Plant Systems PDF

Plant Systems  Plant Tissues Meristematic Tissues Non Meristematic Tissues Cells are found in the Also known as Permanent meristems, which part of tissues. Tissue consisting of the plant regions of cells that are no longer continuous cell division and...

Plant Systems  Plant Tissues Meristematic Tissues Non Meristematic Tissues Cells are found in the Also known as Permanent meristems, which part of tissues. Tissue consisting of the plant regions of cells that are no longer continuous cell division and actively dividing. They growth. There are 3 types of differentiate into three Meristematic Tissue main types: Dermal, depending on their Ground and Vascular location: Apical Meristem, Lateral Meristem and Intercalary Meristem Collenchyma is living supportive tissue that has elongated cells and an unevenly thickened primary cell wall. Its main function is the mechanical support of young stems and leaves via turgor. Sclerenchyma is a dead supportive tissue that consists of long sclerenchyma fibers or short, crystal- like cells. Its main function is a support of older plant organs, and also hardening different parts of plants Parenchyma are spherical, elongated cells with a thin primary cell wall. It is a main component of young plant organs. The basic functions of parenchyma are photosynthesis and storage.  Organ System of Plants Shoot System Root System Shoot System of a plant is Root System absorbs composed of the stem, the water and minerals from the branches, and the leaves. soil for the entire plant. Part The stem supports leaves, of the plant that is usually flowers and buds in a way underground that exposes each one to as much sunlight as possible.  Circulation Plants use specialized tissue, called VASCULAR TISSUES to transport water, nutrients, and the products of photosynthesis all over to the different parts of the plants. The xylem and phloem are the main transport systems of plants. Xylem is responsible for the transport of water and dissolved ions from the roots upwards through the plant. Phloem transports sugars, amino acids, and some ions.  Nutrition Plants get their nutrition from their environment from the roots, stem, and leaves. The ROOTS absorb inorganic nutrients and water from the soil, The STEM transport materials between the roots to the parts of the plants. Leaves have chlorophyll that can capture and process light energy in the process called photosynthesis.  Respiration To allow water vapor and other gases to pass into in or out of the leaf when necessary, the lower epidermis contains guard cells. Its function is to open and shut the small opening called STOMATA in between it.  Response to Stimuli and Movement/Mobility Obviously, plants do not have a nervous system like the bran to interpret signal coming from their environment, but plants can respond to stimulus/stimuli. Plants don't have muscles, they do have motor cells in the region where the leaf connects to the stem. These Motor Cells enable tropism. Tropism is the growing or moving their stems, leaves, and roots toward or away from the stimulus.  THIGMOTROPISM PHOTOTROPISM (response to mechanical (response to light) stimulation) TROPISM GEOTROPISM HYDROTROPISM (response to gravity) (response to water) TROPISM TROPISM  REPRODUCTION Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction May either involve single (self- Requires a single or pollination) or two parents (cross- lone parent pollination) Does not involve the Requires the fusion of a sperm fusion of gametes cell and egg cell during Offspring are fertilization genetically identical to Enhances genetic variation because the parents and the parent organism offspring are not genetically identical Floral Anatomy  Pollination The transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of a flower is called pollination. During fertilization, the male and female germ cells of the pollen unite to form a zygote. A zygote then transforms into an embryo, which eventually becomes a seed. The seed then germinates into a new plant. There are two types of pollination – self-pollination, and cross-pollination.  Pollination Self - Pollination Cross - Pollination  If the pollen grain from the anther  If the pollen grain of an anther lands on the stigma of the same falls on the stigma of a flower flower or another flower of the of another plant but of the same plant, it is called self- same species, this is called pollination cross-pollination. Pollinators Birds, insects, animals, water, and wind are all called “agents of pollination”, as they help the plants reproduce. Vegetative Propagation is a method of asexual There are several types reproduction in plants of vegetative that involves the propagation: growth of new plants from vegetative parts Cutting such as stems, roots, Layering and leaves, rather than Grafting from seeds.  Cutting  This is one of the most common methods of vegetative propagation. A cutting is a piece of stem, root, or leaf taken from a parent plant and placed in suitable growing conditions. Roots and shoots develop from the cutting, eventually forming a new plant. Types of cuttings include: Stem cuttings Root cuttings Leaf cuttings  Layering  Layering involves encouraging the growth of new roots on a stem that is still attached to the parent plant. This can be achieved by bending a low-growing stem to the ground and covering it with soil or by notching or girdling a stem to encourage root formation. Types of layering include: Simple layering Compound layering Air layering (Marcotting)  Grafting  involves joining together the tissues of two different plants so that they grow as a single plant. The upper part of the graft, known as the scion, is selected for its desired traits, while the lower part, known as the rootstock, provides support and root system. Types of grafting include Whip grafting Cleft grafting Bark grafting Budding Angiosperm Gymnosperm Fern End. Thank you for listening!!