant to the blade of the leaf > Provide mechanical support to the self-hold and adjust leaf position towards sunlight, improving light harvesting of the plant DIFFERENT TYPE OF STEM - > UNDERGROUND STEM > Modified plant parts that derive from stem tissue but exist under soil surface > Function as storage tissue for food and nutrients – Ginger (Rhizome) – Potatoes (Tuber) – Onion (Bulb) – Colocasia (Corm) > AERIAL STEM > Stem that grows horizontally above the ground > Perform specific function such as storage of food, structural support, climbing and vegetative propagation – Tendril - parang curl na stem – Thorns - tusok-tusok na nagpro-protect sa plant – Grapevine - parang sa grapes > SUB - AERIAL STEM > Stems that do not rise up but grow just above the ground > Often develop roots and leaves from their nodes – Grass (Runner) – Ginger (Stolon) – Pineapple (Sucker) – Aquatic plants (Offset) STEM TISSUE SYSTEMS - > DERMAL TISSUE - > Plant epidermis, the outer layer of tissue that surrounds the primary body of vascular plants > Regulate the loss of water, carbon dioxide, and oxygen > Forming a waterproof outer layer called the cuticle > Minimize the transpiration from the plants >VASCULAR TISSUE - > Help to conduct water and other substances from one part of the plant body to another > GROUND TISSUE - > Helps each plant: 1.​ Grow 2.​ Heal after injury 3.​ Produce and store food (photosynthesis) > Consists of three simple tissue: 1.​ Parenchyma (metabolism takes place) 2.​ Collenchyma (young/flexible, support) 3.​ Sclerenchyma (old/strength) LEAVES > Organ responsible for turning sunlight into food > For gaseous exchange and performs the function of respiration > Main site of water loss through the process of transpiration LEAF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION - > EPIDERMIS - > Consist of the upper (adaxial) and the lower (abaxial) epidermis, which are present on either side of the leaf, with cuticle. > Contains stomata which are openings through which the exchange of gases takes place. > Guard cells surround each stomata, regulating its opening and closing. > MESOPHYLL OR “MIDDLE LEAF” - > Palisade parenchyma - aids in photosynthesis and has column-shaped, tightly-packed cells, containing most chloroplast. > Spongy parenchyma - allows gaseous exchange between the leaf and the outside atmosphere through the stomata LEAF MORPHOLOGY - > BLADE - > Consist of the apex, margin, veins, midrib, and base. > It is the large, flat part of the leaf where photosynthesis occurs. – Apex - Tip of the leaf – Margin - Edge of the leaf – Veins - Carry food/water throughout the leaf; act as a structure support. – Midrib - Thick, large single vein, along the midline of the leaf – Base- Bottom of the leaf LEAF TYPE - > SIMPLE - > Single, undivided lamina > COMPOUND - > Two or more leaflets (divided lamina) > PALMATELY COMPOUND - > Leaflets attached at petiole and fan outward > PINNATELY COMPOUND - > Leaflets are attached at midrib VENATION PATTERN - PHYLLOTAXY - > Arrangement of leaves on a stem PLANT DIVERSITY - > refers to the number of species > Refers to the variety of plant species that are found in a particular area > Maintaining a healthy ecosystem that can support a wide variety of animals PLANT CLASSIFICATION BASED ON LIFE CYCLE - > ANNUALS - > These plants complete their entire life cycle within one year or season. > BIENNIALS - > These plants complete their entire life cycle in two years. E.g. Carrot, Cabbage, Onions. > PERENNIALS - > These plants live for many seasons or years. E.g. Mango, Coconut, Banna GROUP OF PLANTS - Latin Common No. of species Bryophyta Mosses approx. 25,000 Pteridophyta Ferns approx. 13,000 Gymnosperms Non-flowering approx. 1,000 seed plants Angiosperms Flowering Plants approx.300,000 ANGIOSPERM - > Vascular plants with stems, roots, and leaves. > Plants that produce flowers and bear their seeds in fruits GYMNOSPERM - > Any vascular plants that reproduce by means of an exposed seed, or ovule. > Plants have naked seeds, seeds are not covered within a fruit. PTERIDOPHYTES - > Plants without seeds or flowers BRYOPHYTES - > Small plants that grow in moist, shady areas. BRYOPHYTA - > Grow in the most terrestrial region > Nonvascular seedless plant > Do not have the structural ability to grow upwards (short in length) STRUCTURE - > THALLUS - > Plant body, composed of filaments or plates > RHIZOID - > Hair-like structures on the underside of the thallus that help the plant anchor to the soil. ALTERNATION OF GENERATIONS - > Sexual phase and an asexual phase in the life cycle of an organism (general life cycle of plants) > Produces gametes, or sex cells (gametophyte) > Produces spore asexually (sporophyte) > Prothallium - structure that contains gametes > Male Gametes (antheridium) -​ sperm > Female Gametes (Archegonium) -​ egg Both undergoes fertilization= produces an embryo Sporangium - enclosed capsule contains spores Embryo -​ Product of fertilization -​ Undergo growth and development to become a young bryophyte THREE CLASSES - > HEPATICOPSIDA (LIVERWORTS) - > 9,000 species > Branching and ribbonlike body, grow commonly on moist soil or damp rocks. > Provide food for animals, facilitate the decay of logs. > ANTHOCEROTOPSIDA (HORNWORTS) - > About 300 species > Grow on damp soils or on rocks > BRYOPSIDA (MOSSES) - > About 12,000 species > Carpet woodland and forest floors > Aid in soil erosion control by providing surface cover and absorbing water. PTERIDOPHYTES > Vascular plant (with xylem and phloem) that reproduces by means of spores > Do not produce flowers and seeds, hence they are also called Cryptogams > Thrive in moist and shady places > Leaves are large and are called fronds and divided laterally into leaflets > Sporangia occur on the leaves in clusters called sori (singular sorus) MICROPHYLL - > Plant leaf with single, unbranched leaf vein > No leaf gap MEGAPHYLLS - > Have multiple veins within the leaf > Have leaf gap FRONDS - > Leaves of ferns > Usually composed of a leafy blade and petiole (leaf stalk) STIPES - > Stalk or main branches PINNA - > Smaller branches that radiate off of the stripes. PINNULES - > Leafy part of the fern plants that grow on the pinnae SORI - > Form on the underside of the pinnules > Where the spores are made INDUSIUM - > Round, shaped like a tiny umbrella and attached to the leaf from the middle. > Protects the sporangial cluster from drying, exposure, drying, and other dangers. THE LIFE CYCLE OF PTERIDOPHYTES ALTERNATION OF GENERATIONS - > Dominant sporophyte uses meiosis to create spores, mitosis produces gametes in the gametophyte generation. > Diploid generation is the sporophyte that produces the spores. The haploid generation is the gametophyte that produces the gametes. SPOROPHYTE GENERATION - > Plant produces spores which are carried away by the wind to far off places > Microspores produce male antheridia and megaspores produce female archegonia GAMETOPHYTE GENERATION - > Bear male and female sex organs > Sperm in antheridia fusses with the egg in archegonia resulting in the formation of a zygote PROTHALLIUM OR PROTHALLUS - > Flat, green, cordate (heart shaped) > Gametophyte stage in the life cycle > Develops from a germinating spores > Contains male antheridia and female archegonia FOUR CLASSES - > PSILOPSIDA - > Commonly known as whisk ferns > Do not have roots, they have rhizomes that act as underground stems and hold the sporophyte > Rhizomes feature rhizoids, hair-like structures that absorb water and nutrients > Usually leafless, and leaves, if present, are in the appearance of scaly appendages. > LYCOPSIDA- > Leaves are small, that is they are microphyllous > Plant body is differentiated into well-defined roots, stem, and leaves > Commonly known as club moss > SPHENOPSIDA- > Leaves are scale-like and arrange in whorls and nodes > Equisetum (horsetail) is an example > PTEROPSIDA- > Leaves are arranged spirally > Large leaves and thus are known as macrophylla > Rhizome is thick and short > E.g dryopteris, pteris, and adiantum ANGIOSPERMS > Plants that produce flowers and bear their seeds in fruits. > Vascular seed plant in which the ovule (egg) is fertilized and develops into a seed in an enclosed hollow ovary. FLOWERS - > Reproductive structure of angiosperms > Involved in the development of seeds and fruit > Can be complete, incomplete, perfect, or imperfect > Perfect flower is one that has both male and female parts > perfect flowers contains sepals, petals, pistils, and stamens > Imperfect flower is one that only has male and female parts > Imperfect flower is missing one of the parts of a perfect flower FLOWER PARTS - > PISTIL - (FEMALE) > The ovule producing part of a flower > Female reproductive structure which consist of the stigma, style, and ovaries > Pistil consists of several carpel or it can consist of a single carpel > CARPEL - > Carpel consists or is made up of parts like ovary, stigma, and style > General term > STIGMA - > Very top part of the pistil > STYLE - > Tube that connects the stigma to the ovary > OVARY - > Rounded portion at the base of the flower, and it contains the eggs (ovules)  > STAMEN - (MALE) > Male parts of the flower > Composed of the anther and the filament > ANTHER - > Double canoe-like structure where pollen grains are produced > FILAMENT - > Stalk that supports the anther > PETALS - > Modified leaves that form an inner whorl surrounding the reproductive parts of flowers > Often brightly colored or unusually shaped to attract pollinators > SEPAL (ALSO CALLED CALYX) - > Outer parts of the flower (often green and leaf-like) that enclose a developing bud > Functions by protecting the rising buds > RECEPTACLE - > Sits at the top of a stalk underneath the main portion of the flower > Connect the stalk to the flower and to support the flower ADDITIONAL - Two types of seeds: 1.​ Naked seed 2.​ Enclosed seed inside fruit Goodluck, Helios! 🍀