Blood Vessels PDF

BLOOD VESSELS BLOOD VESSELS They are either arteries, veins or capillaries. Arteries: - They are vessels or tubes carrying the blood away from the heart. they have branches. - They are thick- walled , do not have valves - They mostly carry oxygenated blood with the exception of the pulmonary a...

BLOOD VESSELS BLOOD VESSELS They are either arteries, veins or capillaries. Arteries: - They are vessels or tubes carrying the blood away from the heart. they have branches. - They are thick- walled , do not have valves - They mostly carry oxygenated blood with the exception of the pulmonary artery. -They are either large, medium- sized or small(arterioles). Veins: ▪ They are vessels or tubes carrying the blood towards the heart. they have tributaries ▪ They are either large , medium- sized(vena commitanes) or small(venules). ▪ They are thin-walled, many of them possess valves, except those of the thorax and abdomen. ▪ They mostly carries non-oxygenated blood with exception of the four pulmonary veins. Arterio- venous junction: 1-Capillaries: ▪ They are microscopic vessels in the form of network, with a very thin fenestrated walls , that connecting the arterioles with the venules. ▪ Capillaries is the most common communication between the artery and the veins , present mainly in the tissues. 2-Sinusoids: ▪ another type of communication resembles capillaries in that they are thin-walled blood vessels, but they have an irregular cross diameter and are wider than capillaries. ▪ They are found in the bone marrow, spleen, liver, and some endocrine glands. 3-Arterio –venous anastomoses: ▪ It is a type of connection that occur in some areas of the body, principally the tips of the fingers and toes, where direct connections occur between the arteries and veins without the intervention of capillaries. 4-Cavernous tissue: ▪ Another type of communication like that present in the penis. ▪ consists of many small spaces lined with endothelium and separated from each other by fibrous septa. Circulation of the blood The passage of the blood from the heart to the blood vessels and back to the heart is called the circulation of the blood. in the adult three circulation are described: the pulmonary, the systemic and the portal circulation. The pulmonary circulation Includes the passage of blood from the right ventricle through the pulmonary arteries to the lungs and then its return to the left atrium via the four pulmonary veins. The systemic circulation Includes the passage of blood from the left ventricle via the aorta and its branches to the different parts of the body and then its return to the right atrium via the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus. The portal circulation It has two steps: 1- The venous return of the digestive tube , pancreas ,and spleen collect as one portal vein that enter the liver. 2- inside the liver the portal vein branches successively into terminal sinusoids which recollected as two hepatic veins, that end lastly in the inferior vena cava to enter the systemic circulation. Main arteries of the body The aorta -The largest artery in the body, which arises from the left ventricle of the heart. It has the following parts: Ascending aorta Arch of the aorta Descending aorta Ascending aorta: arises from the aorta and gives the right and left coronary arteries. Arch of aorta: Which gives 1-Brachiocephalic artery 2-Left common carotid artery 3-and Left subclavian artery).  The arteries of the trunk The descending aorta divides into: The thoracic aorta (supplies muscles of the chest wall and to the spinal cord The abdominal aorta (supplies mainly the abdominal structures and organs). its branches coeliac, superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric. descending aorta terminate at lower border of 4th lumbar vertebra by dividing into 2 common iliac arteries The common iliac arteries divide into The internal iliac (the pelvic walls, organs of pelvis, external genitalia, buttock and medial part of the thigh) The external iliac artery: run downwards to become femoral artery which is the main artery of lower limb  Arteries of the head and neck Right and Left common carotid arteries: supply blood to the right and left portions of the head and neck. Each divided into internal and external carotid. Internal carotid enter the interior of the skull External carotid supplies outer surfaces of head and neck  The arteries of the upper limb The subclavian artery pass behind clavicle to axilla and change its name to axillary artery The axillary artery (supplies the armpit=axilla) The brachial artery (supplies the shoulder and arm) The radial artery (supplies the elbow structures and hand) The ulnar artery (supplies the hand and forearm)  The arteries of the lower extremity The femoral artery (supplies the anterior thigh area) The popliteal artery: gives anterior and posterior tibial arteries The anterior tibial artery (supplies front of leg and is continued on the dorsum of the foot as dorsalis pedis artery (supplies the dorsum of foot) The posterior tibial artery (supplies posterior aspect of leg and divides in the sole of foot into medial and lateral planter arteries to supply sole of foot) Pulsations: Brachial artery Radial Common carotid artery Femoral artery Dorsalis pedis artery. Main veins of the body 1. Superior vena cava (SVC) 2. Inferior vena cava ( IVC) 3. Internal jugular vein 4. Subclavian vein 5. Axillary vein 6. Femoral vein 7. External iliac vein 8. Internal iliac vein 9. Common iliac veins. 1. Axillary vein Subclavian vein 2. Subclavian vein +Internal jugular vein Innominate or brachiocephalic vein 3. Right Innominate or brachiocephalic vein+ Left Innominate or brachiocephalic vein Superior vena cava (SVC) Femoral vein External iliac vein External iliac vein +Internal iliac vein Common iliac veins Right Common iliac veins+ left Common iliac veins Inferior vena cava ( IVC)  The passage of a point of blood from the left ventricle into right atrium is called as which one of the following? A) Systemic circulation B) Collateral circulation C) Pulmonary circulation D) Coronary circulation The circulation related to the liver is called: A) portal circulation B) Pulmonary circulation C) Systemic circulation D) Collateral circulation Which of the following arteries carry deoxygenated blood: A) Pulmonary artery. B) Aorta. C) Rt. Common carotid artery. D) Lt. Subclavian artery. Branches of ascending aorta are ………............................................................................. Branches of arch of aorta are ………………………………………………………………….. What is portal circulation ………………………………………………………………………. Arteries of the head and neck are…………………………………………………………… Arteries of upper limb are………………………………………………………………………. Arteries of lower limb are…………………………………………………………………………….. ……………….. veins+ left Common iliac veins gives Inferior vena cava ( IVC) External iliac vein +Internal iliac vein gives …………….. Veins Femoral vein become ……………………………vein Axillary vein become …………. vein Subclavian vein +Internal jugular vein give………………………………….. Right Innominate or brachiocephalic vein+ Left Innominate or brachiocephalic vein give………………………………………. The end