blood typing_lfc (1).ppt

BLOOD TYPING Dr. Samantha Solecki, DC, MS Instructor, Biology Thinker . Learner . Motivator . Lover of Anatomy & Physiology [email protected] © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc. 1 2 Learning Objectives *Acquired from the Human Anatomy and Physiology Society (HAPS) with personal additions  Ex...

BLOOD TYPING Dr. Samantha Solecki, DC, MS Instructor, Biology Thinker . Learner . Motivator . Lover of Anatomy & Physiology [email protected] © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc. 1 2 Learning Objectives *Acquired from the Human Anatomy and Physiology Society (HAPS) with personal additions  Explain the role of surface antigens on RBCs in determining blood groups.  List the type of antigen and the type of antibodies present in each ABO blood type.  Describe how the presence or absence of Rh antigen results in blood being classified as positive or negative.  Distinguish between the development of anti-Rh antibodies and the development of anti-A and anti-B antibodies.  Predict which blood types are compatible and what happens when the incorrect ABO or Rh blood type is transfused.  State which blood type is considered the universal donor and which blood type is considered the universal recipient, and explain why. Blood Transfusions 3  Cardiovascular system minimizes effects of blood loss by: 1. reducing volume of affected blood vessels 2. stepping up production of RBCs  Body can compensate for only so much blood loss  Loss of 15–30% causes pallor and weakness  Loss of more than 30% results in potentially fatal severe shock Restoring Blood Volume 4  Death from shock may result from low blood volume  Volume must be replaced immediately with  Normal saline or multiple-electrolyte solution (Ringer’s solution) that mimics plasma electrolyte composition  Replacement of volume restores adequate circulation but does not replace oxygen-carrying capacities of RBCs Transfusing Red Blood Cells 5  Whole-blood transfusions are used only when blood loss is rapid and substantial  Infusions of packed red blood cells, or PRBCs (plasma and WBCs removed), are preferred to restore oxygen-carrying capacity  Blood banks usually separate donated blood into components; shelf life of blood is about 35 days  Human blood groups of donated blood must be determined because transfusion reactions can be fatal  Blood typing determines groups 6 BLOOD TYPING  Classification of the blood based on the presence or absence of inherited antigenic markers present on the surface of the RBCs  Blood test performed where the blood is mixed with antibodies against Types A & B to see if agglutination occurs  Cross matching is imperative to make sure there will not be agglutination between the donor and recipient’s blood  Transfusion reaction can occur when mismatched blood is infused. The recipient’s plasma agglutinins attack the donor’s RBCs 7 BLOOD TYPES A B  AB O  Rh Factor 8 Human Blood Types  Glycoprotein & glycolipid markers present or absent on human red cells identify the different blood types.  These external markers present or absent on the outer surface of the RBC are called antigens or agglutinogens  Presence in the plasma of performed antibodies are called agglutinins  Agglutinins act against the RBCs carrying ABO antigens that are NOT present on a person’s own RBC  i.e. Type A blood has anti-B antibodies in their plasma Transfusing Red Blood Cells • Human blood groups  Humans have at least 30 naturally occurring RBC antigens  Presence or absence of each antigen is used to classify blood cells into different groups  Some blood groups (MNS, Duffy, Kell, and Lewis) are only weak agglutinogens  Not usually typed unless patient will need several transfusions  Antigens of ABO and Rh blood groups cause most vigorous transfusion reactions; therefore, they are major groups typed 9 10 11 BLOOD TYPING  Type A : Receives only Types A & O  Blood agglutination only when B cells (Anti-A serum) are mixed with your blood  Type B : Receives only Types B & O  Blood agglutination when A cells (Anti-B serum) are mixed with your blood  Type AB : Receives Types A, B, AB and O  UNIVERSAL ACCEPTOR  Type O : receives only Type O  Agglutinates when either types of cells are added  UNIVERSAL DONOR Blood Typing of ABO Blood Types Figure 17.17 Blood typing of ABO blood types. 1 2 13 Rh Factor  Rh antigen is agglutinogen D  Presence of the D antigen on the surface of the RBC is said to be Rh positive (85% of Americans are Rh positive)  Unlike the ABO blood groups, anti-D antibodies are not spontaneously formed in the plasma of those with Rh negative  If an Rh negative person receives Rh positive blood, the body’s immune system will start to produce anti-D antibodies against the presence of the foreign antigen, however this take time, so the first transfusion is not harmful…it’s the second transfusion that will result in hemolysis  *HDN Transfusing Red Blood Cells  Transfusion reactions  Occur if mismatched blood is infused  Donor’s cells are attacked by recipient’s plasma agglutinins  Agglutinate and clog small vessels  Rupture and release hemoglobin into bloodstream  Result in:  Diminished oxygen-carrying capacity  Decreased blood flow beyond blocked vessel  Hemoglobin in kidney tubules can lead to renal failure 1 4 Transfusing Red Blood Cells • Transfusion reactions (cont.)  Symptoms: fever, chills, low blood pressure, rapid heartbeat, nausea, vomiting  Treatment: preventing kidney damage with fluids and diuretics to wash out hemoglobin  Type O universal donor: no A or B antigens  Type AB universal recipient: no anti-A or anti-B antibodies  Misleading as other agglutinogens that cause transfusion reactions must also be considered  Autologous transfusions: patient predonates own blood that is stored and available if needed 1 5 Table 17.4 ABO Blood Groups Table 17.4 ABO Blood Groups. 1 6 17