Science 9 Final Exam Review Book 4 PDF

Science 9 Final Exam Review Book 4 Cells are derived from cells Name: Block: 1  Study Checklist This review booklet is by no means a "practice final". It is a collection of practice questio...

Science 9 Final Exam Review Book 4 Cells are derived from cells Name: Block: 1  Study Checklist This review booklet is by no means a "practice final". It is a collection of practice questions on each unit, meant to guide your final exam studying and prepare you for the types of questions you are likely to see. DO NOT treat this booklet as a practice test. If you're stuck on a question, look it up and ask for help! DO NOT go straight to the answer key when you come across a question you cannot remember how to do. Difficult questions SHOULD guide your study! Always look up a concept in your class notes if you are stuck, then attempt the question again. BEFORE beginning this booklet you should: o read through your class notes booklet on each topic o make your own "quick summary page" of important formulas & key concepts for the unit o review quizzes & tests from the unit to recall strengths & weaknesses (a great study method would be to re-do old quizzes & tests on a separate piece of paper) WHILE working through this booklet you should: o look up concepts & example problems in your class notes when you come across a problem you are stuck on o make a list of "questions to ask my teacher" so you can come to class and use your time efficiently. Questions I'm having difficulty with: 2 Unit 4: Biology use this page to make your own KEY summary notes 3  Biology Study Guide Key Ideas: How do you use a microscope? Why is the reproduction of cells important? What are different ways that living things reproduce asexually? How do living things reproduce sexually? What are the advantages and disadvantages of sexual and asexual reproduction? How does reproduction contribute to the variety of life on Earth? Key Terms: ocular magnification spindle fibers objective magnification centriole total magnification budding microscope parts (nosepiece, clone ocular lens, objective lens, vegetative stage, stage clips, propagation(vegetative diaphragm, light source, arm, reproduction) base, coarse adjustment daughter cells knob, fine adjustment knob) gamete eukaryotic somatic cell prokaryotic haploid DNA diploid nucleus fertilization nucleotide zygote chromosome meiosis chromatin embryo sister chromatid fetus homologous chromosomes genetic diversity/ genetic gene variation asexual reproduction crossing over sexual reproduction oogenesis binary fission egg spore spermatogenesis cell cycle sperm mitosis interphase prophase metaphase anaphase telophase cytokinesis centromere 4 Concepts to Know: Arrangement of DNA and Chromosomes □ Know the parts of a DNA □ Know that DNA makes chromatin; that chromatin makes chromosomes; that genes are found on chromosomes □ Understand that the genetic code is found in DNA, and how it is made into proteins □ Make the connection between DNA, chromatin, chromosomes, genes, and proteins □ Distinguish between sister chromatids and homologous chromosomes Cell Cycle □ Know the stages of a cell cycle □ Know the difference between interphase and cell division Cell Division: Mitosis and Cytokinesis □ Know the names of and processes involved in each phase of mitosis □ Understand the purpose of mitosis in asexual, unicellular, and multicellular organisms □ Know what type of cells are involved in mitosis □ Know what type of cell results from mitosis Methods of Asexual Reproduction □ Distinguish between the 5 types of asexual reproduction (binary fission, budding, spore formation, fragmentation, and vegetative reproduction) □ Know examples of organisms that reproduce asexually through binary fission, budding, spore formation, fragmentation, and vegetative reproduction. □ Know the advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction Cell Division: Meiosis □ Compare the difference between regular body cells and gametes □ Understand why haploid cells (as opposed to diploid cell) are required for fertilization □ Understand the consequences of using diploid cells during fertilization □ Know the names of and processes involved in each phase of meiosis □ Understand the purpose of meiosis in sexual multicellular organisms Cell Division: Mitosis versus Meiosis □ Compare the phases of mitosis and meiosis □ Understand the difference between the purpose of mitosis and meiosis □ Understand the differences between the result of asexual and sexual reproduction Sexual Reproduction □ Know the advantages and disadvantages of sexual reproduction □ Know the basic stages in human embryonic/fetal development Genetic diversity □ Compare the genetic diversity of asexual and sexual reproduction 5  Cell Organelles Complete the following table by writing the name of the cell part or organelle in the right hand column that matches the structure/function in the left hand column. A cell part may be used more than once. Structure/Function Cell Part 1. Stores material within the cell 2. Closely stacked, flattened sacs (plants only) 3. The sites of protein synthesis 4. Transports materials within the cell 5. The region inside the cell except for the nucleus 6. Organelle that manages or controls all the cell functions in a eukaryotic cell 7. Contains chlorophyll, a green pigment that traps energy from sunlight and gives plants their green color 8. Digests excess or worn-out cell parts, food particles and invading viruses or bacteria 9. Small bumps located on portions of the endoplasmic reticulum 10. Provides temporary storage of food, enzymes and waste products 11. Firm, protective structure that gives the cell its shape in plants, fungi, most bacteria and some protests 12. Produces a usable form of energy for the cell 13. Packages proteins for transport out of the cell 14. Everything inside the cell including the nucleus 15. Site where ribosomes are made 16. The membrane surrounding the cell 17. Provides support for the cell, has two “subparts” 18. Name for the collection of DNA in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells 19. Consist of hollow tubes which provide support for the cell 6  ! Put a check in the appropriate column(s) to indicate whether the following organelles are found in plant cells, animal cells or both. Plant Animal Plant Animal Organelle Organelle Cells Cells Cells Cells Cell Wall Mitochondria Vesicle Nucleolus Chloroplast Nucleus Chromatin Plasma membrane Cytoplasm Central vacuole Cytoskeleton Ribosome Endoplasmic reticulum Vacuole Golgi apparatus Lysosome Label and show the locations of the following organelles on the diagram of a plant cell below: Cell wall, Plasma (cell) membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondria, chloroplast, nucleus, vacuole, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, nuclear membrane, nucleolus, golgi apparatus 7 Label and show the locations of the following organelles on the diagram of a animal cell below: Plasma (cell) membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondria, lysosome, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, nuclear membrane, nucleolus, golgi apparatus 1. What organelle does an animal cell have that a plant cell doesn’t?_______________________ 2. What is the function of these organelles?___________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 3. What is the function of a vacuole in a plant cell?______________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ 4. What are the three organelles that plant cells have that animal cells don’t? And give function of each. 1. 2. 3. 8 DNA Review 1. What do the letters DNA stand for? 2. The “backbone” of the DNA molecule is made up of two alternating components, what are these? 3. There are four different nitrogenous bases which made up the "rungs" of the DNA ladder. What are the names of those bases? 4. Write the complementary sequence to following DNA strand: 5. Use the image at the right to complete the follow: Circle a nucleotide. Label the sugar and phosphate. Label the bases that are not already labeled 6. Explain what the term complementary base pairing means in terms of DNA structure: 9  7. Which stage is the longest in the cell cycle? A. interphase The cell cycle and B. mitosis mitosis C. cytokinesis Match each Term on the left with the best D. DNA replication Descriptor on the right. Each Descriptor may be used only once. 8. The phase of mitosis where the chromosomes line up across the middle of Term Descriptor the cell is 1. cell cycle A. first and longest stage A. anaphase of the cell cycle 2. cytokinesis B. metaphase B. process during which 3. interphase the cell copies DNA C. prophase 4. mitosis information in the D. telophase nucleus 5. replication C. result of uncontrolled 9. The phase of mitosis in which the cell division duplicated chromosomes form into an D. process in which the X shape is duplicated contents of the cell’s nucleus A. anaphase divide into two equal B. metaphase parts E. three stages of the life C. prophase of a cell D. telophase F. final stage of the cell cycle, which separates 10. The phase of mitosis in which duplicated the two nuclei and the chromosomes move apart to opposite ends cell contents into two of the cell is identical cells A. anaphase B. metaphase Circle the letter of the best answer. C. prophase 6. Tiny tube-like structures made of protein D. telophase are called 11. The phase of mitosis in which a nucleolus A. spindle fibres forms around the chromosomes is B. chromosomes A. anaphase C. nucleolus B. metaphase D. DNA replication C. prophase D. telophase 10 MITOSIS WORKSHEET Matching: Match the term to the description A. I =Prophase interphase B. Interphase P = prophase C. Telophase D. Metaphase M = metaphase E. Anaphase A = anaphase T = telophase _____ 1. The sister chromatids are moving apart. _____ 8. Animal cells begin to pinch in. _____ 2. The nuclear membrane fades from view. _____9. The spindle is formed. _____3. A new nuclear membrane is forms. _____10. Chromatids line up along the equator. around the chromosomes _____ 4. The cytoplasm of the cell is being divided. _____ 11. Chromosomes are not visible. _____ 5. The chromatin is found in the nucleus. _____ 12. Cytokinesis begins. _____ 6. The chromosomes are located at. _____ 13. The cell plate in plants begins to form. the equator of the cell _____ 7. The spindles disappear. _____ 14. The reverse of prophase..A. Prophase Prophase Fill in the blanks using the word bank below: G. Sister Chromatid D. Metaphase Interphase Prophase Anaphase Telophase Metaphase B. Interphase E. Anaphase H. Cytokinesis K. Cell Plate Cytokinesis (2x) Sister Chromatid C. Telophase F. Centromere I.Centromere Mitosis Cell Plate ________________18. In what phase does the cell begin to split the cytoplasm and daughter cells first become visible in mitosis? ________________19. During what phase of mitosis do centromeres divide and the chromosomes move toward their respective poles? ________________20. What is the phase where chromatin condenses to form chromosomes? ________________21. What is the name of the structure that connects the two sister chromatids? ________________22. In a chromosome pair connected by a centromere, what is each individual chromosome half called? ________________23. What is the step of cell division where 2 identical daughter cells are formed? ________________24. Which phase of the cell cycle occurs when the cell is preparing to divide so it grows in size making organelles and copying DNA? ________________25. What forms across the center of a plant cell near the end of telophase? ________________26. What is the division of the cytoplasm called? ________________27. During this phase chromosomes line up in the middle. 11  Mitosis Worksheet The diagram below shows six cells in various phases of the cell cycle. Note the cells are not arranged in the order in which mitosis occurs and one of the phases of mitosis occurs twice. Use the diagram to answer questions 1-7. 1) Cells A and D show an early and a late stage of the same phase of mitosis. What phase is it? 2) Which cell is in metaphase? 3) Which cell is in the first phase of mitosis? 4) In cell A, what structure is labeled X? 5) Place the diagrams in order from first to last. 6) Are the cells depicted plant or animal cells? Explain your answer. 7) What is the longest phase of the entire cell cycle? 8) Why is mitosis important? 12  9. Bacteria reproduce asexually by A. budding Asexual reproduction B. fragmentation Match each Term on the left with the best Descriptor on the right. Each Descriptor may be C. binary fission used only once. D. cloning Term Descriptor 10. Stem cells have the potential to 1. asexual A. reproductive cells A. divide rapidly reproduction that develop into new individuals by repeated B. increase the amount of DNA 2. binary fission mitosis C. become many different types of cells 3. budding B. a group of rapidly divid- ing cells develops on an D. invade other types of cells 4. clone organism and breaks 11. During the process of cloning, scientists 5. fragmentation away to become a new 6. spores organism A. add more DNA to the parent cell C. a form of asexual repro- 7. vegetative B. remove the nucleus from an egg cell duction in which each reproduction fragment of an organism C. remove cytoplasm from an egg cell develops into a clone of D. allow the egg cells to bud its parent D. single parent cell splits 12. One of the key advantages of asexual into two equal parts that reproduction is have the same copies of genetic material A. offspring compete for food and space E. an identical genetic copy B. large numbers of offspring reproduce of an organism’s parent quickly F. only found in human C. extreme temperatures can wipe out entire embryos colonies G. reproduction that requires only one parent D. offspring are genetic clones H. root cells divide repeat- edly to form structures 13. One of the disadvantages of asexual that develop into a plant reproduction is that is identical to the A. species cannot survive when predators parent increase Circle the letter of the best answer. B. large colonies can out-compete other organisms for nutrients and water 8. Asexual reproduction requires C. large numbers of offspring reproduce A. only one parent to produce offspring very slowly B. two parents to produce offspring D. extreme temperatures can wipe out entire colonies C. a combination of parents to produce offspring D. two clones to produce offspring 13  11. The process of meiosis produces gametes with _____ as body cells. Meiosis A. the same number of chromosomes Match each Term on the left with the best B. one quarter the number of chromosomes Descriptor on the right. Each Descriptor may only be used once. C. half the number of chromosomes D. double the number of chromosomes Term Descriptor 12. Sexual reproduction 1. diploid number A. matching chromosomes I. always produces identical offspring 2. embryo B. process in which 3. fertilization gametes from two II. requires two parents 4. gametes parents combine III. increases genetic diversity C. two sets of 5. genetic diversity chromosomes A. I and II only 6. haploid number D. produces offspring that B. I and III only are genetically different 7. homologous from each other C. II and III only chromosomes E. develops from a zygote D. I, II, and III 8. sexual F. new diploid cell formed reproduction by the process of 13. Meiosis I fertilization A. starts with a diploid cell and ends with 9. zygote G. the process of mitosis two haploid cells H. variety in a species I. one set of B. starts with a haploid cell and ends with chromosomes two diploid cells J. specialized cells; sperm C. starts with two diploid cells and ends from males and eggs with a haploid cell from females D. starts with a two haploid cells and ends Circle the letter of the best answer. with a diploid cell 10. Human body cells have 14. Meiosis II A. 17 chromosomes A. starts with two haploid cells and ends with four haploid cells B. 23 chromosomes B. starts with two diploid cells and ends C. 46 chromosomes with four haploid cells D. 92 chromosomes C. starts with four diploid cells and ends with two haploid cells D. starts with four haploid cells and ends with two haploid cells 14  7. In a fetus, the brain and spinal cord are starting to form at Sexual reproduction A. two weeks Match each Term on the left with the best B. four weeks Descriptor on the right. Each Descriptor may be C. eight weeks used only once. D. twelve weeks Term Descriptor 8. Fetal movements are felt at 1. differentiation A. development during first eight weeks A. four weeks 2. embryonic development B. development after first B. eight weeks eight weeks 3. external C. twelve weeks C. the process by which fertilization gametes arrive in the D. sixteen weeks 4. internal same place at the fertilization same time Use the following chart to answer D. sperm cell and egg cell questions 9 and 10. 5. mating meet within the female E. development of organs I. the first and second month after fertilization and body structures from blastula II. the third and fourth month after fertilization F. sperm cell and egg III. the fifth and sixth month after fertilization cell meet outside the bodies of the parents IV. the seventh and eighth month after fertilization 9. Embryonic development occurs during Circle the letter of the best answer. A. I only 6. Which of the following is true of how many flowering plants reproduce? B. I and II only C. I, II, and III only I. internal fertilization D. I, II, III, and IV II. external fertilization 10. Fetal development occurs during III. sperm and egg cell meet inside the female A. I only IV. sperm and egg cell meet outside the female B. II and III only A. I and III C. II, III, and IV only B. I and IV D. I, II, III, and IV C. II and III D. II and IV 15 Biology Mixed Review Questions Modified True/False Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the statement true. ____ 1. All the cells in an organism contain different DNA. ____ 2. An example of air layering is the bending of a grapevine stem into the soil to induce root growth. ____ 3. In sexual reproduction, half the offspring’s genetic information is from the male parent. ____ 4. Male sex cells move by means of flagella. ____ 5. The female parent contributes both of the chromosomes in a pair of homologous chromosomes. ____ 6. A diploid human cell contains 46 chromosomes. ____ 7. Human egg and sperm cells are diploid. ____ 8. Combining an egg cell and a sperm cell in a female turtle is called internal fertilization. ____ 9. The different heights of the students in your class is an example of genetic variation in a population. ____ 10. Sexual reproduction tends to produce fewer offspring than asexual reproduction. Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. ____ 11. Organisms depend upon the asexual reproduction of cells to a. grow. c. replace damaged cells. b. form new organisms. d. all of the above. ____ 12. A farmer set out to test the effectiveness of two fertilizers, Brand X and Brand Y. She placed 100 corn seeds in a farm plot with Brand X and 100 pea seeds in another plot with Brand Y. What conclusion can be drawn from the experiment? Investigation Data: Total number of seeds germinating (visible above ground) Variable Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Brand X 6 12 24 48 Brand Y 3 6 12 24 a. Brand X is a more effective fertilizer than Brand Y. b. Brand X is a more effective fertilizer for pea seeds. c. Brand X is a more effective fertilizer for corn seeds. d. No conclusion can be drawn, as two variables were changed. 16 ____ 13. Which of the following statements describes an organism reproducing asexually? a. A lettuce plant growing in the garden. b. An apple containing 17 small, brown seeds. c. A turtle depositing 5 eggs in a nest beside a pond. d. A sea anemone splitting along its length into two new individuals. ____ 14. In sexual reproduction, how much DNA does each parent contributes to their offspring? a. 25% of their DNA c. 75% of their DNA b. 50% of their DNA d. 100% of their DNA ____ 15. Bacteria are considered living things because they a. reproduce. c. perform beneficial functions. b. cause disease. d. exist in extreme environments. ____ 16. Which of the following events occurs during the interphase stage of the cell cycle? a. DNA is copied. c. Chromosomes are separated. b. The cell divides. d. All of the above. ____ 17. What is the purpose of the cell cycle in organisms consisting of eukaryotic cells? a. to replace damaged cells b. to produce new organisms c. to replace cells with a limited life span d. All of the above. ____ 18. During the cell cycle, the DNA of a cell undergoes several changes. Which of the following statements correctly sequences the changes to the DNA? a. The DNA duplicates, lines up, separates, condenses. b. The DNA duplicates, condenses, lines up, separates. c. The DNA condenses, duplicates, lines up, separates. d. The DNA condenses, separates, duplicates, lines up. ____ 19. The camas bulb was cultivated by the Vancouver Island Coast Salish People as an important food source. They used periodic, controlled burning to keep the camas fields free of grass, brush, and trees. Which of the following statements regarding this traditional ecological knowledge is true? a. It respects the natural world. b. With permission, it can be shared to contribute to western scientific knowledge. c. It was gained through the Salish Peoples’ observation and relationship with the land in which they live. d. All of these statements are true. ____ 20. Which of the following events occurred before those shown in the diagram? a. Spindle fibres guided chromosome movement. b. The chromosomes lined up along the middle of the cell. c. Both A and B occurred before. d. Neither A nor B occurred before. ____ 21. Which of the following techniques involves artificial vegetative propagation? a. budding c. duplicating b. doubling d. air layering 17  ____ 22. During fertilization, the digestive substances that break through the jelly-like coating that surround an ovum are produced by the a. sperm. c. flagellum. b. zygote. d. egg nucleus. ____ 23. Which of the following descriptions is an example of internal fertilization? a. A scientist mixes sperm from a bull with eggs from a cow in a flask. b. Brown algae called rockweed, common along the B.C. seashore, release their eggs and sperm with flagella into the water. c. A male turtle uses a sperm depositor to place sperm into an egg-containing chamber in a female. d. A female salmon deposits eggs in 4 or 5 nesting pockets in a riverbed and male salmon hover above, releasing large quantities of sperm over the eggs. ____ 24. Which of the following organisms reproduce sexually? a. plants c. animals b. moulds d. all of the above reproduce sexually ____ 25. In some species of scorpion, an unfertilized egg can develop into a new individual scorpion. If an egg was produced through normal meiosis, then the new individual scorpion will have a. the diploid number of chromosomes, double the parent. b. the haploid number of chromosomes, half of the parent. c. the diploid number of chromosomes, same as the parent. d. the haploid number of chromosomes, same as the parent. ____ 26. A diploid cell contains two pairs of chromosomes. One pair is represented as A, A* and the other pair is represented as B, B*. Which of the following lists shows all the possible ways these chromosomes can be arranged in gametes after meiosis? a. AA* BB* b. A A* c. AA A*A* BB B*B* d. AB A*B AB* A*B* ____ 27. Which of the following is a disadvantage for sexual reproduction? a. The offspring are genetically different. b. The production of gametes requires energy. c. Offspring can be produced more quickly than by asexual means. d. The genetic diversity of offspring allows them to respond differently to environmental changes. ____ 28. How much of their genetic information will two offspring of the same set of parents have in common? a. None of their genetic information will be the same. b. A small amount of their genetic information will be the same. c. All of their genetic information will be the same. d. It is impossible to predict. ____ 29. If an organism does not reproduce, its specific DNA sequence a. is passed to offspring. c. gains genetic variation. b. increases biodiversity. d. may be lost in the next generation. ____ 30. A female humpback whale often mates with more than one male during mating season. What is the benefit of this behaviour? a. It increases the chance of fertilization. b. It increases the number of calves born. c. It increases the genetic variation in a calf. d. It increases the length of the gestation period. 18 Completion Complete each statement. 31. A species continues to exist into the future if it’s members __________. 32. The Kwantlen First Nation marks the return of the salmon each year during a __________ ceremony. 33. The photo illustrates __________ reproduction. 34. When Bald Eagles mate, each parent contributes __________ the offspring’s genetic material. 35. Interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis comprise the __________. 36. The skin cells underneath a scab are undergoing __________. 37. Female sex cells are produced in the __________. 38. The number of daughter cells produced by meiosis is __________. 39. The total number of possible unique gametes produced in meiosis is given by the formula __________, where __________ is the number of pairs of chromosomes in a cell. 40. The search for a mate can expose individuals to __________. Matching Match each description to one of the following terms. There is one extra term that has no match. a. fetus f. mating ritual b. zygote g. sperm nucleus c. prenatal h. male reproductive cell d. prophase I i. homologous chromosomes e. implanting ____ 41. a cell mass attaches to the lining of the uterus ____ 42. a stage of meiosis ____ 43. period before birth ____ 44. contributed by two parents ____ 45. a cell capable of movement ____ 46. found in the head of a sperm ____ 47. behaviour ensuring fertilization ____ 48. an offspring during the final 30 weeks of development 19  Match each description to one of the following pairs of terms. There is one extra pair that has no match. a. Hair colour and height b. Gametes and offspring c. Algal bloom and yeast budding d. Sexual and asexual reproduction e. One parent and identical offspring f. Gestation and prenatal development g. Need for a mate and slow maturation h. Genetic variation and genetic diversity ____ 49. these two terms refer to advantages of asexual reproduction Match the description to the best one of the following terms. There is one extra term that has no match. a. asexual reproduction e. DNA sequence b. sexual reproduction f. chromosome c. continuity g. nucleotide d. sustainability h. chromatin ____ 50. DNA structure formed when a cell is ready to reproduce ____ 51. a code of genetic information ____ 52. offspring come from a single parent ____ 53. a species exists from one generation to another ____ 54. a chemical building block of DNA ____ 55. coiled DNA during normal cell functioning ____ 56. the ability of an environment to support a group of organisms 20 Short Answer 57. Distinguish between chromatin and chromosomes. 58. Compare what happens to the nuclear membrane and the cell membrane at the end of mitosis. 59. How is asexual reproduction in moulds and yeasts similar? 60. Bracket fungus are interesting semicircular growths on the sides of trees and logs in the coastal rainforest of B.C. They have a rough, weather resistant top and a flat, soft, white bottom. The bottom has tiny holes that release spores. What process produces the spores? How are the spores related to the bracket fungus? 61. Why is meiosis sometimes called reduction division? 62. What will happen in an apple orchard containing plants produced by vegetative propagation when one plant is affected by a plant disease? Explain your answer. 63. Courtship rituals can include stylized dances, special calls, and displays of fighting ability. How do courtship rituals assist in sexual reproduction? 64. Describe the shape and structure of DNA. 21